Compound Solutions, Inc. Presents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Compound Solutions, Inc. Presents Compound Solutions, Inc. presents: Everything You Need to Know About Exogenous Ketone Supplementation Thomas DeLauer Executive Body and Business Coach Life and Fitness Coaching Brain and Body Optimization • Expert in the world of ketosis, cellular inflammation, and overall wellness • Personal transformation paved the way • Pioneering mainstream awareness of inflammation and auto- immune diseases Preface These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Any products mentioned in this presentation are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. What are Ketones? Ketones are non-carbohydrate energy sources that are converted from fatty acids in the body. Ketones are generated in the body in a carbohydrate-starved environment, or from ketogenic supplements. Three Ketones; Ketogenic Ingredients Three ketones: Ketogenic ingredients: • beta-Hydroxybutyrate • beta-Hydroxybutyrate • Acetoacetate • MCT oil, coconut oil • Acetone • Ketone esters • 1, 3 butanediol Ketogenic diet vs. Exogenous ketones Ketogenic diet: • Characterized by: high fat, moderate protein, low- carb diet (~75:20:5) • After approximately a week on the ketogenic diet (KD), human metabolism shifts from burning glucose to burning fatty acids and ketones Ketogenic diet vs. Exogenous ketones Exogenous ketones: • Ketones or ketogenic ingredients are consumed and used by the body as fuel for the brain, heart and muscles • You do NOT need to be on a ketogenic diet, or in nutritional ketosis to benefit from exogenous ketone supplementation Benefits of Exogenous Ketones • Clean energy • Enhance insulin sensitivity • Reduce oxidative stress and • Exercise performance, endurance inflammatory processes • Support intermittent fasting • Improve various cognitive and/or • Avoid the “keto flu” neurological disorders • Promotes effective use of fat • Helps reduce cravings/supports weight management Best Ketones for Supplementation Three ketones: Ketogenic ingredients: • beta-Hydroxybutyrate • Beta-Hydroxybutyrate • Acetoacetate • MCT oil, coconut oil • Acetone • Ketone esters – linked to an alcohol, tastes terrible • 1, 3 butanediol – like a drug and is a floor stripper BHB: D vs. DL More research needed, however some evidence suggests: • D may be superior for enhancing mitochondrial function • DL may be superior for specific types of neurological diseases From the consumer perspective, D will appear to generate a higher level of blood BHB because the commercially available ketone meters only measure the D form of BHB. MCT: C8 vs C8/C10 Vendenberghe 2016 showed: • pure C8 had the most pronounced net ketogenic effect • C8/C10 was the next most potent We do not know, yet, how much more potent C8 is relative to C8/C10 in terms of blood ketone response. Compound Solutions has an ongoing study now that should answer this question. These are the only two MCT oils that turn into ATP quickly without the liver; do not require bile salts for digestive purposes Formulate for Specific Outcomes When formulating with exogenous ketones, you can effectively target a few different outcomes: √ Performance √ Cognition √ Weight management Depending on the outcome, you can determine the dose and complementary ingredients: Dose Start at 5g of BHB per day to avoid any GI distress; typical doses on the market are 11.7g Gradually increase the dose every 3 days to achieve desired energy performance and tolerability To achieve a therapeutic level of ketones in the 1-2 mmol range, the dose is ~12g of BHB per day, some may choose to combine with 3-7g of MCT for higher and more sustained levels of blood ketones Dose Responses BHB Response vs. MCT Response vs. BHB+MCT Response Complementary Ingredients • MCT – combining MCT and BHB elevate blood ketones higher and longer than either of them alone • Carnitine - helps mobilize fat into the mitochondria, may help BHB enter the mitochondria to convert into acetylacetate • Caffeine - increases plasma ketones in dose-dependent manner • Branched-chain amino acids (unless you are fasting) - buffering and an anti-catabolic affect • Prebiotic soluble fibers - ensures robust gut microbiome and healthy gut-brain axis • ATP donors/Adaptogens – Creatine, PeakO₂™ and more Potential Applications • Morning beverage to maintain your fast; can stack with coffee • Support intermittent fasting regimen without cognitive “fog” • Pre-workout in fasted state to accelerate use of fat stores • Avoid “keto flu” during transition to keto diet • Clean energy drink/shot • Meal replacements • Coffee creamers • Endurance formulas Side Effects The mineral load and/or MCT can cause GI discomfort but there are a few solutions: Consuming adequate amounts of water Limiting dosage and gradually increasing over time Consuming ketone salts with a meal Patent Protection & Safety Compound Solutions’ goBHB™ and goMCT™ are protected by global patents goBHB™ is the only BHB with: self-affirmed GRAS Informed-Choice, Informed-Sport certifications Why Choose goBHB™? Self-Affirmed GRAS by an expert panel (regulatorily compliant) Informed Choice/Informed Sport certifications safe for athletes NSF-certified factory; world’s largest capacity Differentiated branding Patent-protection globally Both D and DL salts available Marketplace Demand Keto • Nutritional ketosis trends • Coconut oil trends • MCT trends • Exogenous ketone trends are following keto/paleo and low-carb trends Beta-hydroxybutyrate Medium-chain triglycerides Thank you for attending today’s Webinar sponsored by: If you have questions after viewing this Webinar, please submit them via email to [email protected] Please place in the subject line, “Compound Solutions Webinar-2017” Visit naturalproductsinsider.com to register for future events and to view our extensive library of On Demand Webinars..
Recommended publications
  • Dietary Supplements Based on the Ketone Body Β-Hydroxybutyrate Market Analysis and Evaluation of Ingredients of Supplements Used in the USA
    Copyright! Reproduction and dissemination – also partial – applicable to all media only with written permission of Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden. Science & Research | Original Contribution Peer-reviewed | Manuscript received: March 23, 2018 | Revision accepted: July 23, 2018 Dietary supplements based on the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate Market analysis and evaluation of ingredients of supplements used in the USA Tobias Fischer, Thorsten Marquardt In more recent years, there has Abstract been a continuous growth in low- The use of β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) as a supplement to the everyday diet is a carb diets. The health merits of new development in the lifestyle supplement market. In the USA, the market is various versions of the diet with growing and the composition of the products varies greatly. The supplements different fat, protein, and carbo- are mainly postulated to be useful for providing energy, for weight loss, for in- hydrate contents are the subject of creasing athletic performance, improving mental performance, and increasing much discussion. Some versions the level of ketone bodies in the blood. Using βHB supplements in the form of are diets that closely correspond a salt has the unfavorable effect of increasing intake of sodium, potassium, cal- to a ketogenic diet and contain less cium, and magnesium. Depending on the salt composition used, it is possible than 50 g of carbohydrate per day for these supplements to cause the reference values to be exceeded by up to five (very low-carb, high-fat – VLCHF) times. Based on the currently available research, side effects cannot be ruled out. [4, 5]. In the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Effects of a Ketone-Caffeine Supplement on Cycling And
    Effects of A Ketone-Caffeine Supplement On Cycling and Cognitive Performance in Chronic Keto-Adapted Participants THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Madison Lee Bowling Graduate Program in Kinesiology The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee Dr. Jeff Volek Dr. William Kraemer Dr. Carl Maresh 1 Copyrighted by Madison Lee Bowling 2018 2 Abstract As research begins to broaden our understanding of the effects of low carbohydrate, high fat ketogenic diets to different populations, it is crucial to utilize evidence associated with the metabolic and physiological adaptation of chronic implementation. Specific populations are finding that nutritional ketosis may prove advantageous to athletic or cognitive performance. Nutritional ketosis may be identified by an elevated plasma ketone concentration within the blood range 0.5 to 5 mmol/L that results from a chronic implementation of a ketogenic diet. Recently, science shows that ketones contribute to a vast range of therapeutic and performance benefits associated with nutritional ketosis, as a result, exogenous ketone supplements have become commercially available which have proven to induce acute nutritional ketosis without restriction of carbohydrate intake. We previously showed that a supplement containing ketone salts and caffeine significantly increased performance in a non-keto adapted population. To date, there are no reports of whether ketone supplements have an ergogenic effect in an already keto-adapted population. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the performance and metabolic effects of a supplement containing ketone salts and caffeine in a group of people habituated to a ketogenic diet.
    [Show full text]
  • Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts Karen E
    ketoXid: 13684.001 September, 2020 KETOGENIC DIET RESEARCH Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts Karen E. E. Pendergrass 1 | Zad Rafi 2 ID ID Pendergrass, K., Rafi, Z. (2020) Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts. Ketogenic Diet Research. The Paleo Foundation. 1Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, Encinitas, CA 2Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, New York, NY Correspondence Karen E. E. Pendergrass Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, Encinitas, CA Contact 1Email: [email protected] 1Twitter: @5WordsorlessKP 2Email: [email protected] 2Twitterl: @dailyzad Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts ketoXid: 13684.001 September, 2020 KETOgenic DIET RESEARCH Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts Karen E. E. Pendergrass 1 ID | Zad Rafi 2 ID 1Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, Encinitas, CA Abstract 2Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, New York, NY Ketones, which provide an alternative source of fuel when glucose stores are Correspondence low can be classified into those produced by the body (endogenous) and Karen E. E. Pendergrass those produced synthetically (exogenous). Exogenous ketones are typically Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, Encinitas, CA used to rapidly increase ketone levels even without the restriction of carbohydrates. In addition to discussing the distinction between exogenous Contact and endogenous ketones, we review some of the evidence for claims that are 1Email: [email protected] often made about exogenous ketones. 1Twitter: @5WordsorlessKP 2Email: [email protected] 2 Twitter: @dailyzad KEYWORDS Ketones, Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Salts, Ketone Esters 1 | BACKGROUND etone bodies are water-soluble molecules adipose tissue (stored fat) via lipolysis. that provide an alternative source of energy K to various tissues within the body when the These free fatty acids are then oxidized via beta- amount of glucose is low and are responsible for a oxidation, and converted into acetyl coenzyme A person entering and staying in a state of ketosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Ketone Supplement Induced Ketosis in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Review of Current Literature
    REVIEW published: 23 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00363 Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Ketone Supplement Induced Ketosis in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Review of Current Literature Zsolt Kovács 1, Dominic P. D’Agostino 2,3, David Diamond 2,4, Mark S. Kindy 5,6,7, Christopher Rogers 2 and Csilla Ari 4* 1 Savaria Department of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Savaria University Centre, Szombathely, Hungary, 2 Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States, 3 Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL, United States, 4 Department of Psychology, Hyperbaric Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States, Edited by: 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States, Lourdes Martorell, 6 James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, United States, 7 Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL, United States Institut Pere Mata, Spain Reviewed by: Globally, psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Hiromasa Funato, depression, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Toho University, Japan are becoming more prevalent. Although the exact pathological alterations are not yet clear, Yuri Zilberter, recent studies have demonstrated that widespread changes of very complex metabolic INSERM U1106 Institut de Neurosciences
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Ketone Bodies on Brain Metabolism and Function In
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Effects of Ketone Bodies on Brain Metabolism and Function in Neurodegenerative Diseases Nicole Jacqueline Jensen 1,* , Helena Zander Wodschow 1, Malin Nilsson 1 and Jørgen Rungby 1,2 1 Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] (H.Z.W.); malin.sofi[email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (J.R.) 2 Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 November 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 20 November 2020 Abstract: Under normal physiological conditions the brain primarily utilizes glucose for ATP generation. However, in situations where glucose is sparse, e.g., during prolonged fasting, ketone bodies become an important energy source for the brain. The brain’s utilization of ketones seems to depend mainly on the concentration in the blood, thus many dietary approaches such as ketogenic diets, ingestion of ketogenic medium-chain fatty acids or exogenous ketones, facilitate significant changes in the brain’s metabolism. Therefore, these approaches may ameliorate the energy crisis in neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by a deterioration of the brain’s glucose metabolism, providing a therapeutic advantage in these diseases. Most clinical studies examining the neuroprotective role of ketone bodies have been conducted in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, where brain imaging studies support the notion of enhancing brain energy metabolism with ketones. Likewise, a few studies show modest functional improvements in patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive benefits in patients with—or at risk of—Alzheimer’s disease after ketogenic interventions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salt Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health in Adolescents
    nutrients Article The Effect of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salt Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health in Adolescents Matthew Stefan *, Matthew Sharp , Raad Gheith, Ryan Lowery and Jacob Wilson The Applied Science and Performance Institute, Research Division, Tampa, FL 33607, USA; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (J.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet that will induce a state of ketosis, but because of its restrictive nature, it may be difficult to adhere to, es- pecially in adolescents. Supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salts may induce a state of temporary ketosis without any undesirable side effects, thereby promoting the benefits of ketosis and minimizing adherence requirements to a ketogenic diet. To date, beta-hydroxybutyrate supplementation in healthy adolescents has not been explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the safety of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salt supplementation in a healthy adolescent population. In the present study, 22 healthy male and female adolescents consumed 3.75 g of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts or maltodextrin placebo twice daily for 90 days. Comprehensive blood safety analysis, bone densitometry, happiness and emotional intelligence surveys, and blood pressure were assessed at Pre, Day 45, and Day 90. There were no significant differences detected in subjects Citation: Stefan, M.; Sharp, M.; supplementing with beta-hydroxybutyrate salts, indicating that exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate Gheith, R.; Lowery, R.; Wilson, J. salts had no detrimental impact on fasting blood safety metrics, bone density, happiness, emotional in- The Effect of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salt telligence, or blood pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis-Hayden White
    EVALUATION OF A KETOGENIC FORMULATION FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH ACUTE BRAIN INJURY Hayden Thomas Wesley White MBBCH MMED (Wits) FCICM FRACP A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 Faculty of Medicine Evaluation of a Ketogenic Formulation for Treating Patients with Acute Brain Injury Abstract Acute brain injury (ABI), including cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), are relatively common diseases which may lead to death, significant morbidity and place a heaving burden on health care systems globally, both in suffering and cost. Evidence has emerged from basic science research that ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) which are water-soluble molecules produced by the liver during times of starvation, may have neuroprotective effects. It is therefore theoretically possible that increasing plasma ketone concentrations via intravenous or oral supplementation, may lead to improved outcomes following ABI. This thesis documents a systematic investigation into the possibility that ketone supplementation may lead to benefits in patients with a variety of chronic and acute neurological conditions. While the main emphasis is on ABI, other conditions where ketones may be useful are also reviewed. Beginning with a review of ketones, their potential mechanisms of action and likely neuroprotective roles in disease, this thesis examines the effects of a novel hypertonic intravenous ketone solution on plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain ketone concentrations in animals, then looks at the hurdles in producing such an intravenous solution as opposed to enteral formulations for humans, before investigating baseline ketone concentrations in patients with ABI and finally culminating in an interventional study where a modified enteral ketone supplement is administered to patients with ABI to determine whether adequate plasma ketone concentrations are attainable.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of One-Week Exogenous Ketone Consumption on Time Trial Running Performance
    THE EFFECTS OF ONE-WEEK EXOGENOUS KETONE CONSUMPTION ON TIME TRIAL RUNNING PERFORMANCE A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Kinesiology By Samantha C. Silva 2018 SIGNATURE PAGE THESIS: THE EFFECTS OF ONE-WEEK EXOGENOUS KETONE CONSUMPTION ON TIME TRIAL RUNNING PERFORMANCE AUTHOR: Samantha C. Silva DATE SUBMITTED: Spring 2018 Kinesiology and Health Promotion Department Dr. Edward Jo Thesis Committee Chair Kinesiology and Health Promotion Dr. Ken Hansen Kinesiology and Health Promotion Alexandra Auslander Kinesiology and Health Promotion ii ABSTRACT The rationale behind exogenous ketone supplementation is to shift energy substrate reliance, preserve intramuscular glycogen, and improve exercise or sport performance. Prior investigations have demonstrated the ergogenic efficacy of exogenous ketone supplementation, however less is known regarding the effects of a short-term ketone supplementation period on short-distance running time trial (TT) performance in highly-trained subjects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of one-week exogenous ketone salt supplementation on short-distance running TT performance in endurance-trained subjects. In a randomized, double-blind study, endurance-trained male and female participants were allocated to one of the following treatment groups for 8 days following an initial familiarization visit: Ketone supplementation (KET) (n=10) or placebo control (CON) (n=9). Subjects underwent two consecutive (laboratory-based) 800m TT before and after the 8-day treatment period. Both groups were tested for best and average time-to-completion and blood lactate response during TT performance pre- and post-treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Exogenous Ketone Salts Induces Acute Ketosis Within 15 Minutes*†
    Formula Focus Exogenous Ketone Salts Induces acute ketosis within 15 minutes*† What Is a Ketogenic Diet? Why Exogenous Ketone Salts? Low in carbohydrates with moderate protein and high in fat, a ketogenic • Deliver 11.7 grams of exogenous ketones in the form of diet prompts the body to burn fat for energy rather than glucose, which beta-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) salts leads to the production of ketone bodies—molecules that can be used • Rapidly induce acute ketosis within 15 minutes*† as a source of fuel. A typical ketogenic diet consists of ~70% fat, 20% • Temporarily increase circulating ketone levels for at least one hour, protein, and 10% carbohydrates. Though this can vary slightly depending making them available for use as an additional energy source* on the individual, this diet is specifically designed to induce nutritional • May help temporarily promote a state of ketosis* ketosis, a metabolic state in which the body shifts toward the use of • Convenient option to facilitate a ketogenic lifestyle and to support fat (both from fat stores and from the diet) as the primary source of ketogenic program goals fuel. Increased ketone bodies levels and the ketogenic diet can provide numerous health benefits.* What Are Exogenous Ketones? There are three different ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate (bHB). Exogenous ketones are ketone bodies in either mineral or ester forms that can be ingested in supplemental form—producing elevations in circulating ketone levels. Nutritional ketosis resulting from adherence to a ketogenic diet is often referred to as endogenous ketosis in contrast to peripheral ketosis induced by supplementation, referred to as exogenous ketosis.1 † Acute ketosis occurs when blood ketone level temporarily rise above 0.5 millimoles per liter.
    [Show full text]
  • EXOGENOUS KETONES When and How to Supplement with Ketones
    1 EXOGENOUS KETONES When and how to supplement with ketones Exogenous Ketones Guide The ketogenic diet is gaining popularity amongst those who wish to boost productivity, lose weight or improve overall health. As a result, we’re seeing a tremendous spike in supplements intended to complement the ketogenic lifestyle and boost results. The most popular, by far, is exogenous ketones with many companies jumping on the bandwagon and new products being released frequently. So, what’s the deal with exogenous ketones, and how do they really work? Briefly, let’s recap a little bit about the ketogenic diet. Scientists discovered that the absence of carbohydrates in the diet, even in the presence of food consumption, triggered the production of ketones in the body. This led to a surge in the research surrounding a diet that induced ketosis - a Ketogenic Diet - with which you can alter your physiology and induce a state of ’nutritional ketosis’, which is defined by having ketone levels in the range of 0.5 - 5.0mmol/L in your blood. This means that your body begins producing ketones from fat to be used for energy, instead of relying on glucose. The restriction of carbohydrates is the primary cause that creates 3 necessary conditions in the body: 1. Blood glucose levels are reduced 2. Glycogen stores are depleted 3. Insulin levels are reduced These conditions force the body to use an alternative fuel source to glucose: fatty acids. → Lowering glucose availability: in the blood, and that stored as glycogen, leads to fat (ketones) being used as fuel (because there is no longer glucose available) → With lowered carbohydrate intake and thus lowered blood glucose, insulin is low.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining the Effects of Exogenous Ketones on Exercise Metabolism and Performance in Male Varsity Athletes
    Examining the Effects of Exogenous Ketones on Exercise Metabolism and Performance in Male Varsity Athletes by Riley Sonnenburg A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Kinesiology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2018 © Riley Sonnenburg 2018 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final reversions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that administration of exogenous acetoacetate (AcAc), beta- hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and glucose in a perfused rodent heart model can increase cardiac output while reducing oxygen uptake compared with glucose alone. With this apparent improvement in mechanical efficiency induced by AcAc and BHB, there is speculation that they may also enhance exercise performance in athletes. Although AcAc and BHB can be produced endogenously, exogenous BHB supplements have recently become commercially available in the form of ketone mineral salts (KS). Research to date has not found any performance enhancing effects of an acute dose of KS but the effects of more regular KS supplementation on whole body metabolism and exercise performance are unknown. Furthermore, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) have recently been added to KS supplements, as the administration of KS plus MCT in rodents has been shown to increase blood BHB concentrations compared to KS administration alone. Therefore, the overall purpose of this study was to examine the hypotheses that a twice- daily KS plus MCT supplementation protocol would increase mechanical efficiency and improve exercise performance during a submaximal time to exhaustion (TTE) cycling protocol and a time trial (TT) cycling protocol in male varsity athletes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chemistry of the Ketogenic Diet: Updates and Opportunities in Organic Synthesis
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Chemistry of the Ketogenic Diet: Updates and Opportunities in Organic Synthesis Michael Scott Williams * and Edward Turos * Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.S.W.); [email protected] (E.T.) Abstract: The high-fat, low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diet has grown in popularity in the last decade as a weight loss tool. Research into the diet’s effects on the body have revealed a variety of other health benefits. The use of exogenous ketone supplements to confer the benefits of the diet without strict adherence to it represents an exciting new area of focus. Synthetic ketogenic compounds are of particular interest that has received very little emphasis and is an untapped area of focus for chemical synthesis. In this review, we summarize the chemical basis for ketogenicity and opportunities for further advancement of the field. Keywords: ketogenic diet; ketosis; keto; epilepsy; exogenous ketone supplements; acetoacetate; β-hydroxybutyrate 1. Introduction The ketogenic diet, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, has a long history of use begin- ning primarily as a treatment option for epilepsy [1,2]. However, it is only in the last few Citation: Williams, M.S.; Turos, E. decades that the diet has been popularized among the general public. Renewed clinical The Chemistry of the Ketogenic Diet: interest in the diet and its emerging popularity as a weight-loss tool have led to a larger Updates and Opportunities in scope of research into the diet’s effects on the body and the discovery of a broad range of Organic Synthesis.
    [Show full text]