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1 Effects of a Ketone-Caffeine Supplement on Cycling And Effects of A Ketone-Caffeine Supplement On Cycling and Cognitive Performance in Chronic Keto-Adapted Participants THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Madison Lee Bowling Graduate Program in Kinesiology The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee Dr. Jeff Volek Dr. William Kraemer Dr. Carl Maresh 1 Copyrighted by Madison Lee Bowling 2018 2 Abstract As research begins to broaden our understanding of the effects of low carbohydrate, high fat ketogenic diets to different populations, it is crucial to utilize evidence associated with the metabolic and physiological adaptation of chronic implementation. Specific populations are finding that nutritional ketosis may prove advantageous to athletic or cognitive performance. Nutritional ketosis may be identified by an elevated plasma ketone concentration within the blood range 0.5 to 5 mmol/L that results from a chronic implementation of a ketogenic diet. Recently, science shows that ketones contribute to a vast range of therapeutic and performance benefits associated with nutritional ketosis, as a result, exogenous ketone supplements have become commercially available which have proven to induce acute nutritional ketosis without restriction of carbohydrate intake. We previously showed that a supplement containing ketone salts and caffeine significantly increased performance in a non-keto adapted population. To date, there are no reports of whether ketone supplements have an ergogenic effect in an already keto-adapted population. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the performance and metabolic effects of a supplement containing ketone salts and caffeine in a group of people habituated to a ketogenic diet. Twelve habitually ketogenic, ii recreationally trained individuals (3 female, 9 male: mean + SD age, 36.1 + 7.5 years; weight, 82.2 + 7.1 kilograms; height, 177.7 + 8.5 cm; VO2max 40.3 + 10.5 ml/kg/min). participated in two experimental sessions in a randomized and balanced order. Subjects consumed either a ketone-salt/caffeine supplement containing 7.2 BHB and 96.2g caffeine or water (control condition) 15 min prior to performing a staged cycle ergometer time to exhaustion test followed immediately by a 30 sec Wingate test. Symbol digit modality tests were administered at baseline, immediately post-exercise and 30-/60-min post-exercise. Blood ketone concentrations were significantly increased peaking 15 min after ingestion by more than 2-fold and staying elevated throughout 60 min recovery. Compared to the water trial, ingestion of the ketone-caffeine supplement significantly increased time to exhaustion (9.8%; P = 0.003) and increased peak VO2 during exercise (12%; P = 0.03). There were no significant differences between conditions in peak power output, average power output, cognitive performances, or blood glucose responses. These results indicate that ingestion of a moderate dose of ketone salts and caffeine prior to exercise significantly increases the magnitude of ketosis and improves high-intensity exercise performance in keto-adapted individuals. iii Acknowledgments I would first like to begin with thanking Dr. Volek, my mentor, advisor, and inspiration throughout my research as a graduate student. Not only do I feel my knowledge and professional experience has increased under your aid, but my passion for the research we have been devoted to. Through your guidance, I learned both perseverance and patience for the hands we are dealt, both personally and professionally. I am looking forward to continuing my doctoral education under your mentorship. To Dr. William Kraemer and Dr. Carl Maresh, thank you for serving on my committee. I have learned many things from the both of you, whether you meant to teach them to me or not. Through shadowing the both of you, I was able to observe my own idea and questions through other perspectives, bringing me closer to finding my “nitch”. Team Volek- Jay, Parker, Rich, Emily, Teryn, Anna, Ryan, Vin- I learned an incredible amount in the first 2 years of my graduate career from all of you. Whether it be “baptism meet fire” or a Vin-worthy blood processing manual on a Saturday morning. I iv To my boys, Ryan and Ryder- I can’t possible explain how much I needed you both to be by my side as I wrote this chapter of my life. Thank you both for being more than I ever thought I needed. Whether it was the copious amounts of coffee you kept coming, the unceasing support, or total family homework time- I can’t thank you enough for being by my side, boys. I love you. #TeamKackley To Mom, Morgan and Liberty- this road has seemed almost impossible hasn’t it? Here we are. I may have doubted when nothing seemed possible but you guys didn’t doubt me for a second. Thank you for the love, the overwhelming peace, and all the prayers. I love you all so much. I promised I’d make you proud. To my very best friends; Chey, Mak, Char, Emily, Allie, Claire, Justin, Ant, Mann, Hollywood, Sabrina, Marie, Jenn, TJ, Annette, Kailee. I love you all. Thank you for listening to me vent, pushing me forward, bringing me back to reality, and of course- all the nights I needed to breathe. I love you all for every part of your soul. I would not be here, where I am, without any of you. v Vita 2010…………………………………….... Northridge High School 2014……………………………………… B.A. Exercise Science, Otterbein University 2016 to present…………………………… Graduate Associate, Department of Kinesiology, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Kinesiology vi Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. iv Vita ..................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Literature Review ............................................................................................. 5 2.1 Ketone Metabolism/Physiology ................................................................................ 5 Metabolic Effects of Ketones ...................................................................................... 7 Non-Metabolic Effects of Ketones ............................................................................. 9 2.2 Well-Formulated Ketogenic Diet ............................................................................ 10 2.3 Ketone Supplementation ......................................................................................... 12 vii Chapter 3: Methods ........................................................................................................... 15 Experimental Approach ................................................................................................ 15 Subjects ......................................................................................................................... 16 Supplement ................................................................................................................... 17 Testing Preparation ....................................................................................................... 19 Baseline Testing ............................................................................................................ 19 Full Test Day: T1 & T2 ................................................................................................ 21 Blood Processing and Analysis ..................................................................................... 23 Statistics ........................................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................. 25 GI Distress .................................................................................................................... 25 Ketone and Glucose Levels .......................................................................................... 25 Time to Exhaustion ....................................................................................................... 26 Peak V02 ....................................................................................................................... 26 Wingate Power .............................................................................................................. 26 Cognitive Testing .......................................................................................................... 26 Rate of Perceived Exertion ........................................................................................... 27 Respiratory Exchange Ratio ......................................................................................... 27 viii Lactate ........................................................................................................................... 27 Glycerol ........................................................................................................................
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