Biohacker's Guide to Ketosis
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Limited Role of Glucagon for Ketogenesis During Fasting Or in Response to SGLT2 Inhibition
882 Diabetes Volume 69, May 2020 The Limited Role of Glucagon for Ketogenesis During Fasting or in Response to SGLT2 Inhibition Megan E. Capozzi,1 Reilly W. Coch,1,2 Jepchumba Koech,1 Inna I. Astapova,1,2 Jacob B. Wait,1 Sara E. Encisco,1 Jonathan D. Douros,1 Kimberly El,1 Brian Finan,3 Kyle W. Sloop,4 Mark A. Herman,1,2,5 David A. D’Alessio,1,2 and Jonathan E. Campbell1,2,5 Diabetes 2020;69:882–892 | https://doi.org/10.2337/db19-1216 Glucagon is classically described as a counterregula- the oxidation of fatty acids, a shift in fuel utilization that tory hormone that plays an essential role in the pro- coordinates energy needs and glucose production (2). The tection against hypoglycemia. In addition to its role in actions of glucagon to increase lipid oxidation, including the regulation of glucose metabolism, glucagon has the production of ketone bodies that is a downstream end been described to promote ketosis in the fasted state. point of this process, have been defined by numerous – Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are experiments with cultured hepatocytes (3–5). Moreover, a new class of glucose-lowering drugs that act primarily the classic studies of Gerich et al. (6), using somatostatin to in the kidney, but some reports have described direct reduce circulating glucagon and mitigate diabetic ketoaci- effects of SGLT2i on a-cells to stimulate glucagon se- dosis (DKA), add to the now ingrained belief that glucagon cretion. Interestingly, SGLT2 inhibition also results in increased endogenous glucose production and ketone has both glucogenic and ketogenic activities. -
Dietary Supplements Based on the Ketone Body Β-Hydroxybutyrate Market Analysis and Evaluation of Ingredients of Supplements Used in the USA
Copyright! Reproduction and dissemination – also partial – applicable to all media only with written permission of Umschau Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden. Science & Research | Original Contribution Peer-reviewed | Manuscript received: March 23, 2018 | Revision accepted: July 23, 2018 Dietary supplements based on the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate Market analysis and evaluation of ingredients of supplements used in the USA Tobias Fischer, Thorsten Marquardt In more recent years, there has Abstract been a continuous growth in low- The use of β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) as a supplement to the everyday diet is a carb diets. The health merits of new development in the lifestyle supplement market. In the USA, the market is various versions of the diet with growing and the composition of the products varies greatly. The supplements different fat, protein, and carbo- are mainly postulated to be useful for providing energy, for weight loss, for in- hydrate contents are the subject of creasing athletic performance, improving mental performance, and increasing much discussion. Some versions the level of ketone bodies in the blood. Using βHB supplements in the form of are diets that closely correspond a salt has the unfavorable effect of increasing intake of sodium, potassium, cal- to a ketogenic diet and contain less cium, and magnesium. Depending on the salt composition used, it is possible than 50 g of carbohydrate per day for these supplements to cause the reference values to be exceeded by up to five (very low-carb, high-fat – VLCHF) times. Based on the currently available research, side effects cannot be ruled out. [4, 5]. In the U.S. -
1 Effects of a Ketone-Caffeine Supplement on Cycling And
Effects of A Ketone-Caffeine Supplement On Cycling and Cognitive Performance in Chronic Keto-Adapted Participants THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Madison Lee Bowling Graduate Program in Kinesiology The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee Dr. Jeff Volek Dr. William Kraemer Dr. Carl Maresh 1 Copyrighted by Madison Lee Bowling 2018 2 Abstract As research begins to broaden our understanding of the effects of low carbohydrate, high fat ketogenic diets to different populations, it is crucial to utilize evidence associated with the metabolic and physiological adaptation of chronic implementation. Specific populations are finding that nutritional ketosis may prove advantageous to athletic or cognitive performance. Nutritional ketosis may be identified by an elevated plasma ketone concentration within the blood range 0.5 to 5 mmol/L that results from a chronic implementation of a ketogenic diet. Recently, science shows that ketones contribute to a vast range of therapeutic and performance benefits associated with nutritional ketosis, as a result, exogenous ketone supplements have become commercially available which have proven to induce acute nutritional ketosis without restriction of carbohydrate intake. We previously showed that a supplement containing ketone salts and caffeine significantly increased performance in a non-keto adapted population. To date, there are no reports of whether ketone supplements have an ergogenic effect in an already keto-adapted population. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the performance and metabolic effects of a supplement containing ketone salts and caffeine in a group of people habituated to a ketogenic diet. -
Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts Karen E
ketoXid: 13684.001 September, 2020 KETOGENIC DIET RESEARCH Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts Karen E. E. Pendergrass 1 | Zad Rafi 2 ID ID Pendergrass, K., Rafi, Z. (2020) Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts. Ketogenic Diet Research. The Paleo Foundation. 1Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, Encinitas, CA 2Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, New York, NY Correspondence Karen E. E. Pendergrass Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, Encinitas, CA Contact 1Email: [email protected] 1Twitter: @5WordsorlessKP 2Email: [email protected] 2Twitterl: @dailyzad Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts ketoXid: 13684.001 September, 2020 KETOgenic DIET RESEARCH Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Esters and Ketone Salts Karen E. E. Pendergrass 1 ID | Zad Rafi 2 ID 1Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, Encinitas, CA Abstract 2Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, New York, NY Ketones, which provide an alternative source of fuel when glucose stores are Correspondence low can be classified into those produced by the body (endogenous) and Karen E. E. Pendergrass those produced synthetically (exogenous). Exogenous ketones are typically Department of Standards, Paleo Foundation, Encinitas, CA used to rapidly increase ketone levels even without the restriction of carbohydrates. In addition to discussing the distinction between exogenous Contact and endogenous ketones, we review some of the evidence for claims that are 1Email: [email protected] often made about exogenous ketones. 1Twitter: @5WordsorlessKP 2Email: [email protected] 2 Twitter: @dailyzad KEYWORDS Ketones, Exogenous Ketones, Ketone Salts, Ketone Esters 1 | BACKGROUND etone bodies are water-soluble molecules adipose tissue (stored fat) via lipolysis. that provide an alternative source of energy K to various tissues within the body when the These free fatty acids are then oxidized via beta- amount of glucose is low and are responsible for a oxidation, and converted into acetyl coenzyme A person entering and staying in a state of ketosis. -
Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Ketone Supplement Induced Ketosis in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Review of Current Literature
REVIEW published: 23 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00363 Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Ketone Supplement Induced Ketosis in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Review of Current Literature Zsolt Kovács 1, Dominic P. D’Agostino 2,3, David Diamond 2,4, Mark S. Kindy 5,6,7, Christopher Rogers 2 and Csilla Ari 4* 1 Savaria Department of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Savaria University Centre, Szombathely, Hungary, 2 Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States, 3 Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL, United States, 4 Department of Psychology, Hyperbaric Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States, Edited by: 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States, Lourdes Martorell, 6 James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, United States, 7 Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL, United States Institut Pere Mata, Spain Reviewed by: Globally, psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Hiromasa Funato, depression, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Toho University, Japan are becoming more prevalent. Although the exact pathological alterations are not yet clear, Yuri Zilberter, recent studies have demonstrated that widespread changes of very complex metabolic INSERM U1106 Institut de Neurosciences -
Ketosis Diagnosis and Monitoring in High-Producing Dairy Cows
Review Invited Review: Ketosis Diagnosis and Monitoring in High-Producing Dairy Cows Mariana Alves Caipira Lei 1 and João Simões 2,* 1 Department of Zootechnics, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-259-350-666 Abstract: This work reviews the current impact and manifestation of ketosis (hyperketonemia) in dairy cattle, emphasizing the practical use of laboratory methods, field tests, and milk data to monitoring this disease. Ketosis is a major issue in high-producing cows, easily reaching a prevalence of 20% during early postpartum when the negative energy balance is well established. Its economic losses, mainly related to decreasing milk yield, fertility, and treatment costs, have been estimated up to €250 per case of ketosis/year, which can double if associated diseases are considered. A deep relationship between subclinical or clinical ketosis and negative energy balance and related production diseases can be observed mainly in the first two months postpartum. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry methods gradually take place in laboratory routine to evaluates body ketones (e.g., beta-hydroxybutyrate) and probably will accurately substitute cowside blood and milk tests at a farm in avenir. Fat to protein ratio and urea in milk are largely evaluated each month in dairy farms indicating animals at risk of hyperketonemia. At preventive levels, other than periodical evaluation of body condition score and controlling modifiable or identifying non-modifiable risk Citation: Lei, M.A.C.; Simões, J. -
Therapeutics of Corticosteroids in the Bovine Animal and Problems Surrounding Their Use W
Therapeutics of Corticosteroids in the Bovine Animal and Problems Surrounding Their Use W. D. Black, D. V.M.· Department of Biomedical Sciences Ontario Veterinary College · University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario The corticosteroids have been used extensively in Anti- Gluco- Sodium veterinary practice for the last 15 to 20 years. They inflammatory corticoid Retaining have offered the practitioners of veterinary medicine Compound Potency Potency Potency a tool useful for blocking a portion of the pathological 1-Jydrocortisone 1.01 1.02 1.01 changes seen in infectious and metabolic disease. Un Prednisolone 4.01 5.52 0.81 Cortisone 0.81 0.82 0.81 fortunately they have done little to advance the cause Triamcinolone 5.01 ~25.03 0.01 of specific disease therapy. I shall discuss the use of Betamethasone 102 - 25.01 ~25.03 0.01 corticosteroids by veterinarians in some conditions in Dexamethasone 102 - 25.01 ~25.03 0.01 Flumethasone ~75 -1004 ~75 - 1004 0.0 which they are widely employed and attempt to Predef (Fluoro- clarify their usefulness in some cases and their abuse prednisolone) 14.02 50.02 in others. Figure 2. Relative Potencies of Corticosteroids. First let us consider what the pharmacological properties of these agents are and which ones are most likely to be of therapeutic value (Figure 1). The titioner should select one that does not cause sodium ability of these agents to reduce an elevated retention in order to avoid the problems of edema for mation and fluid build-up that can be harmful to the 0 temperature, to reduce inflammatory and allergic "'O animal. -
Effects of Ketone Bodies on Brain Metabolism and Function In
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Effects of Ketone Bodies on Brain Metabolism and Function in Neurodegenerative Diseases Nicole Jacqueline Jensen 1,* , Helena Zander Wodschow 1, Malin Nilsson 1 and Jørgen Rungby 1,2 1 Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] (H.Z.W.); malin.sofi[email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (J.R.) 2 Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 November 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 20 November 2020 Abstract: Under normal physiological conditions the brain primarily utilizes glucose for ATP generation. However, in situations where glucose is sparse, e.g., during prolonged fasting, ketone bodies become an important energy source for the brain. The brain’s utilization of ketones seems to depend mainly on the concentration in the blood, thus many dietary approaches such as ketogenic diets, ingestion of ketogenic medium-chain fatty acids or exogenous ketones, facilitate significant changes in the brain’s metabolism. Therefore, these approaches may ameliorate the energy crisis in neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by a deterioration of the brain’s glucose metabolism, providing a therapeutic advantage in these diseases. Most clinical studies examining the neuroprotective role of ketone bodies have been conducted in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, where brain imaging studies support the notion of enhancing brain energy metabolism with ketones. Likewise, a few studies show modest functional improvements in patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive benefits in patients with—or at risk of—Alzheimer’s disease after ketogenic interventions. -
Gluconeogenesis and Bovine Ketosis
October, 1968] NUTRITION REVIEWS 313 cattle at the time of slaughter showed no other two stations, but the differences effect of rearing practice on protein, iron, were insignificant. For some reason, the thiamine, riboflavin, or nicotinic acid vitamin A supplement added to the content. The fat content of this muscle concentrate was not very stable. As a increased with the higher level of con- result, vitamin A was low in the livers, centrates and restricted rearing area. With especially at two of the stations. However, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/26/10/313/1832143 by guest on 27 September 2021 this went a reduction in the moisture the method of rearing had no effect on content. The most outstanding observation this level. This was also true of the pro- was that the thiamine content of this mus- tein, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, cle of the animals at one station, at which pyridoxine, vitamin BIZ. and folic acid the most intensive feeding method was concentrations in the liver. studied, was almost twice that of the ani- Results of these studies indicate that mals at the other two stations. This was the method of rearing sheep and beef also true for the superficial digital flexer cattle has no significant effect on the muscle. There were, however, no such nutrient content of the same muscles or differences for any of the other nutrients studied. of the livers. There are inherent differences Livers from the animals at the station in the amounts of certain vitamins in dif- where the muscles had a high concentra- ferent muscles within the same animal tion of thiamine had slightly more thiamine and for the same muscle from different than livers of animals from either of the breeds. -
Metabolic Switching Is Impaired by Aging and Facilitated by Ketosis
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.12.874297; this version posted December 13, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Metabolic switching is impaired by aging and facilitated by 2 ketosis independent of glycogen 3 Abbi R. Hernandez1, Leah M. Truckenbrod1, Quinten P. Federico1, Keila T. Campos1, Brianna 4 M. Moon1, Nedi Ferekides1, Meagan Hoppe1, Dominic D’Agostino3, 4, Sara N. Burke1, 2* 5 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 2Intitute on Aging, 6 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 3Department of Molecular Pharmacology and 7 Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; 4Institute for Human and Machine 8 Cognition, Ocala, FL, USA 9 *Corresponding Author 10 [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.12.874297; this version posted December 13, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 11 ABSTRACT 12 The ability to switch between glycolysis and ketosis promotes survival by enabling 13 metabolism through fat oxidation during periods of fasting. Carbohydrate restriction or stress can 14 also elicit metabolic switching. Keto-adapting from glycolysis is delayed in aged rats, but factors 15 mediating this age-related impairment have not been identified. -
Medical and Therapeutic Applications of Ketosis
Review Article iMedPub Journals Health Science Journal 2020 www.imedpub.com ISSN 1791-809X Vol. 14 No. 1: 690 DOI: 10.36648/1791-809X.14.1.690 Medical and Therapeutic Applications of Michael Paden Smith* Ketosis: An Overview F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, USA Abstract Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body uses ketones as an alternative fuel *Corresponding author: source to glucose. When dietary carbohydrate intake is limited, the body turns Michael Paden Smith to ketones, produced initially by brief breakdown of muscles tissue and then by lipolysis of adipose tissue. Fasting is also a means of inducing a state of ketosis. [email protected] The ketogenic diet, a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, severely restricts carbohydrate intake and has been used to treat various health conditions, such F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, as epilepsy, for over a century. Although the ketogenic diet is controversial, due Uniformed Services University of the Health to its strict dietary protocols, laboratory and clinical research suggest that there Sciences, USA. are many therapeutic benefits to be reaped through its implementation. Children with epilepsy have had their seizures reduced or completely controlled from Tel: 8088001789 maintaining a state of ketosis. Ketosis is also shown to help reduce tumor size in certain cancers. Additionally, certain types of athletic performance have been shown to be Citation: Smith MP (2020) Medical and enhanced through a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet and body composition has Therapeutic Applications of Ketosis: An dramatically improved in clinical research of subjects on a ketogenic diet with Overview. -
The Effect of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salt Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health in Adolescents
nutrients Article The Effect of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salt Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health in Adolescents Matthew Stefan *, Matthew Sharp , Raad Gheith, Ryan Lowery and Jacob Wilson The Applied Science and Performance Institute, Research Division, Tampa, FL 33607, USA; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (J.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet that will induce a state of ketosis, but because of its restrictive nature, it may be difficult to adhere to, es- pecially in adolescents. Supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salts may induce a state of temporary ketosis without any undesirable side effects, thereby promoting the benefits of ketosis and minimizing adherence requirements to a ketogenic diet. To date, beta-hydroxybutyrate supplementation in healthy adolescents has not been explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the safety of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salt supplementation in a healthy adolescent population. In the present study, 22 healthy male and female adolescents consumed 3.75 g of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts or maltodextrin placebo twice daily for 90 days. Comprehensive blood safety analysis, bone densitometry, happiness and emotional intelligence surveys, and blood pressure were assessed at Pre, Day 45, and Day 90. There were no significant differences detected in subjects Citation: Stefan, M.; Sharp, M.; supplementing with beta-hydroxybutyrate salts, indicating that exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate Gheith, R.; Lowery, R.; Wilson, J. salts had no detrimental impact on fasting blood safety metrics, bone density, happiness, emotional in- The Effect of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Salt telligence, or blood pressure.