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Cultural Perspectives from Blackfoot Confederacy Members University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2011 Whitebarkpine Forest Restoration: Cultural Perspectives from Blackfoot Confederacy Members Kodi Jae Augare-Estey The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Augare-Estey, Kodi Jae, "Whitebarkpine Forest Restoration: Cultural Perspectives from Blackfoot Confederacy Members" (2011). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4181. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4181 This Professional Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHITEBARK PINE FOREST RESTORATION: CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES FROM BLACKFOOT CONFEDERACY MEMBERS By Kodi Jae Augare-Estey B.S. Forestry, Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, MT 2007 Professional Paper presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Forestry and Conservation The University of Montana Missoula, MT Summer 2011 Approved by: Stephen Sprang, Associate Provost for Graduate Education Graduate School Dr. John M. Goodburn, Chair Department of Forest Management, College of Forestry and Conservation Dr. Michael E. Patterson Department of Society and Conservation, College of Forestry & Conservation Dr. Rodney L. Brod Department of Sociology Abstract Augare-Estey, Kodi, M.S., Summer 2011 Forestry and Conservation Whitebark Pine Restoration: Cultural perspectives from Blackfoot Confederacy Members Chairperson: Dr. John Goodburn Whitebark pine (WBP) is a keystone species on the brink of extinction, threatened by fire suppression, white pine blister rust, along with mountain pine beetle infestation and climate change. The Blackfoot Confederacy from the Northern Rockies region, as part of their traditional practices and Worldview, has long gathered the nutrient-rich seeds and cambium of whitebark pine as part of their subsistence. This paper demonstrates how the perspectives, indigenous intelligence and worldview of members of the Blackfoot Confederacy could inform and supplement western science and increase the probability of success in restoration efforts whitebark pine forest ecosystems. With Blackfoot Confederacy acculturation and cultural assimilation, their oral history of traditional practices have faded, and the wealth of traditional practices and indigenous intelligence about their natural world could fade away without it ever being adequately documented. Further efforts are necessary to identify and retrieve indigenous intelligence to provide better ecological understanding of whitebark pine forest ecosystems, to give greater acknowledgement of Indigenous ways of knowing, and to preserve the Blackfoot Confederacy and their cultural identity and integrity. Keywords: Native Peoples, ecological restoration, keystone species, Clark‟s Nutcracker, fire, culturally modified tree, Blackfeet, whitebark pine ii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................1 Blackfoot Worldview ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Whitebark Pine Status .................................................................................... 19 Incorporating Indigenous intelligence ............................................................. 20 Whitebark Pine Ecological Relationships ....................................................... 26 Threats to WBP Ecosystems ........................................................................... 28 Summary ........................................................................................................ 31 Chapter 2: Methods ............................................................................................ 32 Methodological Approach .............................................................................. 32 Site Selection ................................................................................................. 33 Sampling Approach ........................................................................................ 34 Interviews ...................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3: Results .............................................................................................. 37 Pauline ........................................................................................................... 37 Insights about her as an individual (Her Nature/Identity) ............................ 37 Insights into her worldview regarding nature, religion, and management ... 38 Knowledge of whitebark pine and its traditional uses ................................. 41 Perspectives on issues related to Whitebark pine restoration ....................... 44 Clarence ......................................................................................................... 49 Background Information - Who Clarence Is................................................ 49 Clarence‟s Perspectives on Indigenous Epistemology ................................. 50 Clarence‟s Knowledge of WBP in Relation to the BFC .............................. 57 Views about WBP Restoration Strategies and Management in General ....... 59 Jolene ............................................................................................................. 64 Background information – Who Jolene Is ................................................... 64 Jolene‟s Perspectives on Indigenous Epistemology ..................................... 64 Jolene‟s Knowledge of Whitebark Pine (WBP) .......................................... 70 Views about WBP Restoration and Management in General ...................... 71 Betty .............................................................................................................. 74 Background Information – Who Betty Crow Chief Is ................................. 74 Betty‟s Worldview and Perspectives on Indigenous Epistemology ............. 75 iii Betty‟s Knowledge of WBP ....................................................................... 80 Views about WBP Restoration and Management in General ....................... 81 Clyde ............................................................................................................. 85 Background information – Who Clyde is .................................................... 85 Clyde‟s Perspectives on Indigenous Epistemology ..................................... 86 Clyde‟s knowledge of WBP in relationship the BFC................................... 87 View about WBP Restoration and Management in General ........................ 90 Floyd.............................................................................................................. 94 Background Information – Floyd Middle Rider .......................................... 94 Floyd‟s Perspectives on Indigenous Epistemology...................................... 95 What Floyd Knew About Whitebark Pine ................................................... 99 Views about WBP Restoration and Management in General ..................... 100 Chapter 4: Discussion ...................................................................................... 102 Comparative Findings among Interview Respondents................................... 102 Lessons Learned ........................................................................................... 109 References ....................................................................................................... 111 iv Preface Who am I A story dedicated to my grandmother Agnes Gaurdipee/Augare By Buffalo Head Woman (Kodi Jae Augare-Estey) This is an American Indian story based on a modern Blackfeet woman who is finding her cultural identity. After experiencing a Blackfoot Philosophy course at the Blackfeet Reservation taught by Professor Leroy Little Bear, former Director of the American Indian Program at Harvard University and Professor Emeritus of Native Studies at the University of Lethbridge, I was assigned to write this paper based on what I had learned. The writing assignment was to answer the question “Who am I” as if a “Martian" or some alien from another planet asked “Who are you?”, what would I tell them. This story is offered as a brief introduction to Blackfeet and Blackfoot Confederacy philosophy and worldviews. Given that my thesis project challenged me to bridge Indigenous and Western cultures as I sought to gather Indigenous perspectives from elder members of the Blackfoot Confederacy, it seems an appropriate preface to this paper. Blackfoot philosophy and worldviews are typically conveyed through stories. I 1 offer my sincere appreciation to Professor Leroy Little Bear, for stories and understanding about Blackfoot Philosophy that he has shared, and which contributed significantly to the following. Who am I If a Martian or other Alien from outer space asked me the question
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