故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期（民國九十五年冬季） 1

႕͛ᑫ९ᄃາ୻Ϋ*

ለϲᇇ ݣҢ̂ጯ րځᄬ֏ᄃֲ͛ڌ

೩āāࢋ

ѣᙯ୻΃ॡഇጯఙࡁܕೀѐؕ΍ன۞ЩჍĂ׎ͅߍ୎ܕĶາ୻Ϋķ˘ෟĂ˜ߏ ઼࡚Ăҭд͟ώٕ׎΁г͞ྵາ۞ࡁտኢ඾̚ٺտ˯۞ࢭາّᔌ๕ĄѩЩෟᔵࢵ֍ ኜкࢋ৵Ă۞ڼຍဦ߽၅୻ഈ௚ٺజଳϡĄѩ˘ጯఙࡁտ۞͹ࢋপّĂ˜дھᇃ̏ ϲ֭ᅳጱ۞ొ̶Ąޙጐგιߏ˘઼࣎̚۞ͳഈĂҭݒߏϤ႕୉ٙٺ׎ߏ඾ࢦ͍

д఺࣎ు႙ԛј۞ጯఙࡁտߛၹ྆ĂΫጯछฟؕಶ઼̚።Ϋͽ̈́༊΃઼̚ϔ୉ ຍཌྷ˯೩΍າᛉᗟĄ˘ਠ҃֏Ăາ୻Ϋͽ߄ጼ႔୉͕̚ኢࢗćགྷ۞ڼ௡ј̚႕୉௚ ᆶෛ።ΫְІࠎ׎ϫᇾĄֽޘϤາ۞ቑёଣ৶࿅Ν)ּтതϔ͹ཌྷ*ć֭ͷϤᙝห֎ ԧࣇ۞።Ϋᄮۢ̚Ąҭߏٺ႔୉۞៍ᕇĂ֭ԯιፋЪܧᖎ֏̝Ăѩ˘ጯఙኝᗟ೬ϯ ߏۢᙊ˯۞ត̼ĂιТॡ˵Ӕனдᄬ֏˯Ăд఺͞ࢬ౵͹ࢋᇾᄫд่่ܧາ୻Ϋ֭ ଳϡ˞႔ᄬͽγ۞׎΁ᄬ֏੃ྶ̝͛ᚥĄϫ݈Ă႕ᄬ͛ᚥߏ׎̚౵ࢦ˯ڱࡁտ͞ٺ ࢋ۞Մफ़Ąдώኢ͛̚Ăԧ૟԰ࢋгᖎࢗ႕୉ᑫ९дາ୻Ϋ۞൴ण࿅඀̏̚གྷणன Ϗֽ̪૟޺ᜈԷႊ۞֎ҒĄٺͷ

ᙯᔣෟĈ୻΃።Ϋྤफ़ă႕͛Ϋफ़ă୻΃ΫጯΫă୻΃ᑫ९ă୻΃።Ϋă႕୉።Ϋ

* 本文初稿為「文獻足徵—第二屆清代檔案國際學術研討會」（臺北：國立故宮博物院，2005年11月 3~5日）之主題演講。感謝李仁淵先生在中文譯稿上的協助。 2 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

͛३ᑫ९˘ۡӛ͔඾̙Тˠࣇ۞۞عѺѐมĂ୻߆˘ܕҋଂ୻ഈඕՁҌ̫૟ ᄃᘹ͛ࠧˠۏˠڼෞኢ۰ă߆ົۤזᐡࣶăۏќᖟछă౾ۏĂଂ३થăΟڦᙯ ᏷঻˭ֽ۞ăজт໬ঔ۞͛ІĂ˵ѣ΁ࣇعćࠤҌߏౄ৽ຽ۰Ă၆఺ֱ݈୻߆̀ ҋ̎ຏᎸ኷۞ࣧЯĄ༊൒ឰౄ৽ຽ۰ຏᎸ኷۞ࣧЯĂᄃԧࣇᆅჸд఺ಞົᛉ۞ࣧ ЯБ൒̙ТĄ൒҃ԧ̙༰р؈Ăӈֹߏԧࣇ఺ֱ።Ϋጯ۰ĂΞ˵ߏࠎ˞Тᇹ۞ࣧ ఺྆ĉٕ۰఺ᇹᄲĂឰԧࣇᆅჸѩг۞ߏӎಶߏ࠹Т۞୻΃ᑫ९ĉЯࠎጐგזЯ ԧࣇ˘ᇹౌ၆୻ഈѣᎸ኷Ăԧࣇலౣᄃ఺ֱᑫ९ЧҋѣЧҋ۞ᙯాĄԧ่̙֭ߏ ѩ̙Тęᔵ൒఺˵ߏְكᄃҋ̎࠹ᙯ۞ᑫ९Ă҃఺ֱ࠹ᙯ۞ొ̶זᄲԧࣇΪ࠻ ၁Ąԧຐᄲ۞ߏĈԧࣇ่̙ߏֶೈ඾Чҋপؠ۞ྮश֕ˢ͵ࠧЧ፟ၹٙќᖟ۞୻ ԧࣇڍ΃͛३ᑫ९̚Ă҃Հࢦࢋ۞ߏĂԧࣇ˫ᐌ඾Чҋপؠ۞ྮश֕˞аֽĄт ୻ഈᑫ९âтЧ჌׎΁۞ᑫ९˘ᇹĂ่̙Ϊߏ͛३၁វ۞ᓁ׶Ğٕ۰఺ֱצତ ͛३ะវ۞х෬̝఍ğĂ҃Հߏ˘࣎хдԧࣇ͕̚ଣྙ࿅Ν۞఍ٙĂߏ˘࣎੃ጸ ၹ඾ҋ̎፾˘൑˟۞ᑫޙពгĂԧࣇЧҋځޝԛ๬ͷజࢦາԛ๬۞г͞Ă֤ᆃ ඾Ă՟ѣ׌Њᑫ९ົߏ࠹Т۞Ąק९Ą఺˵ຍ

᝘ֽ˵ధΟَĂ൒҃ԧᄮࠎĂଂԧࣇՏ࣎ˠౌߏͽЧҋ۞͞ёдڱ఺ᇹ۞ᄲ ።Ϋ͛३֤჌זৌ၁ّߏΞͽቁؠ۞Ąଂវᄮ۞ڱ३ᆷ።Ϋ۞఺ᕇֽᄲĂ఺࣎ᄲ ൒̿੓Ą֤ڵ˧ˠ̙щ۞ăТॡߏ඄˫ߏ၌۞ᗕࢦّኳ༊̚â჌౹ౄّ۞ૺ΄ ߏଂ఺჌ૺ˧༊ܮᗔᓏă֤ҲӤă֤ૺ˧ώ֗͞ߏ౵ৌ၁۞ᑫ९Ă҃ԧࣇ۞።Ϋ ࠎҋ̎൴ᓏĄڱኚϠĄтТ̂छ҅ሢਕྎ۞Ă።Ϋ͛३ώ֗ߏజજ۞Ă൑̚

ϲ੓Ķ୻΃ᑫ९׍ѣкᇹّޙԧ̝ٙͽଂ఺྆ฟؕԧ۞ኢᕇĂߏЯࠎԧᄮࠎ гЇϤԧࣇٽണᐩĂΞͽᅅـࢦࢋĄᑫ९̙֭ߏ൑Ϡ׻۞࿅ޝهᄃϠ׻˧ķ۞ໄ ౷ă̶ᙷᄃೢᏴĄᑫ९ߏ߿۞Ăιᄃॡ҃ዏă՟ѣࠧቢͷត̼кბĄ༊ԧࣇዦ̷ ώѨົᛉ۞ኢ͛Ăٕ۰ࢼᒟፋ࣎˼ត༱̼˫·႕኏ࡎ۞Ϋጯኢ඾ॡĂ˯ࢗ఺ᕇᜓ Ăౌͽ୻ഈ۞ᑫ९͛३ઇ̶ొ˘̂ޝன۞Հࠎព඾Ą҃఺ֱ඾үБొĂٕ۰ᄲܑ ׎̚ăٕ۰ᄲԧࣇڦࠎૄᖂĄԧ̝ٙͽૻአᑫ९۞Ϡ׻˧ᄃкᇹّĂ఺ֱԧࣇԸ ޢߏາ۞።Ϋᆷү̙ᕝՀϠ۞ࡦܮώ֗ӈࠎ׎̚˘ొЊ۞পኳĂߏЯࠎ఺ֱপኳ Я৵Ąٕ۰ѣˠົซ˘ՎؼҩѩኢᕇĂᄮࠎՏ࣎າ።Ϋ۞΍னౌᅮࢋາ۞ᑫ९Ą д఺ቔኢ͛̚Ăԧٕధົͅ࿅ֽᄲĂ͹ૺՏ࣎າᑫ९ౌᅮࢋ˘࣎າ።ΫĄ҃д఺ ϲд୻ഈ۞႕͛ᑫ९̝˯Ąޙቔ͛ౢ̚ԧٙᄲ۞າᑫ९Ăӈ

ᇹᄻĂι۞൴ण۞זдώ͛̚Ăԧ૟ೡᘱ఺࣎າᑫ९۞ᇹᄻĂٕ۰ߏԧٙ࠻ 滿文檔案與新清史 3

ᆃгՎĄԧ૟ࠎ̂छаᜪଂ఺ֱາᑫ९̚ᔞϠ۞າ።̦ז࿅඀Ăͽ̈́னд൴ण ΫĂ҃дඕኢ఍Ăԧχზᖎൺ۞੅ኢѩາ።Ϋಶԧࣇநྋ୻΃Ϋٕ˘ਠ҃֏۞̚ ΫֽᄲĂ׎ٙ׍ѣ۞ࢦࢋຍஉĄ઼

˘ă႕͛ᑫ९

үഇมܲх˭ֽ۞ᑫ९༊̚Ăࡗѣ׌Ѻྻعࡔ୻߆͵˩˟ז˛˩д˯˼༱І ༱ІĂӈࡗѺ̶̝˟˩۞ּͧĂБొٕొ̶ͽ႕͛३ᆷĄ׎̚Βӣ˞ЧёЧᇹ۞ Ϋफ़ĂтݶၦăᏞўăࡔᐂă༫ᅛăΫቇăˠְ੃ᐂă૳ϫඈඈĄೀͼՏ࣎୻߆ ͛३ೀͼ۞ܝă̙ТॡഇĂѣֱొܝѣ႕̳͛͛३ćᐌ඾̙Тొౌܝ͹ࢋొ۞ع Бొͽ႕͛३ᆷĄ1

ચߏͽ႕͛఍ந۞ְ͞ء۞̶ొعͽֽிٙ࠰ۢĄ୻߆˳ܜ఺ֱΫफ़۞хд ˠ͌ޝĂ҃ͷޘ఺ְ࣎၁༊൒̙ߏ̦ᆃ৪૜Ąӈֹ՟ѣˠۢ྽տౣቁ̷۞ֹϡ඀ ᄬ֏̝˘Ăপ͞ءਕ᝝ᑖĂҭߏ̂छౌۢ྽႕͛͛३അజֹϡĄ႕͛ߏ୻ഈ׌჌ অ۞႕͛фϓд༊ॡ۞઼̚ᐌ఍Ξ֍ĂΒ߁дᅚ᏿఺჌౵૱ֹϡ۞ఱ။˯Ăౌ័ ѣ႕͛фϓĄҌ͌дፋ࣎˩ˣ͵ࡔĂ୻ԗͽ႕႔׌჌ᄬ֏࿴Ҷ͹ࢋ߆३Ăͷ̳ฟ ࣶౌజࢋՐࢋጯ௫႕͛Ăͷሢۢ୻ԗྻүءгૻአჯ޺႕͛ਕ˧۞ࢦࢋّĄ੼৺ ܝဈొءߏ૟̙ТܮಏҜདϡ۞ˠĂ΁ࣇ۞઱˘̍үĂعˠౌۢ྽Ăధкజ߆۞ ͛३ଂ႕͛ᖙᛌј႔͛Ăٕଂ႔͛ᖙᛌј႕͛Ąࠎ˞႕֖఺ֱˠࣶ۞ᅮ۞ֽـม লሬᇄౌΞז३ĂឰЇңˠڱΞ៍ᇴณ۞ᙜ׏ă͘Ίᄃ͛˞ۍથ΍ۍՐĂΔִ΍ ዦᜓᏴᔉĄᔵ൒˩˝͵ࡔ۞઼͛̚ˠᄮࠎ႕͛۞ֹϡు႙਽ੜĂҭѩ͵ࡔ˭Ηཧ ࣶม۞Ϲঘ໛఼Ąءᄃ୻ഈٺҘ͞ˠĂ̪൒ᛇ଀ᑖ଀႕͛ѣӄ۞઼̚זֽ

Ă఺ֱᖞͳഈ۞႕͛͛३ฟؕд̝݈̙അ΍ன࿅۞ޢඕՁ̝ڼߏ༊୻ഈ௚ٺ г͞΍னॡĂ՟ѣˠົᛇ଀؈َĄ࠹ͅ۞Ă఺ֱྤफ़ଂ1910ѐ΃ฟ̳ؕฟ߹็Ă 1920ᄃ30ѐ΃Ăౌព଀тѩநٙ༊൒Ą఺ߏЯࠎĂ౹ౄ఺ֱ͛३۞זͷ޺ᜈ߹็ ৩Ԕ̙̏ೇхдĂ఺ֱ͛३၆઼छ˜ҌЇңˠ̙̏ГѣϡĄপҾߏιࣇͽᙱڼ߆ ε߆Ăߏጱ࡭༊˭઼๕౗л۞͹Я۞عͽᏰᙊ۞ள୉͛фᆷјĂ҃༊఺࣎ள୉߆ ĄГۏॡĂᔘѣኡົ၆఺ֱ͛३ѣᎸ኷ĉ̂छҋ൒ߏຐᕚ௲఺ֱ൑ϡ۞݈ഈ᏷̝

1 對這些資料更完整的回顧請參見Mark C. Elliott: “The Manchu-Language Archives of the Qing Dynasty and the Origins of the Palace Memorial System,” 1-70. 4 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

ξ۞ූٺߏ఺ֱజୢٺϔ઼ॡഇૻ̂۞ϔ୉ຍᙊֹ଀ˠࣇ̙Гጯ႕͛Ăٺ۰ĂϤ ࠎγ઼ˠٙ෴ΝĄ2 ੵ˞͌ᇴּγĂд఺࣎ॡഇΪౌޢЊ౵ొ˘̂ޝ႕͛ྤफ़ѣ ѣ˘ֱ͟ώᄃለ߷ጯ۰၆ќะᄃࡁտ఺ֱ႕͛३ᚱᑫ९ѣ˘ֱᎸ኷Ąкᓪ΁ࣇĂ ଂд୻ԗ۞ࡠ᎘ົି̀ฟؕ۞႕͛ࡁտ็௚଀ͽᚶᜈĄ఺ֱ˟˩͵ࡔ̚ཧ̝݈۞ ።Ϋ֭՟۞ޢ႕୉ˢᙯ̝ٺጯ۰Ăጐგ΁ࣇ̝̚ѣధкˠ۞႕͛ౄྔࠤָĂҭ၆ ޺ᜈֹ̪ޢᎸ኷ĄЯ҃тТ଀˞εጸা˘ਠĂ၆႕͛അд˩˛͵ࡔ̚ཧ۞̂ޝѣ ϡ۞੃ጸΞᄲౌజ٠ΝĄ

෱Α͈ጯ௫႕͛Ꮈ኷৿৿Ąྫྷѩॡ܅୻Ϋጯ۰၆۞ܐ఺ᇹ۞ᒖဩឰ˟˩͵ࡔ ೀͼ̙хдĄז୻ഈ႔͛͛३ᑫ९ͧ੓ֽĂ႕͛ྤफ़Ξͽᄲ͌۞ۍഇ̂ณበᚷ΍ ˞଀۞႕͛ྤफ़Ă˵఼૱ߏүࠎ႔͛ᑫ९۞ઘώ΍னĂ҃఺Հጱ࡭פໂ͌ᇴΞͽ ჌೼࿆۞ј֍Ăӈᄮࠎੵ˞1644ѐ̝݈۞ѝഇΫफ़̝γĂٙѣ۞႕͛ྤफ़ౌТ˘ ώĄ҃Ω˘჌೼࿆۞ј֍Հΐૻ˞Ķጯ௫႕͛՟ѣυࢋķۍॡхд඾࠹၆ᑕ۞႔͛ Ăᐌ̝ᄃ႔ˠТ̼Ă֭ͷಉε˞ᄃ႔ˠ࠹̶ޢĄӈᄮࠎ༊႕߷ˢᙯ̝ڱ఺჌ຐ۞ ˘ёώኳ˯ౌྫྷ႔ˠ͞ڼຐᄃ௚ޥĂߊ൒႕߷ˠ۞ڱҾ۞ડ࿣ຍᙊĄֶፂ఺࣎࠻ िᄃ៍ੈ۞זΫछд႔͛ྤफ़̚Ա̙זΞਕԱ̙ܮᇹĂ֤ᆃଂ఺ֱ႕͛ྤफ़Ă ෱͕˧Νጯ௫႕܅Ă֤˫ңυܮᕇĂ҃ߊ൒႔͛̂छౌᑖ଀Ăͷֹϡ੓ֽтѩ͞ ၁ĄЯְ۞ځజᄮࠎߏ൑ืᙋౌ˵ڱ͛ĉӈֹ၆ᑖ଀႕͛۞ጯ۰ֽᄲĂ఺ֱຐ ѩĂଂЇң˘ࢬֽ࠻Ăд఺࣎ॡഇĂࡶฟؕຐࢋᒢྋ୻ഈăٕᆷֱѣᙯ୻ഈ۞ Ăዦ᝝႕͛۞ਕ˧ౌ̙జ༊үߏυ౯۞୧ІĄ3ְ

ฟؕᖼតĄѣ኷۞ߏĂ఺࣎ᖼតೀͼТၙၙޘ൒҃ଂ1970ѐ΃ฟؕĂ఺჌ၗ ႕͛дࡁזຍڦॡдᄂ៉ă઼̂̚ౙᄃ͟ώ൴ϠĄдᄂ៉ĂౘଥАᄃఄР൴ࢵА ٙќᖟ۞୻ഈᑫ९֭ฟؕੰۏ።Ϋ۞ࢦࢋّĄ΁ࣇд൴ଧ߇झ౾̝ޢտ႕୻ˢᙯ ۍٙѣ႕͛ᑫ९ౌѣ႔͛ܧğ۞ॡ࣏Ă൴ன֭ۍĞ఼૱ᄃᇆώ˘੓΍ۍ૟̝΍ Įझ̚ᑫ૵Ⴇഈݶ۞ۍБ൒൑ϡĄ1977ѐ߇झ΍ܧώĂ҃ᑖ଀႕͛၆Ϋछֽᄲ֭ ͵੒ᚥĄᔵ൒఺Բᑫ९̙ߏௐ˘Բય̂ޝѣڱၦįௐˣăௐ˝ᏭĂ၆Լត఺࣎࠻

2 對這個主題參考：Mark C. Elliott and James Bosson, “Highlights of the Manchu-Mongolian Collection,” 80. 3 「即使是清朝初期，幾乎所有的滿文資料不是由漢文翻譯而來，便是已翻譯成漢文。對研究清朝 中晚期的歷史學者來說，滿文史料或許有用，但非必要。」Joseph F. Fletcher, “Manchu Sources,” 145. 滿文檔案與新清史 5

႕͛ᑫ९ߏ1971ѐ׌ѺዶІ۞ޢഈ̝ڼึ۞ۍ႕͛ᑫ९Ğௐ˘Բ΍۞ޢ̝ڼึ۞ ࿥ϒ័۞ۍ߶͛ऱ1972ѐ΍ڌѐᘵಜ႕͛ݶၦğĂ4 ҭ̙ߏѐᘵಜݶၦĂ˵̙ߏ۞ ຍĄ่̙ఄР൴ͽ׎̚ڦ۞ھࡓၮᑫĂ5 ҃ߏ఺˘Բᑫ९Ăௐ˘Ѩ͔੓Ϋጯࠧᇃ በįĂ6 ҃ќᐂдĮझ̚ᑫ૵ܐ౵ѣ኷۞˘ֱᑫ९ĂᖼԨᖙᛌࠎĮ୻΃໤ጧႬΫफ़ ІᇆώĂ˵ᇆᜩ˞͟ώΫछܫ੅ጧႬ̜ॡ۞႕͛فႧഈݶၦįௐˣă˝Ꮽ̚૵Ⴇ ĂڍϑįĄ7 ଂዦ᝝఺ֱјܫ۞ޓགྷ׏඾үĮ૵Ⴇ࠱ۍϣࡻσĂឰ׎д1979ѐ΍ت ͽ̈́ଂౘଥА۞Į႕͛୻၁ᐂࡁտįă8Į႕͛୻ώࡔࡁտį9 ̚Ăጯ۰ࣇฟؕΞͽ ።Ϋ˵࠹༊ѣϡĄ۞ޢĂ႕͛Մफ़၆ࡁտ႕୻ˢᙯ̝ז୻຾۞ᒢྋ

٢๒˞˘̈ཏѐᅅă҃གྷ࿅˵ࡗдТॡĂд઼̂̚ౙ۞Δִௐ˘።Ϋᑫ९ᐡ পҾ੊ቚ۞૞छጯ۰Ă඾͘ፋந˘Ϋᐡ۞႕͛ќᖟć఺ֱќᖟ̚Ăѣֱొ̶Ξᄲ ׌ˬѺѐֽౌ՟ѣˠତᛈ࿅Ąд1980ѐ΃ѝഇĂ༊ௐ˘።Ϋᑫ९ᐡฟؕШጯఙࠧ ࢋᕩΑ̶ొ̂ޝĂ႕͛ᑫ९۞ࢦࢋّд઼̚˵ు႙జវᄮĄ఺ޢ׎ొ̶ᐡᖟٸฟ ٺ1981ѐ౹Ώ̝າഇΏĮ።Ϋᑫ९į˯Ώྶ۞႕͛Ϋफ़ᖙᛌĂͽ̈́׎΁тฟؕٺ ݡĄдፋ࣎ˣŒѐ΃Ă൑ኢдᄂۍ1978ѐ۞Į୻΃ᑫ९Ϋफ़ᕍበįඈপҾ۞΍ ႕͛үࠎ୻Ϋࡁտ̝ጯఙᄬ֏۞ࢦࢋّĂฟؕѣ෸ֽٺă઼̂̚ౙٕ͟ώĂᙯ៉ ΍னĄځ෸кᙋ

႕͛Մफ़ࢦࢋّ۞ВТЯ৵Ă͹זт˯ٙࢗĂᄂ៉ᄃ઼̂̚ౙጯࠧు႙វᄮ ԣгᖼត˞Чгጯ۰ࡁտ୻ޝѐֽĶаᕩᑫ९ķ۞ᔌ๕Ă҃఺࣎ᔌ๕ܕࢋߏЯࠎ Ϋ۞͞ёĄԧ˵ԓ୕ΞͽᄲĂ݈ࢗϤѩĶаᕩᑫ९ķᔌ๕ጱ͔΍ֽ۞ăࢦາវᄮ Ăౄј۞ࢦ̂ᖼតĂΞឰధк఺࣎ᅳા۞ጯϠฟؕጯ௫႕ه႕͛ࢦࢋّ۞າໄ тѩĄੵ˞д͟ώೀ࣎ࢦࢋጯܧ͛ĂͽഇΞͽྻϡд΁ࣇ۞ࡁտ˯Ą൒ְ҃၁֭ ఙ͕̚۞ࡁտϠࢋጯ௫˘ѐͽ˯۞႕̝͛γĂ൑ኢдᄂ៉઼ٕ̂̚ౙĂౌϏഅॲ ώгෞҤ࿅૟ጯ௫႕͛ৼˢ౾̀঱੊ቚ˘ొЊ۞υࢋّĄጐგд׌гౌѣֱ׍ѣ ᐍჟৠ۞ˠĞΒ߁Δִ̚δϔ୉ጯੰͳᔨᎰ۞˘ֱጯϠğՙؠጯ௫႕͛Ă൒݂҃

4 國立故宮博物院故宮文獻編輯委員會編，《年羹堯奏摺專輯》三冊。 5 神田信夫等編，《鑲紅旗．雍正朝》。 6 莊吉發譯注，《清代準噶爾史料初編》。 7 岡田英弘，《康熙帝の手紙》。 8 陳捷先，《滿文清實錄研究》。 9 陳捷先，《滿文清本紀研究》。 6 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

Ұࢍ൪ࢋࡁտ˩˛͵ࡔ݈ΗഇνΠ۞୻ܧវ˯ᄃ̝݈࠹ТĈੵ̂ޘ၆႕͛۞ၗ ΫĂҰ̙ϡፉ͕႕͛۞યᗟć҃ጐგѣᄃҰ͹ᗟ࠹ᙯ۞ࢦࢋՄफ़ͽ႕͛ᆷјĂҰ ώಶΞͽ˞Ąᖙᛌд႕͛ᑫ९ٙ̚Էႊ۞֎ҒߏΩۍϡፉ͕ĂЯࠎҰϡ႔ᛌ̙˵ ˘࣎ኝᗟĂൾޢԧ૟Гаᐝ੅ኢĄ

Ąд1970ѐ΃Ă೼࿆ၙޝԼត۞˵ޘд઼࡚ĂтТд઼̚˘ᇹĂ၆႕͛۞ၗ ˞זߏᄮࠎĂੵ˞ࡁտ࠹༊ѝഇ۞୻ΫͽγĂ՟ѣυࢋጯ௫႕͛Ą൒̪҃ڱ࠻۞ ႕͛ࢦࢋّ۞ੈिฟؕࠎጯࠧٙۢĄͽ׎ࡁտ࢕፟఍۞үݡٺഇĂᙯܐ1980ѐ΃ Ąдсۏ઼࡚ጯࠧ۞ࢦࢋˠזჷЩ۞Ϩ૽ළĞBeatrice Bartlettğߏ૟ѩੈि็྿ ߏ႔͛ᑫ९۞่ܧซҖ۞ࡁտ࿅඀̚Ăс൴ன˞႕͛ᑫ९඗ੰۏ߇झ౾ٺ̶ొ̂ сᄃఄР൴޺ᜈ۞Ϲೱຍ֍Ąд1985ѐΏ΍۞˘ቔ͛ౢٺઘώĂ҃఺ొ̶ࢋᕩΑ ༊̚Ăсۡତౘࢗ఺࣎ኢᕇĈ 關於清朝滿文檔案廣為接受的認識是：以研究歷史課題來說，清史學者 幾乎沒有必要去學習滿文、或者使用滿文史料。……然而與現今的看法 相反……許多清朝中葉甚至晚期的滿文檔案，從未被翻譯成漢文。未來 的清史學者應該會清楚地發現學習滿文相當值得。10

఺࣎າੈिᙋ၁˞Joseph FletcherĞᄃϨ૽ළܲ޺ᓑᘭğೀѐ݈̖ᄲ۞Ĉ ࢋઇௐ˘߹۞ᑫ९̍үĂυืࢋጯ௫႕͛Ă֭ڍĶଂனдฟؕâ࣎୻Ϋጯ۰т ͷགྷ૱ͧྵᄃ׎ࡁտ͹ᗟ࠹ᙯ۞႕႔Ϋफ़Ąķ11

ᑫ९̝ĶዩፁିצϨ૽ළ۞͛ౢ൴ܑ࡚̚ᙯܼ̏ϒ૱̼̝ᅫĂ఺ឰࡁտϠତ ֈķ۞఺Іְ่̙ΪߏΞਕĂ҃ՀߏυࢋͷΞҖĄྤஎጯ۰ࠤҌՀѣ፟ົଂ఺າ ႕͛ᑫ९࠹၆ֽᄲᇴณࠤ຋Ă఺ֱᑫ۞ۍฟ൴۞ࡁտݵ፟̚ᒔৈĄЯࠎӈֹ̏΍ ዦĄҭߏĂтТдᄂ៉ᜓٽ९னдౌΞдᄂ៉ăΔִᄃᕬว۞ೀ࣎͹ࢋќᖟ఍ᅅ ᇹĂд઼࡚ࡁտ୻Ϋ۞ጯϠ֭՟ѣଷ੓ጯ௫႕͛۞ࢲሗĂЯ˘ڶᄃ઼̂̚ౙ۞ଐ Ӏϡќᖟд఺ֱг͞۞႕͛ᑫ९ĄҬͼߏ̂छౌд៍୕Ăຐ࠻࠻ᑖڱѩ΁ࣇ˵൑ ଀႕͛ߏӎৌ଀ΞͽԼត΁ࣇ၆୻ഈ۞៍ᕇĂឰ΁ࣇ۞୻Ϋࡁտѣ̙ٙТĄ

10 Beatrice S. Bartlett, “Books of Revelations: The Importance of the Manchu Language Archival Record Books for Research on Ch’ing History,” 33. 11 Joseph F. Fletcher, “Review of Walter Simon and Howard G.H. Nelson, Manchu Books in London: A Union Catalogue,” 653. 滿文檔案與新清史 7

ăາ୻Ϋ۞ទᏭ˟

ଂ൴ன႕͛ᑫ९่̙Ϊߏ႔͛ઘώĂ҃ώ֗ӈၹј˞ࡁտ୻Ϋ۞፾ϲՄफ़۞ ព҃ࢦࢋ۞યᗟ͔ҩ˞΍ֽĈ఺ֱᑫ९ᄲ˞̦ᆃĉՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂιځкޝ఺ᕇĂ ࣇᄲ˞̦ᆃ႔͛ᑫ९՟ᄲ۞ְĉࠤٕĂߊ൒႕͛ߏтѩᄃ႔̙͛ТĂӈֹдܑࢬ д႔͛̚൴ڱ࠹၆ᑕ۞͛І̚Ăιࣇࢋтңࢗᄲ࠹Т۞ְĉѣңᔳ຋̝ள൑˯ ԧࣇฟؕዦ᝝΁ࣇͽҋ̎۞ᄬ֏३ᆷ۞͛ІăଂҌ̫Քᐵ൑ᓏ۞႕߷֤ڍனĉт ҋ࿅Ν۞ֽז൒ॏ॓نࢬ೩યĂԧࣇ၆୻ഈ۞៍ᕇົтңԼតĉ఺ಶтТԧࣇ˘ ٺາᐛதă൴ன࿅Ν۞Ω˘჌ᓏࢰĂ҃఺ֽ࣎ҋ࿅Ν۞າᓏࢰΞͽۡତ၆Ч჌ᙯ ߏၹј˞ன̫ٙᏜĶາ୻Ϋķ۞ૄܮ႕߷ᄃ୻ഈ۞າયᗟ೩΍аᑕĄ఺ֱયᗟĂ ᖂĄ൒҃Ă఺ֱາ۞યᗟߏ̦ᆃĉଂңֽ҃ĉ҃Ķາ୻Ϋķ۞ຍཌྷ˫дࣹ྆ĉ

˘۞˭ᖎಏ۞ᄲĂԧᄮࠎາ୻Ϋ۞͹ࢋপᕇߏĂ̂छౌᄮৌгࢦҤ̂୻߆௚ ৩ԔߏᄃĶ୻ഈߏ˘઼࣎̚۞ͳഈĂҭТॡϺߏڼࢋ৵Ă҃পҾߏ඾ࢦ఺࣎߆ֱ ķ۞ְ၁࠹ᙯాĄາ୻Ϋ̙ᙒј૟୻ഈ่ෛࠎߏ˫˘࣎ڼϲăٙ௚ޙϤ႕߷ˠٙ ഈ࠹ϼĂ่ߏдܑࢬ˯ѣ˘ֱԼតĄ൒҃າ୻Ϋ۞ځͳഈĂٕ۰ᄮࠎ୻ഈᄃ઼̚ ።Ϋ඾ү۞˘ֱૄώ̝ק߄ጼ˞઼̚ϔ୉͹ཌྷăͽ̈́૲ѣϔ୉͹ཌྷຍ̏ڱ఺჌࠻ ֱ˘˞ѩ೩΍ٺ໤݋âֱкᇴ˟˩͵ࡔன΃઼̚Ϋ඾үٙᏲೈ۞໤݋Ąາ୻Ϋ д઼̚።Ϋ˯۞ຍཌྷĂТॡ˵ᄃ઼̚ன΃ϔڼયᗟĂ఺ֱયᗟ่̙੅ኢ˞႕߷௚ Ă႕˭ڶ୉઼छ۞ԛј࠹ᙯĄ҃׎׌࣎͹ࢋયᗟߏĈௐ˘Ăдˠᇴтѩං͌۞ଐ ႔ˠ௚ܧĉௐ˟Ă୻ഈࠎ႕߷ˠ҃ڼ߷ˠтң၆тѩኑᗔ۞߆វჯ޺఺ᆃ˳۞௚ ఺ᕇĂ၆઼̚ă઼̚ˠϔͽ઼̈́̚።Ϋୃֽࢗᄲѣ̦ᆃमள̝఍ĉ఺ֱૄώયڼ ᗟౌ̙ߏາ۞ĂࠤҌΞᄲ၆Տ࣎୻Ϋጯछֽᄲౌ̏ߏགྷ׏યᗟĂҭ၆Ķ႕߷ˠߏ Ą఺ֱϒߏ͔ጱ΍Ķາֽז̏ג҂఺ֱયᗟ۞ॡޥኡķ۞ࢦາវᄮĂϒពϯࢦາ ୻Ϋķ۞ૄώኝᗟĄ

ధѣֱˠົ̙Тຍ˯ࢗ၆Ķາ୻Ϋķّኳ۞ೡࢗĂ҃ᄮࠎ఺ᇹ۞ؠཌྷ͉࿅˵ ĞԧҬͼдّ̣ٸฟ۞ޘব৫Ąቁ၁Ă఺࣎࠹၆҃֏ྵາ᎖۞ෟຉ̪ܲ঻ߙ჌඀ ιğĄ൒҃˯ࢬזݡ˯࠻ۍѐ݈ௐ˘Ѩֹϡ఺࣎ෟຉĂ҃׌ˬѐ݈ฟؕдϒё΍ ٙᄲ۞ߏ̫͟ԧຐࢋ੅ኢ۞ؠཌྷĄ

1980ѐזຐ੓໚Ăԧຐ޽΍׌࣎͹ࢋሗ߹Ă׌۰ౌΞͽ੠໖ޥາ୻Ϋ۞ٺᙯ ഽ̷Ąд઼̚ࡁտ۞ᅳ۞ڱ΃Ą׎˘ֽҋధкѐᅅጯ۰၆Լតࡁտ઼̝̚ૄώ͞ 8 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

ા̚Ăѣֱጯ۰˘͞ࢬᛇ଀็௚႔ጯछ͉࿅Ք໡дᄬ֏͛ф۞൑቎҂ፂ̝̚Ăҭ ႕Ą౵ѣ̙זĶડાࡁտķሀёጯ۰۞ĶҘ͕̚͞ķઐ֍ຏٺΩ͞ࢬ˫၆кΗ΍ 1984ѐٙ೩΍۞ԲෞĄ΁೩࣍˘࣎Ķͽ઼̚ٺЩ۞ּ̄ߏߟܲщĞPaul Cohenğ ˟ࠎ͕̚ķ۞઼̚ΫࡁտĂͽྯ௲૟઼̚۞ԼតౌෛࠎߏаᑕҘ͞۞៍ᕇĄ12 ௐ ன΃͹ཌྷ၆ྃϒ઼̚Ϋ఺࣎д።Ϋࡁտޢ۵ሗ߹ߏֽҋ˘ཏѐᅅጯ۰Ă΁ࣇᄮࠎ ˧ѣϡ఍ĄּтĂӈֹည౮ࡊ఺ᇹ˘࣎ѣᇆᜩޝநኢّ࠹၆҃֏ྵళͻ۞ᅳા̚ ຐछĂ઼̪̚Ϊਕߏ˘࣎ϡֽ΃ܑٙѣҘ͞ͽγ̝Οَࠍ؈۞௑ཱིĂ఺ѣ̦ޥ۞ ॲஎའ׽̚טޙ઼࡚႔ጯޞᆃ۞Я৵ăѣ̦ᆃᇹ۞ຍཌྷĉ13 ˫тĂԧࣇтңֽ࠻ Ķᐖၗ̼͛͹ཌྷ۞͕ၗķĞstatic culturalist mentalityğĉ14 Ωγ˘ཏጯ۰˵ฟؕ۞ ઼̚ٺኳႷĂߏӎΪѣҘ͞۞઼̚Ϋछ૟׎̼͛ઐ֍૲ˢࡁտ༊̚Ă҃˘ֱஎങ ጯࠧ̚۞ྚᛖ׏ቑ̙ᅮࢋజोֽࢦາᑭរĉ఺࣎ኳႷдࡁտ઼̚็௚ۤົᙝቡཏ ႔ኜ୉ę۞ጯ۰ࣇ༊̚পҾૻধĄ15 ၆΁ࣇֽᄲĂĶͽ઼̚ܧវęΒ߁ّ̃ᄃ ͹ཌྷ۞ࡁտ͞ڌϲ˘࣎ྯ௲ޙࠎ͕̚ķ۞઼̚Ϋ̏གྷ̙ૉ˞ĄтТለ࡚ጯ۰୬ ႔΁۰ܧĂĶາ୻Ϋķ۞ࡁտ˵ವՐྯ௲Ķ̂႔୉͕̚͹ཌྷķ۞݀ࢨĂ൴னڱ Ğnon-Han otherğ۞៍ᕇĂ֭૟̝ፋЪซ၆ፋវ઼छᄃۤົ͟ৈᆧΐ۞ᒢྋ༊ ࡁտ۞઼ޓˢ˘࣎ͧྵّ۞ෛࠧĂ૟၆̂୻ٸڼĄѩࡁտТॡ˵ဘྏ૟႕୉௚̚ ϲޙࡁտ֭ཉę̙Ϊߏ઼̚׎΁ͳഈĂ҃Հߏ͵ࠧ׎΁г͞ęͽ۞઼ޓᄃ׎΁ ĂТॡ˵ΒӣڌܕΒӣֲ߷۞׎΁гડᄃ઼่̙ޓ࣎ͧྵΫጯ۞ૄᖂĂͧྵ۞˘ ለ߷Ą

჌̷࢝˘זຐሗ߹۞኏ᑝឰາ୻Ϋጯ۰׶׎΁˘ֱጯ۰˘ᇹĂౌវົޥ఺ֱ ᅮࢋĂӈᅮࢋ૟઼̚ࡁտᄃ၆።Ϋ۞ࡁտăͽ̈́၆Бវˠᙷགྷរ۞ࡁտĂ൑ኢ۞ ኢ˯ĂౌՀѣ፟гăՀღ૜гඕЪд˘੓Ąд˯࣎͵΃Ă఺ֱሗڱдநኢ˯ᄃ͞ Ăౄјڱ߹̏၆็௚˯ࠎ઼̚Ϋछăٕ˘ਠ҃֏۞઼̚૞छೠ೪۞ࡁտᛉᗟᄃ͞ ఺ᇹ۞ត̼ĂՀҾᄲ̙ߏٙѣˠౌྫྷז֍ٺٙѣˠౌሄܧዩજĄ൒֭҃۞̂ޝ˞

12 Paul Cohen, Discovering History in China. 13 如Haun Saussy的討論：Haun Saussy, Great Walls of Discourse, 146 ff. 14 Judith Farquhar and James Hevia, “Culture and Post-war American Historiography of China,” 486- 525. 15 例如高彥頤（Dorothy Ko）在其書前言中批評婦女史中的五四敘述。見Dorothy Ko, Teachers of the Inner Chambers，以及米華健在其書前言中呼籲一個「以清朝為中心」的清史。James Millward, Beyond the Pass. 滿文檔案與新清史 9

ᐌ඾఺࣎ត̼ĄጐგтѩĂԧࣇ఺࣎ᅳા̏གྷдధк̙Т͞ࢬ˯ౌ̏ᖼត˞Ąາ ć΍ି؟д̙Т͹ᗟ৾৾΍னĈّ̃Ϋćᗁᒚăઉ૵ᄃ֗វćᆇёᄃڍࡁտј۞ ᄃ३ᚱΫćˠ˾௚ࢍćགྷᑻҖࠎඈĄၙၙ۞Ăጯఙෟຉ̙ᕝត̼ă҃ጯఙ੅ኢۍ ޓາᅳા྆Ăԯ઼̚୎ഇ۞̚ܜՀࠎБࢬĄтѣ˘ొ̶ጯ۰ฟؕд͵ࠧΫ఺࣎ј ᔌШ̝˭۞யݡĂኳႷઐШҘڼΫৼˢ҂ณĄ͵ࠧΫώ֗ಶߏ˘࣎ጯఙᄃ߆઼ Ϋ۞ۢᙊវրĄ༊Б࡚۞̂ጯϠ׎࣒ٙ௫۞ૄᖂ።ځăᄮࠎҘ͞ಶ΃ܑ͵ࠧ͛͞ Ϋķ҃ߏĶ͵ࠧΫķĂ҃༊Б࡚ౌѣିࣶࢋି଱఺࣎ኝ඀ځΫኝ඀̙ߏĶҘ͛͞ ൒ត଀ࢦࢋ੓ֽĂ҃఺ߏ݈ٙϏѣ۞ְĄ୻ഈߏنΫֲڌॡĂ઼ٕ̚˘ਠٙᄲ۞ ณາ᎖۞ă׍̂ٺព̙࿅۞г̝͞˘Ă൒҃ᕩΑځࠧΫᄃ઼̚Ϋ۞Ϲົ༊̚౵͵ ѣԲҿّ۞ጯఙࡁտĂឰтңӔன୻ഈΫјࠎ˘Њтѩჟ૾ѣ኷ă׍ѣ߄ጼّ۞ ̍үĄ

ĄтТ݈ࢬٙᄲ۞Ă׎׍ѣ۞፾পۏາ୻ΫΞͽߏᄲ఺჌ዩજ̝˭۞ࢦࢋய ͹ཌྷ׶തϔ͹ཌྷğΝ઼ޓЇચߏ߄ጼ̂႔୉͕̚͹ཌྷ۞ୃࢗăͽ׎΁۞ቑёĞт ڍଣ৶࿅ΝĂͽ̈́ଂᙝቡ۞៍ᕇᆶෛ።Ϋ൴णĄٕధΞͽᄲາ୻Ϋ۞ࣰጯęт ጨijĈĶ̙ᙊᘁ̋ৌࢬϫĂΪቡڒ඾ЩྐήIJᗟҘ۞؂ڌѣ۞ྖęк͌тТᛂ дѩ̋̚Ąķүࠎ˘࣎Ν͕̚۞ࢍ൪Ă׎̏ခજ˞Հᆵᇃ۞ጯఙ੅ኢĂΒ߁ᄮ֗ ຍ۞ᗟՄĄ҃тĶຐည۞ВڦѐֽԧࣇВТٙܕඈඈĂ఺઼ֱޓТăϔ୉͹ཌྷă ௚ķăĶгቡ၁វķĞgeo-bodiesğᄃ઼୉ϫ۞ኢඈĂٙѣኳ็۞ځТវķăĶజ൴ צĂౌᄃາ୻Ϋ۞ᙯᘃ࠹ᙯĄѩγĂາ୻Ϋ˵ତهႷϔ୉઼छ̝ҋ൒ّኳ۞ໄ Ă૟ᄮТ۞Ķְ၁ķొ̶યᗟهĶ୉ཏķĞethnicityğᄃĶள̎ķĞalterityğ۞າໄ Ą఺࣎நኢ้ШĂឰາ୻Ϋ၆઼̚఺࣎Ķ઼छķ҃֏Ă׍ѣሕд۞ᙹᖬّĂଂ̼ ̚ฟୁ˞Ķ̦ᆃߏĺ઼̚ĻĉķăĶјࠎĺ઼̚ˠĻߏ̦ᆃຍޥĉķඈયᗟĄҭ ಶߏᖣ඾೩΍఺ֱયᗟĂາ୻ΫЯ҃Ξͽ෹෸ౘᖞ۞႔̼ྋᛖĂՀஎˢ႕߷௚˵ ࢦࢋયᗟĄ۞̚ڼ

൒҃Ăາ୻Ϋ่̙֭ߏ˯ࢗᄮᙊኢ۞ᖼШĂ҃Тॡ˵ߏ˘჌ᄬ֏ጯ۞ᖼШĄ ຐሗ߹Ăͽ̈́႕͛үࠎ˘჌ጯఙᄬ֏ޥೱήྖᄲĂߏ˯ࢗ۞ᖼொጯఙᔌШ۞׌۵ ࢦາ൴னĂВТጱ͔΍າ୻Ϋ۞ࡁտĄԧຐкᇴˠౌົТຍĂາ୻Ϋࡁտд͞۞ ኢ˯۞͹ࢋপҒߏֹϡ႔ᄬ̝γ۞ᄬ֏ᆷј۞ྤफ़Ă่̙ߏΒ߁႕ᄬĂ˵Βӣڱ ᄬٕࡻᄬĄ൒҃ڱᄋᄬăᖟᄬăჯӍႬᄬăᔹᄬă͟ᄬăᕓᄬĂࠤҌߏܻᄬă˞ ϫ݈ࠎͤ႕͛Ϋफ़̪౵ࠎࢦࢋĂЯѩд఺྆ԧ۞ෞኢ˵Ϊ੫၆႕͛ొ̶Ąԧٙࢋ 10 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

ۍ೩΍ֽ۞ѣ׌࣎ࢬШĄ׎˘ߏ႕͛ᑫ९âткᇴ۞ࣧؕՄफ़Ăົ೬ᜨགྷ࿅΍ γ۞Җ̝ט࿅඀۞Մफ़ٙ̚ପᄏ۞ొ̶Ăӈֱ֤ᄃ઼छϲಞ၆ϲăٕ۰д઼छវ ̝ۍ΍̏ٺજ۰۞ᓏࢰĂٕ۰Ҍ͌ߏᄃ઼छ̝มᙯܼᑩߎሀቘ۞ˠ۞ᓏࢰĄ࠹ྵ फ़ઐШ޽ШّĞprescriptiveğĂଂ઼छְચ۞၁ᅫેҖ̚யϠ۞͛३ᑫ९ྤ͞ء ՟ѣᔳᎍĂ҃҃ځ݋఼૱ߏೡّࢗĞdescriptiveğ۞Ą఺̙֭ຍᏜ఺͛३ᑫ९౅ ࢗ۞ܑࢬ̝˭ྵࣧؕϏ࣒࿹۞Մफ़Ă҃ЯѩΞͽୃ͞ءҌ͌ߏ఺ֱᑫ९౅ᜨՀк ឰԧࣇ೩΍Հᆵᇃ۞યᗟĄ

ᓁߏĂୁϯ႔͛Մफ़ٙ̚ᔳᖟ۞ְܧΩ˘࣎ࢬШߏĂ႕͛ᑫ९఼૱Ăᔵ൒֭ ព۞ְ၁Ĉιߏͽ႕͛ᆷјĄ఺΃ܑځ႕͛ᑫ९౵ࢦࢋă˵ߏ౵זଐĄឰԧࣇа ඾ᑫ९ߏϤ˘჌̙Т۞фវᆷјĂߏͽ႕͛фϓĞٕקᆃӣຍ׸ĉࢵАĂ఺ຍ̦ ͽ႔фࠎૄᖂĄ఺჌фវҋ൒гឰ୻ഈᄃ˼ѐܧ۰ࢰ༼Ăֶ̙Т៍ᕇ҃ؠğĂ҃ ඾఺קᙉրĞΒ߁ᄋΟᄃаࡖğాඕд˘੓Ą׎ѨĂ׎ຍ઼ޓૻ̂۞ֲ߷̰ౙֽ ϲ੓ֽĂ׎ֹϡ۞ෟຉٕᄬήϏυΞдޙෟຉڼ߆۞઼̚ٺᑫ९̂ొ̶ͽ̙Тֱ ቁ̷۞၆ᑕĂ҃Հ̙ϡᄲߏࡻ͛˞ĄೱήྖᄲĂ఺ߏ˘჌ܑன΍ҋ̎ז͛̚Ա̚ ፾পགྷរᄃ፾পຏّ۞ᄬ֏Ą఺̙֭ߏᄲ႕͛ͧ੓႔͛ߏՀр۞ᄬ֏Ăٕ۰ᄲߏ Ăд఺̙۞זՀᆊࣃ̚ϲ۞ᄬ֏Ą൒҃ιಶߏ˘჌̙˘ᇹ۞ᄬ֏ĄтТԧൾѝ೩ ۡ˘ࢰሄ۞זтТԧࣇ̝݈ٙ᝘ܮΞͽᄃ႕ᄬአ׶ĂڍТ̝̚ѣஎᅈ۞ຍཌྷĄт ௐ˟࣎ᓏࢰĂ҃ଂ఺˟ࢦભ̚ΞͽயϠ΍າ۞׶זߏ፾ݶĂ҃ԧࣇனдฟؕ᝘ ߏ൴ன˞˘჌າ۞ࢰሄĄ൒҃൑ኢߏ̦ᆃࣧٺ௙ă̙׶Ꮨࢰᄃ̷̶ࢰć఺ಶඈ ࢋֹϡڍЯĂд఺࣎ࢬШ̚Հஎˢ۞˘ᕇߏĂЯࠎ఺ֱᑫ९ߏͽ႕͛ᆷј۞Ăт ιĂԧࣇಶ଀ጯ௫ͽ႕͛Ν᝝ιĄ

ᕇĄࠎ̦ᆃ׸ĉࢵАĂ఺ߏ˘۞צᕇĂᄲֽ؈َĂٕధߏ౵ᙱΝତ˘ޢ఺౵ ࢋՐˠࣇΝઇ˘ְֱଐĂΝጯ௫΁ࣇٙᔘϏ׍౯۞ԫਕĄтТĮఄ̄įٙ̚ᄲ۞ ၁ᕩķĂυืࢋ૟ҋ̎஬̄̚۞ͪࣆ˘ֱ΍ֽĂ̖Ξਕ྅າ۞ซΝĄ൒ְ҃ـĶ෍ ᓁߏтѩᖎಏĄጯ௫႕̙͛Ϊߏ᝝Հк३ăӛќՀкநኢٕᑭዦՀкྤܧଐ֭ ă൴णາфຉĂ֭ͷ၆˘჌າ۞͛фૈዳ΍ຏᛇֽĄጯ௫႕ڱफ़ć҃ߏ௫଀າ͛ ጯ௫ז̙֭͛ߏপҾӧᙱĂ̙҃тᄲߏࢋѣॡมĄॡม˵ߏ࣎Я৵Ă༊ԧࣇវᄮ ιğΝ၁ᅫዦ᝝႕͛ྤޞ႕͛΃ܑԧࣇѣ፟ົĞٕ۰ᄲѣཌྷચęБ࠻Ұިᆃ࠻ ͛ၙĂԧࣇ૟ົ൴னԧࣇͧ̚ޘॡมĄ̙Ϊߏԧࣇዦ᝝႕͛۞ి˯܅ົ˵फ़Ă఺ ҘĄӈֹΪߏ૟ԧࣇሢڌ҂̏གྷۢ྽۞ޥĂࢦາޟкॡมдή̄มᝠᛓଃޝ܅ົ 滿文檔案與新清史 11

זᖙᛌјΩ˘჌͛фĂ༊ԧࣇዦ᝝႕͛۞ॡ࣏Ă఺ಶтТԧࣇௐ˘Ѩ᝝ۏଉ۞ְ ιĄԧࣇ۞ᄮۢԼតĂͷត଀ՀࠎஎˢĄ఺ֱ༊൒ޞҘĂͽ̙Т۞ீЍ࠻ڌ఺ֱ ߏԧࣇጯ௫ዦ᝝႕͛۞ࢦᕇٙдĄ

࠻Ă఺˵ߏࠎ̦ᆃΪϡ႕͛ᑫ९۞͛̚ᖙᛌົ̙଀ࢋᅳĄֽޘଂາ୻Ϋ۞֎ ఺ֱᖙᛌ΍ҋҰҋ̎Ą఺̙ܧϡ႕͛ᑫ९Ăੵֹٺϡᖙᛌ࿅۞႕͛ᑫ९̙֭ඈֹ ΪߏЯࠎᖙᛌΞਕ΍᏾ĂՀߏЯࠎ՟ѣ˘჌ᖙᛌΞͽ็྿ҋ̎Ꮠ֗ዦ᝝ᑫ९ٙ଀ Ҙ͞۞઼̚ΫጯछĂΪֹϡᖙᛌјҘ͞ᄬ֏۞ྤڍ჌ຏᛇĄᓝּ҃֏Ăт֤۞ז ᙱ̙၆ޝफ़Ă̙҃ۡତዦ᝝͛̚Ϋफ़Ăѣኡົԯ΁༊˘аְĉ˵Яࠎ఺ᇹĂԧࣇ ˞͛ᖙᛌ۞႕͛Ϋफ़ѣ჌Ϭ࠼ኑᗔ۞ຏᛇĄ఺჌ᖙᛌ۞ᔌ๕ͅߍ̚ۍૻአ΍ۡ˘ ଀఺ֱᑫ९ٙΒӣ۞ૄώྤפкˠΞͽޝΞநྋ۞ຐ֕ଥश۞ഇ୕Ă҃Тॡ˵ឰ Ą൒҃఺ֱՄफ़ߏᖙᛌ࿅˞۞ְ၁Ă̏གྷឰ΁ࣇεΝ˞ԧࣇٙᄮࠎ౵ࢦࢋ۞ొੈ ࢪϠ࣫ࡎ̝ຏĂ͞۞̚ۏሢଉְٺĂ˵ಶߏ΁ࣇ۞পளຏĄ൒҃ಶߏ఺჌хд̶ ఺ֱᖙᛌᄃ႕͛ࣧІ۞ᇆώٕԨώ˘੓΍ڍĄт۞ځߏາ୻Ϋࡁտٙࢋ൴ଧᄃᙋ ఺ᇹઇĄѣॡ࣏ԧົᛇ଀Ă఺ֱᖙᛌ۞౵௣͌ޝĂ൒҃̂छצĂᔘͧྵΞͽତۍ ѣˠᄮࠎᑫ९̙࿅ߏڍϫ۞ߏĂឰٙѣྍጯ႕͛۞ˠᛇ଀ጯ௫႕͛՟ѣυࢋĄт ၁൑Ϡ׻۞௢᎕۞ྖĂ֤ᆃᖙᛌ၆΁ࣇ҃֏՟̦ᆃ̙၆Ą൒҃ͽԧҋְֱֽ̎˘ Ĉ႕͛͛३۞ᖙᛌĂֶ΁ࣇᖙᛌј႔͛۞ڍޢ۞וᏝޝᄲĂԧԡ̙ҝົຐည˘჌ ΞُĄޝᇴณ҃ؠâՎՎၨ໑˞႕͛ᑫ९۞Ϡ׻˧Ą҃఺၁д

ԧࣇԓڍ႕͛ᑫ९ѣϏֽ۞ྖĂᑕྍߏາ୻Ϋࢋࠎ׎ፉܲĄТᇹгĂтڍт ୕ࢋ౹ౄ˘࣎Ԇፋ۞୻Ϋဦည۞ྖĂ႕͛ᑫ९Ϻ̙Ξٕ৿Ą൑ኢтңĂᑕྍซҖ ೩΍າ᎖҃ࢦࢋ۞યᗟĂ͔ጱ΍ࣧ౹҃ӛ͔ˠ۞።ΫĂͽٺ˧Վ༊ߏĂ࡭˘˭۞ ׎፾প۞ќז΃۞ΫछĂາ୻Ϋѣ׎ќᘥĂ҃ዦ᝝႕͛ᑫ९ՀΞ଀˘˭ڇѩᄲ ᘥĄ

ă୻Ϋࡁտ۞າෛ౎ˬ

ѣ׌࣎ૄώ۞८͕યᗟĈௐ˘Ă႕߷ˠтז၆ԧࣇᒢྋ୻ഈֽᄲĂ̝݈ԧ೩ ၁၆ன΃઼̚ѣңְ۞ڼ఺ᇹ۞јಶĉௐ˟Ă୻ഈள୉௚זңͽ֤ᆃ͌۞ˠ˾྿ ᇆᜩĉ൑ኢѣ՟ѣຍᙊ఺ᇹઇĂາ୻Ϋࡁտд఺ೀѐֽ̏གྷणன˞˘჌າ៍ᕇĂ ˘ӈ૟୻ഈଂ৷ოࠎ˘࣎ॡ΃ึԔ۞ॡ߱ЩჍĂᖼតј˘჌ೡّࢗ۞ෟຉĂ΃ܑ 12 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

Ąனдԧࢋᖎಏгໄࢗ఺࣎៍ᕇĂጐგڼ௚ڼሀёă߆ڼࢲॾă߆ڼ჌পঅ۞߆ ڱι̙ߏΪѣ˘჌ࢬᄻĂԧྏ඾ᕩৼ΍̂࡭۞পᕇĄѩ఍ԧଂԧࣇ၆႕߷۞າ࠻ ᄲ੓Ă఺˵ߏѩາ៍ᕇฟؕ۞г͞Ą

ॡม̚Ă΁ࣇܜ఺߱ႝ۞઼̚اߏĂд႕߷ˠؠڱᖎಏ۞ᄲĂ̝݈೼࿆۞࠻ ᄃ႔ˠ̝ม̙Гѣព඾۞ડז൑ܲ঻гజҫˠ˾кᇴ۞႔ˠٙТ̼Ăۡ҃ి֝ ჟৠ۞ঐεĂͽ̈́ధкၮˠ၆႔ˠ̼͛۞ሤਾĂڠإ࿣Ą႕ᄬֹϡ۞਽ੜă႕߷ Β߁ጯఙăᖃᆇᄃᘹఙඈኜк͞ࢬĂౌజෛࠎߏ႕߷ˠ֕Ш႔̼۞ᙋፂĄ༊୻ഈ Ă఺Т̼۞ซ඀ҋ൒гԛјĶ႕߷ˠ̏ᄃ׎΁ٙѣ۞ˠღ૜ᏉЪд˘੓ķޢඕՁ̝ ࣒ϒֽܕ΁۞γֽ۰Ą൒҃ڇفĂ҃Оᙋ˞˘ήҁྖĈ઼̚ᓁߏΞͽӛৼڍඕ۞ ٚᄮТ̼఺࣎ᔌ๕Ğԧͧྵ้ШֹϡĶ̼͛ķ˵ڱனΩ˘჌ဦညĄᔵ൒఺࠻ڱ࠻۞ acculturation]˘ෟğĂາ୻Ϋᄮࠎ႕߷ˠଂϏεΝ΁ࣇд୻΃ۤົ̚ߏ˘࣎পঅ] ᄲĂ႔ˠ˵Ϗഅᄮࠎ႕߷ˠᄃ΁ࣇҋ̎ԆБ࠹ֽޘĂ҃ͽ႔ˠ۞֎ڱཏវ۞ຐ ႕߷୉ཏᄮТ۞ّኳăͽ̈́тңᒢྋ఺჌ᄮТ̝ॡ΃តዏඈٺТĄᔵ൒ጯ۰ࣇ၆ ຍ֍ϏυБ൒࠹ТĂҭ̂छ۞ВᙊߏĂͽߙֱ͞ёĂડ̶႕႔̝ม۞ࠧቢдፋ࣎ д׎΁͞ࢬ׍ѣӛ͔˧۞நϤڱĂؕ௣ౌхд඾Ą16 ႕႔̶অ۞࠻ޢ୻ഈࠤҌ̝ ˞ߏĂιΞͽྋᛖңͽͅ႕֏ኢд˩˝ᄃ˟˩͵ࡔౌᔘਕтѩѣ˧Ă֭ͷ˵ྋᛖ ңͽ႕୉Ҍ̫̪జᕩࠎ͌ᇴϔ୉Ą

˛˩׌Ѻ઼̱̚ڼ።Ϋ۞࣒ϒ៍ᕇ߄ጼ˞႕߷ˠ̝ٙͽ௚ޢ఺࣎၆႕୻ˢᙯ Ą17 ྫྷ఺࣎ኢᕇ̙ТĂԧ͹ૺ႕߷ˠڱѐĂߏЯࠎ΁ࣇॲώ˯តј˞઼̚ˠ۞ᄲ ٙͽΞͽјΑ͹߆ĂߏЯࠎ΁ࣇ՟ѣតј઼̚ˠĄ఺ߏ޽Ă႕߷ˠϒቁ۞ᄮᙊ̝ ็ڼࣧЯĂ͹ࢋЯࠎ΁ࣇਕૉ˘͞ࢬྻϡ઼̚߆۞ڼĂ΁ࣇΞͽჯ޺͌ᇴ௚ז ௚â͞ࢬ˫Тॡჯ޺׎፾প̝ᄮТĄ18 ᓁវ҃֏Ă఺ᇹ۞ඉரՙؠ˞΁ࣇ֗ࠎ ߏ׎̚۞ޘטྎࢗĞˣၮڱ఺ᇹ۞πᏊдѩԧࣇ൑ז۰۞჌჌ᓝନĄтң྿ڼ௚ Ϳ௟۞ዦ᝝ҋ̎۞።ΫĂ၆׎΁ளޝ႕߷ˠזຍڦࢦࢋొ̶ğĂҭҌ͌ԧࣇᑕྍ ă̮ඈඈĂ˵ౌ̝ۢࠤྎĄܛ୉ͳഈ۞።ΫĂт᏶ă

16 主要可參考三本著作：Pamela Crossley（柯嬌燕）, Orphan Warriors and A Translucent Mirror, 及 本文作者，The Manchu Way. 17 為此觀點辯護最力者見：Ping-ti Ho（何炳棣）, “In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski’s ‘Reenvisioning the Qing,” 123-55. 18 Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way, 3. 滿文檔案與新清史 13

ϻࢭ׻ᄃϔ઼ኚϠ۞˘ֱᇃࠎ֙ٺĂТᇹ˵߄ጼ˞ᙯڱ఺ֱ၆႕߷ˠ۞າ࠻ ᄃ႔ۏˠڼྋᛖĄּтEdward Rhoads͹ૺĂᔵ൒Тᇹણᄃາ߆۞႕୉߆۞צତ ࢦۏˠڼზࢍ˯ჯ޺႕߷۞Ӏৈ̪ߏ႕߷߆ڼӀৈࢦᝑĂҭд߆̶ొۏˠڼ୉߆ ᓝ΍۞ޘטޓࢋ۞҂ณĄ19 ൒҃Ăଂࢦາଣ৶႕͛ᑫ९଀ֽ۞ă၆୻ഈ઼छᄃ࠱ ኜкࢦࢋયᗟĂ၆୻Ϋٕᓁវ۞઼̚Ϋ҃֏ĂٕధຍཌྷՀࠎࢦ̂Ąּтдፋ࣎୻ ܮࣶ̝γĂ႕߷ˠТॡ˵ࢋߏ࣎Ķ႕߷ˠķĂϤѩԧࣇء۰ᄃڼഈĂੵ˞ࢋߏ௚ ഈ۞፾পᇆᜩĄ఺ځٺүĂົѣ̙֍ྻڼᄃ߆ޘטڼ၆୻ഈ۞߆ڼΞ࿰ഇ႕߷௚ ΍ҋధк੅ኢ୻ഈ̚ཧ۞үݡĂ҃Ķ႕߷Я৵ķд఺ֱүݡٙԷႊ۞֎ޘᇹ۞֎ ሀё۞ڼͳഈ۞௚ڇفѣຍᙊ۞ଳϡ̝݈ޓ୻ഈ࠱ڍҒ෸ֽ෸ព඾Ą20 Г۰Ăт ఺ֱ੓໚۞ஶྫĄଂ఺࣎઄నזၹ̚Աޙ઼ޓᑕྍΞд୻ഈ۞࠱ᝋᄃܮĂԧࣇྖ ၹ̝࠱ޙഈ۞ј̶Ă׎ځٺၹ̚Ăѣ̙Тޙ൴னд୻ഈ۞࠱ᝋܮ΍൴Ăາ۞ࡁտ ৩Ԕ۞஄ЪវĄѩ៍ᕇ၆ధкᛉᗟڼᝋΞᄲߏ͔̬ҋ઼̚ᄃֲ߷̰ౙ׌̙࣎Т߆ ਠ˘ܧࡁտࠤѣӄৈĂּт୻ԗ̚ព඾۞ᖟ็Ңିј̶ă୻ഈ۞кᄬன෪ăଂ۞ ચ۞ઐрă၆ҘΔᙝᘟгડ۞ࢦෛᄃགྷᒉĂͽ̈́׎΁Ч჌ᛉְ͞ءϒёგ྽఍ந ᗟĄ21

аـԧࣇڍଣ৶۞ࢦࢋኝᗟĄтޞଂ఺࣎͞Ш࠻Ăາ୻Ϋ̏གྷଯજ˞ధкѣ ă̮ğĂ૟ົᖼតԧࣇܛͳഈĞт᏶ăڇف࠻Ăፋវّгࡁտᄃͧྵ୻ഈᄃ׎΁ ሀё۞៍ᕇĄՀซ˘Վ۞ᄲĂາ୻Ϋ۞៍ᕇڼͽֽͳഈ௚˳ܜΗొڌ၆ለֲ̂ౙ ୻ഈ۞זĂ҃ᇆᜩԧࣇ၆࣫ഈهϺ૟Լតԧࣇ၆Ķ઼̚ķᄃĶ઼̚ˠķ۞ૄώໄ ځĂາ۞៍ᕇ˵૟ᛈજԧࣇՀซ˘ՎΝଣ৶ྺຽ͛ז።ΫؠҜĄԧࣇ˵Ξຐည଀ ԧڍડા۞ͧྵࡁտĄΩ˘͞ࢬĂтྭזϔ୉มΟҁ۞̢જᙯܼĂ͔҃ᅳێᄃഫ ࣇШ݈࠻Ăາ୻Ϋ˵૟ᄃன΃үాඕĄּтĂາ୻Ϋጯ۰̏གྷฟؕ೩΍Ķ୻ഈߏ

19 Edward Rhoads, Manchus and Han Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928. Pamela Crossley在其著作A Translucent Mirror的結論之處也探究了 清朝滿族認同與民國政治意識型態之間的關連。 20 Beatrice S. Bartlett, Monarchs and Ministers; Philip Kuhn, Soulstealers; James Polachek, The Inner Opium War; Pierre-Henri Durand, Lettrés et pouvoirs; Norman Kutcher, Mourning in Late Imperial China; Jonathan Spence, Treason by the Book. 21 請參見下述著作：Bartlett, Monarchs and Ministers; Evelyn S. Rawski, The Last Emperors; Patricia Berger, Empire of Emptiness; Peter Perdue, China Marches West; James A. Millward et al., eds., New Qing Imperial History; Pamela Crossley, A Translucent Mirror and “The Rulerships of China,” 1468-83.; Michael Chang, “A Court on Horseback: Constructing Manchu Ethno-Dynastic Rule in China, 1751-1784.” 14 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

ă̂ࡻ઼ޓķ۞યᗟĂ22 ΁ࣇ˵૟୻ഈ၆ᙝหгડ۞߆ඉᄃܻᘲ೻઼ޓӎߏതϔ ͽ̈́׎΁ன΃ѝഇ઼छઇͧྵĂ҃೩΍ԧࣇߏӎΞͽჍ୻ഈࠎ઼ޓăญဦત઼ޓ Ξͽ۞ྖĂ˫ߏдިᇹ۞ຍཌྷ̝˭ĉ23 ୻ഈ۞ڍĶன΃ѝഇķĞearly modernğĂт ࠧ៍ࠎңĉߏӎ׎ᄮᙊ͵ࠧ۞͞ёԛј఺࣎͵ࠧ៍ĉԧࣇߏӎΞдгဦăдᘱ͵ ୻ഈޞ׎͵ࠧ៍ĉ24 д఺̝̚ѣңຍஉĉ఺ᇹ࠻ז᎝ăдγϹ߆ඉ̚࠻ޙ൪ăд ઼̚ޓётңᇆᜩԧࣇ၆ன΃઼̚ϔ୉઼छ۞ᄮᙊĂ͍׎ன΃઼̚ߏଂ̂୻͞۞ ௲ࡩ҃΍ĉଂ఺ᇹ۞ᖼொ࿅඀̚ѣިᇹ۞኏ࡎᄃღૺᙯܼĉ

̚ٺధາ୻Ϋࢋ೩΍ֽ۞౵̂યᗟߏĂԧࣇΞӎ̙གྷኳႷгۡତ૟୻ഈඈ˵ Ă઼่҃̚ߏ׎̚˘ొЊĉొ̶າ઼ޓĉᙱ྽ԧࣇ̙ྍ૟׎ෛࠎߏ˘Ķ႕߷ķ઼ ୻ഈࠎײ୻Ϋ۞ΫछЯѩ้ШдĶ୻ഈķᄃĶ઼̚ķมထ˭˘୧ࠧቢĂᔖҺჍ ĄޓࠎĶ઼̚ķ࠱ޓ୻ഈ࠱ײĶ઼̚ķĂ˵̙Ⴭ

ឰԧࣇՀୂٺѣӄڱĂЯࠎԧᄮࠎ఺ᇹ۞࠻ڱᙒТ఺ᇹ۞࠻˯ޘԧдߙ჌඀ ڼᄃ̚රϔ઼ĞՀ̙ϡᄲᄃ̚රˠϔВ׶઼˞ğߏѣ̙Т߆઼ޓ୻̂זຍڦዟг ˵ពࢦᝑĂ׌۰มځ၁វĄӈֹдˠ˾ᄃгந˯୻ഈᄃன΃઼̚ڼϫᇾ۞̙Т߆ 1930ѐ΃тᜪዯࣣז૜Ъ൑ᓀĂְ҃၁˯ѣధкણम኏ࡎ̝఍Ąଂ1910ă1920ܧ ౹ౄ˘࣎າϔ઼̚ޓഇࢬ၆тңଂ̂୻ܜඈۢᙊЊ̄۞͛ౢ̚Ξͽ࠻΍ֽĂ΁ࣇ ୉઼छ۞ᙱᗟĄ25 ఺̙ߏ˘Іᅅᗫ۞̍үĂԧࣇٕధΞᄲ఺࣎̍үҌ̫ਕϏԆ ഈॡځк͞ࢬ୻ഈౌͧԧࣇ˘ਠᄲ۞઼̚ăٕ۰ͧ੓ԇഈٕޝјĄЯѩĂߊ൒д ˘୻ഈĶ઼̚ķ̝݈А൘Ꮲײ࣏۞઼̚ĂΒӣ۞ࢋк΍ధкĂԧࣇѣநϤдჍ Ąᔵ൒ĂԧٚᄮԧТॡ˵ົፉ͕ԯ఺୧Ķ୻ഈķᄃĶ઼̚ķ̝ม۞ࠧቢ൪۞͉˭ Ăٕ۰ߏВ׶઼Ă઼ޓķĂ൑ኢιߏ࣎ͳ઼ă઼ڱࠎĶ઼ڱពĄலౣԧࣇჍځ࿅ ҋ̎۞ײؠ΃ܑιࣇ̝มυ൒၆Ⴭ࠹ඈĄѩγĂ႕߷ˠѣॡ˵Ⴭ˘̙֭ײ఺჌Ⴭ ఺ᇹ۞ּזᙝᘟг૲Ąԧд႔͛ᄃ႕͛ᑫ९̚ౌԱײࠎĶ઼̚ķĂӈֹߏჍ઼ޓ

22 Nicola Di Cosmo, “Qing Colonial Administration in Inner Asia,” 287-309. 23 參考Perdue, China Marches West與他的其他文章。 24 James Hevia, Cherishing Men from Afar; Philippe Forêt, Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise; Laura Hostetler, Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China; Jonathan Hay, Shitao: Painting and Modernity in Early Qing China; Lydia Liu, The Clash of Empires; also useful is the review essay by Joanna Waley-Cohen, “The New Qing History,” 193-206. 25 王汎森的研究指出這一點。Wang Fansen, Fu Ssu-nien: A Life in Chinese History and Politics. 滿文檔案與新清史 15

႕͛ᑫ९۞ᆊࣃĄځę఺྆˫ГѨᙋ̄

αăඕāኢ

ώ͛ٙ೩΍۞៍၅̙֭Βӣ͵ࠧ׎΁г͞۞൴ځдઇඕኢ̝݈ĂԧຐАᄲ ᙷҬ۞ޝາ୻Ϋѣ۞זጯఙཏវᄃώ͛ٙ೩۞̚ܜѣ˘ཏјܮणĄּтд͟ώĂ Ą26 ΁ࣇ۞ጯఙஅ໚ᄃለ࡚ጯ۰̙̂࠹ТĂࣃ଀Ω͛૞ኢĄ೩̈́఺ᕇ۞Тڦᙯ ͛ౢ̙֭ߏࢋ͹ૺ႕͛ᑫ९ߏາ୻Ϋࡁտ۞༰㛼Ă۞ޘॡĂԧ˵ࢋᄲ఺ቔѣ׎ࢨ ΁ࣇ۞ሕдᆊࣃĄ࠹ͅ۞Ăͧ੓ొ̶д1930ѐזຍڦߏᄲ઱ѣ઼࡚ጯ۰ฟ̙ؕ˵ ซ̝ዅĄдᄂ៉ᄃ઼̚Ăޢ΃ಶฟؕࡁ੅఺࣎યᗟ۞͟ώ୻Ϋጯ۰ĂԧࣇΪਕߏ ᙱΝෞҤ఺ޝѣ̈ొ̶۞ጯ۰޺ᜈ۞၆ѩ࠹ᙯᛉᗟ೩΍үݡĂ27 Ϊߏ၆ԧֽᄲԧ ѣкૻধĄΪѣд୻΃ᙝᘟΫ఺࣎ᅳાΞڱг͞ѐᅅ˘ዅጯ۰၆႕͛ᑫ९۞࠻ֱ ࢨ۞֍ྋĄ28݀צ̙ྵז࠻΍΁ࣇ၆႕͛ᑫ९۞ࢦෛĂ׎̚ѣॡΞͽ࠻

۞˯д઼࡚ٕ۰˵Ξᄲдለ߷Ă༊΃۞ጯ۰ࢦາෞҤ˞႕͛Ϋफ़дࡁտ୻Ϋ ̏˵ӈֹ̙ߏБొĂֽܕෛ఺ֱՄफ़Ă൒҃نഅགྷޘ˘ࢦࢋّĄጯ۰૞छࣇ࿅Ν ăۤົăགྷڼ୻΃߆ޙğĂдࢦזĞٕ۰ϒฟؕវᄮזགྷѣ࠹༊к۞ጯ۰វᄮ ᑻă̼͛ඈЧ჌̙ТᆸࢬՀԆፋ۞ဦည̚Ă႕͛ᑫ९ٙԷႊ۞ࢦࢋ֎ҒĄᄃ႕͛ ኢᄃநڱᑫ९జࢦາؠҜ۞ТॡĂдҘ઼̚͞Ϋछυؠࢋዎ࿃۞ăࡁտ઼̝̚͞ ᑅԺ۞ᓏࢰăజᔳᖟ۞ୃࢗĂుצኢߛၹ˯ĂϺ൴Ϡ˞ॲώ۞ᖼតĂֹ҃଀̝݈ ႙гঙ΍ᕧࢬĄϒߏ఺׌۵̙Т۞ሗ߹ТॡϹົĂ͔ጱ΍ԧࣇனдٙᄲ۞າ୻Ϋ Ꮈ੓Ą఺׎֭̚՟ѣ̦ᆃߏ۩݈۞ęтТٙѣ۞።Ϋጯछౌజ᛿Ꮾ఺ᇹ۞ໄ۞ ՟ѣ̙ᕝ۞࣒ϒĂ።Ϋಶ̦ᆃౌ̙ߏĂ҃ٙѣᆷ۞р۞።ΫĂдߙ჌඀ڍĈтه Ă࠻࠻ֱࣹଂາ୻Ϋٙ೩΍ֽ۞ኢޞߏ၆А݈።Ϋ۞࣒ϒęԧࣇυืඈౌ˯ޘ ౵р۞ඕԊߏĂѣ˘͇ԧࣇ఺྆۞זᕇΞͽ఼࿅ॡม۞҂រĄ၆ѩĂԧࣇٙਕຐ ΃̝Ą҃פٙᄲ۞າ୻Ϋ૟ົ࿅ॡĂ҃૟ົѣາ۞າ୻Ϋ

26 這群學者包括：岡田英弘、片岡一忠、中見立夫、石橋崇雄、楠木賢道、柳澤明、石濱裕美子、 岡洋樹與杉山清彥。對近來此一趨勢的回顧見Kishimoto Mio岸本美緒，“The Ch’ing Dynasty and the East Asian World,” 87-109. 27 其中劉小萌、定宜莊、楊貞、杜家驥、賴惠敏等人的作品或許是最值得一提的。 28 值得一提的學者有馬大正、程崇德、華立。 16 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

͔ϡ३ϫ

˘ă็௚͛ᚥ ۏ߇झ͛ᚥበᏭ؎ࣶົበĂĮѐᘵಜݶၦ૞ᏭįˬΊĂᄂΔĈ઼ϲ߇झ౾ੰۏϲ߇झ౾઼ ੰĂ1971Ą Ă1977ĄۤۍበįĂᄂΔĈ͛Ϋࣰ΍ܐĂĮ୻΃໤ጧႬΫफ़ڦఄР൴ᛌ

˟ăܕˠኢ඾ ౘଥАĂĮ႕͛୻၁ᐂࡁտįĂᄂΔĈ̼̂३ԊĂ1978Ą ͛३ԊĂ1981ĄځౘଥАĂĮ႕͛୻ώࡔࡁտįĂᄂΔĈ Ĉ̳̚າ३Ă1979Ąִڌの͘৽įĂޓϣࡻσĂĮ૵Ⴇت ߶͛ऱĂ1972ĄڌĈִڌඈበĂĮ័ࡓၮą࿥ϒഈįĂ͈ܫৠϣ Bartlett, Beatrice S. “Books of Revelations: The Importance of the Manchu Language Archival Record Books for Research on Ch’ing History,” Late Imperial China 6.2 (December 1985): 25-36. ǕǕǕ. Monarchs and Ministers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Berger, Patricia. Empire of Emptiness. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003. Chang, Michael. “A Court on Horseback: Constructing Manchu Ethno-Dynastic Rule in China, 1751-1784,” PhD dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2001. Cohen, Paul. Discovering History in China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Cosmo, Nicola Di. “Qing Colonial Administration in Inner Asia,” International History Review 20.2 (June 1998): 287-309. Crossley, Pamela (ߟᆲ፷). Orphan Warriors. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. ǕǕǕ. A Translucent Mirror and “The Rulerships of China,” American Historical Review 97.5 (December 1992): 1468-83. ǕǕǕ. A Translucent Mirror. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Durand, Pierre-Henri. Lettrés et pouvoirs. Paris: EHESS, 1992. Elliott, Mark C. and James Bosson. “Highlights of the Manchu-Mongolian Collection,” in Patrick Hanan, ed., Treasures of the Yenching, Cambridge: Harvard-Yenching Library, 2003, 79- 122. Elliott, Mark C.. The Manchu Way. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ǕǕǕ. The Manchu-Language Archives of the Qing Dynasty and the Origins of the Palace Memorial System,” Late Imperial China 22.1 (June 2001): 1-70. 滿文檔案與新清史 17

Farquhar, Judith and James Hevia. “Culture and Post-war American Historiography of China,” Positions 1.2 (1993): 486-525. Fletcher, Joseph F. “Review of Walter Simon and Howard G.H. Nelson, Manchu Books in London: A Union Catalogue,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 41.2 (December 1981): 653-663. Forêt, Philippe. Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000. Hay, Jonathan. Shitao: Painting and Modernity in Early Qing China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Hevia, James. Cherishing Men from Afar. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. Ho, Ping-ti. “In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski’s ‘Reenvisioning the Qing,” Journal of Asian Studies 57.1 (February 1998): 123-55. Hostetler, Laura. Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Ko, Dorothy. Teachers of the Inner Chambers. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. Kuhn, Philip. Soulstealers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990. Kutcher, Norman. Mourning in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Liu, Lydia. The Clash of Empires. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. Millward, James A. et al., eds. New Qing Imperial History. New York: Routledge, 2004. ǕǕǕ. Beyond the Pass. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. ώ࡚ჰ). “The Ch’ing Dynasty and the East Asian World,” Acta Asiatica 88ث) Mio, Kishimoto (2005): 87-109. Perdue, Peter. China Marches West. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Polachek, James. The Inner Opium War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Council on East Asian Studies, 1992. Rawski, Evelyn S.. The Last Emperors. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. Rhoads, Edward. Manchus and Han Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000. Saussy, Haun. Great Walls of Discourse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001. Spence, Jonathan. Treason by the Book. New York: Viking, 2001. 18 故宮學術季刊 第二十四卷第二期

Spence, Joseph F. “Manchu Sources,” in Donald Leslie et al., eds., Essays on the Sources for Chinese History, Canberra: ANU Press, 1973, 141-146. Waley-Cohen, Joanna. “The New Qing History,” Radical History Review 88 (Winter 2004): 193- 206. Wang, Fansen (ͳѶ഑). Fu Ssu-nien: A Life in Chinese History and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.