Activities of Cultural and Educational Institutions in the Cotton Growing Areas of Surkhandarya Oasis

International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 7, July- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939 |

Activities of cultural and educational institutions in the cotton growing areas of Surkhandarya oasis

Yokubova Dilaram Tajievna, Hasanova Nodira Ibragimovna, Normamatova Pardahol Ochildievna Teachers of the Denau Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy

Keywords: cotton, cultural and educational, sewing, typewriter, telephone switchboard, radio station, hardware, cinema, theater, newspaper, folk ensemble, cinema, sports, football, music, nursery, medical service. Annotation: The practical work of the Soviet ideology in the field of organization of cultural and educational institutions, its goals, the activities of cultural and educational institutions established on collective farms during the cotton monopoly are scientifically substantiated on the basis of historical sources.

Particular attention was paid to the activities of cultural and educational institutions in the cotton-growing areas of the Surkhandarya oasis and their impact on the cultural and spiritual level of the population in cotton-growing farms. In 1950, sewing and typing clubs were organized for rural women in the House of Culture in Termez, which involved 125 women from Termez, Angor and Jarkurgan districts [1]. At the regional conference held in Termez on January 25, 1950, it was strongly criticized that cultural construction work in rural areas was not sufficiently intensified, and the socio-political and cultural-educational work carried out for collective farmers was unsatisfactory [2]. In 1948-1951, the Akhunboboev collective farm in the Denau district, which is a leader in the region, built and put into operation production buildings, a warehouse, a cattle ranch, housing for the population, and a telephone switchboard for a technical workshop to serve collective farmers. In order to promote the benefits of cotton policy in Surkhandarya region on October 13, 1951 in Termez was held a regional meeting of editors of regional newspapers and employees of cultural and educational institutions in the field of propaganda and agitation to strengthen socio-political and cultural-educational work during the cotton harvest. measures to further improve the work of district newspapers were discussed [4]. The purpose of this is to hide the meaninglessness and irresponsibility of false and lofty calls, to unite the local population around these ideas, to select one of the 20-30 cotton growers and raise it to the heights, to cover the remaining comrades with orders and medals. the main goal was to cover the issue of tracking. The importance of the most reliable and timely radio stations to inform and explain to the rural population the ideas, events and challenges of the daily communist ideology, the achievements and messages of the Leninist socialist agrarian networks has increased. The second secretary of the district personally dealt with the issue of sufficient funds and logistics. The provision of these views was taken under separate control and included in the People's Oversight Report. This can be analyzed in the following examples, e.g. Surkhandarya region On September 9, 1951, a radio station was launched at the Stalin

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kolkhoz in the Akkurgan village council of the Sherabad district, and public buildings, field sheds, and collective farm houses were radioed. In 1954, there were 41 radio stations in Surkhandarya region, 21 of which operated in the regional collective farms, including 2 in Denau region, 3 in Sherabad region, 3 in Uzun region and 1 in Shurchi region, which served a total of 18 collective farms. In addition, 18 collective farms were connected to the district radio stations. However, radio stations were not set up in 63 kolkhozes, and kolkhoz members were deprived of even basic information. A total of 3,006 radio stations were installed in the existing collective farms in the oblast, of which 2,850 radio stations were installed in the houses of collective farmers. Taking into account the interests of collective farmers, the possibility of allocating the necessary funds to address the existing problems in the installation of radio stations in the homes of collective farmers, based on daily needs, has not been fully used. The local income of the kolkhozes did not allow for the allocation of funds to this sphere. Although it was planned to install 320 radio stations in the region every quarter, this number was two and three times less. There was a lack of additional batteries for radio stations and the necessary equipment for radio equipment, for example, an average of 800 sets of equipment per quarter were not provided. For example, additional equipment for Rodina-52 radios was regularly lacking. One of the main problems was the lack of master engineers who adjusted the radial apparatus, and the lack of repair shops for them [6]. Another area of ideological policy has been reflected in the attitude towards cinemas serving the cotton growers in the countryside. In particular, in Sherabad, Shurchi, Uzun, Denau and other districts of Surkhandarya region, the showing of films to the rural population was in poor condition in 1951, the buildings of several cinemas in the region were not in demand, the funds allocated for construction were not used. the district party committees were instructed to eliminate it as soon as possible. In the Surkhandarya region in 1950-1960, cultural and educational activities in the cotton villages were extremely low and sluggish, and the allocation of funds for material support for cultural events was not at the required level. The funds of the kolkhozes were limited to attract the theater, newspapers, and folk ensembles to the rural population, and the bulk of the income was directed to the interests of the Center, with the remaining insignificant income going to wages. Partial construction was intended to be spent. The main cultural event is focused on non-refundable film services. According to historical sources, in the cotton-growing villages of the region, cinema services were not organized at the required level. In 1954, instead of 3967 cinema services, 2715 cinema services were shown, the plan was fulfilled by 68% and the total rural population was 73%. In some desert villages, film service was not carried out at all. In particular, the organization of the film service was completed by 50% in the villages of Boysun district, and only 45% in the villages of Sherabad district. In 1954, the Lenin collective farm in the Jarkurgan district had 28 film services, the Bolshevik collective farm had only 1-4, and the Karl Marx collective farm in the Shurchi district had never had a cinema service for the rural population. Cameras for the provision of film services to the provincial collective farms. Despite the lack of specialists who make up the film industry, the allocation of material and moral resources to this area has caused great difficulties due to the extremely low level. The lack of vehicles needed to deliver film screenings, provide new films, keep films at the required level, and organize film services for the rural population was also a serious obstacle to the timely

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establishment of cinema services. The Stalin collective farm in the Denau district, which was established only once in 1954, failed to implement the plan due to the poor quality of the next film screenings and the lack of timely access to cars. In the Kuybishev and Kirov collective farms in the district, only 1-3 film screenings were organized in 4 months [8]. Documentary and popular science films on various topics, both in Uzbek and Russian, were rarely shown to the local population in the cotton-growing villages of the region, with a short 3-5- minute matrix. It should be noted that the film screenings organized for the collective farmers would not be completed until the end of the film due to the fact that the film screenings did not start at the beginning or in the middle and final parts of the film. Of the 34 cinemas in the province, 11 were designed for short films and did not have the capacity to show new wide-screen films produced in the 1950s, and it was unfortunate that they did not have the capacity to illuminate and transmit sound to film screens in field sheds. 3 out of 4 cinemas allocated for the service of Jarqurghon district have no short-term sound or long-distance image and sound capacity. Sixty to 70 percent of screenplays were not shown until the end. In cotton farms, which are the mainstay of agriculture, the policy of building sports stadiums and creating conditions for athletes at the expense of collective farm revenues has been under constant control, but its material and moral support from the state has not been fully realized in practice. However, the economically strong kolkhozes focused on sports because of their capabilities. In particular, 8 strong teams of the region took part in football competitions for the regional championship at the stadium of Stalin and New Rozgor 2 collective farms in Uzun district of Surkhandarya region. Football and running competitions were organized at the stadium of the Yangi Rozgor kolkhoz, and the Pakhtakor sports society under the kolkhoz united 300 young people from the kolkhoz. 4 sports motorcycles and 50 bicycles were presented to the athletes at the collective farm. In 1951, stadiums were built and put into operation on 24 collective farms in the region. Such historical data were analyzed by the construction and operation of stadiums in Mehnatobod and Sotsializim collective farms in Jarkurgan district, in several collective farms in Sariosiya district, in Stalin collective farm in Denau district, and in Lenin collective farm in Termez district [10]. The activities of existing clubs and libraries in the Surkhandarya region in the 1950s did not meet the needs of the rural population based on cotton. According to the sources, cultural and educational events were organized only in his name, 9 out of 76 clubs in the region were turned into warehouses and deprived of cultural services to the population, and cultural and educational events were organized only in the name of existing clubs. In the absence of art circles, independent art groups and cultural and educational circles at the disposal of the kolkhoz held cultural events for the kolkhoz members. The House of Culture in the Denau district presented folklore, songs and dances of cultural significance to the villages at the expense of members of the artistic community, who grew up among the collective farmers. The houses of culture in the oblast were not financially and morally supported by any state. In 1951, a circle of young amateurs was established in the House of Culture in Sherabad district, which included talented young artists Elmurodov and Rakhimbaev, who organized regular art days for collective farms. [11] Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan and the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR of September 13, 1960 №-790 on the three-year plan for the development of cultural and educational institutions in Denau district, Surkhandarya region Soviet,

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public, economic organizations and collective farms in 1961-1969. took the initiative in adopting a three-year plan for the development of educational institutions. The three-year plan envisages the construction of 13 model clubs with 400 seats in the district, 21 clubs with 200 seats each and a library, 34 summer cinemas, 13 complex sports grounds, 7 parks and recreation centers with a library in the village center. club, three summer cinemas, a sports ground and a park of culture and recreation. Karl Marx kolkhoz - a club with a library in the village center, culture and recreation park, Engels kolkhoz - a library in the village center, two summer cinemas and a complex sports field, Lenin kolkhoz - a club with a library in the village center, a club on the plot, three summer cinemas, culture and a park, a club with a library in the center of the Stalin collective farm-village, four summer cinemas, a park of culture and recreation. Two clubs with a library in the collective farm-village center named after Khurushchev, three summer cinemas, one club with a library in the collective farm-village center named after Kalinin, two clubs on the plot, three summer cinemas, one club with a library in the collective-village center named after Zhdanov, There were two clubs, four summer cinemas, a sports ground, and parks on the site. As a result of insufficient material and moral support of rural libraries in the region in 1954, it is a pity that this sector serves the population. The libraries of the 63 kolkhozes in the oblast have a book fund of 56,600, including only 949 books in the district central library of Sariosiya, which serves the population of 6 kolkhozes. The library of the Leninism collective farm in the Denau district contained 786 books. As a result of low book supply, quality and service, lack of love for books, the number of book lovers in 1954 fell from 150 to 50 compared to 1950 [12]. Streets and houses in the city of Termez were provided with drinking water, new housing was built in the city's infrastructure and commissioned for public use [13]. In 1954, 76 clubs, 63 libraries for 12,600 students, 21 radio stations, and 36 collective farms operated in the collective farms of Surkhandarya region. In the collective farms of the region, 34 mobile cinemas, 33 kindergartens and nurseries serving the population served the children of collective farmers. However, in September 1953 and February 1954, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU put on the agenda the issue of immediate elimination of the existing shortcomings in the cultural and educational sphere of the collective farms. In order to organize the culture of the field shed, cultural and educational events were organized in 809 out of 1347 agricultural brigades in the region. The remaining 538 brigades did not organize cultural and educational activities [14]. The activity of kindergartens in cotton-growing villages of Surkhandarya region is unsatisfactory, and it is known from historical sources that the most residual funds of the state and collective farms were spent in this area. In 1953, there were 33 regular kindergartens and 783 seasonal kindergartens at the disposal of the existing cotton collective farms in Surkhandarya region, where 11,771 children were educated. As of April 20, 1954, in 33 permanent and 524 seasonal kindergartens, according to the plan approved by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on January 23, 1954, 4656 places were allocated for collective farms in the region, which was 22.3% of the total number of children. The situation in Denau, Uzun and Jarqurghon districts was difficult and neglected. Of the 150 kindergartens to be established in the Denau district on May 20, 1954, only 67 were functioning, and only 50 per cent of them were adequately funded. It was noted that there are no facilities for ordinary children in the kindergarten, not even toys. Only 14 children were admitted to the iniz-12 brigade at the Leninism collective farm in Denau, and the rest were not enrolled in

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kindergarten. The kindergarten is organized only in its name, and the iron bed for 5 children is in disrepair. In the kindergarten, 7 cribs were brought from home, and it was found that there were no beds, pillows, or blankets in the kindergarten. There are no milk and other beverages for children and food for eating, as well as bowls, plates, clothes for staff. Although the number of children aged 1-5 in the brigade was 30, the remaining children were not enrolled in kindergarten. This was the case with the remaining 13 brigades. The food supply for the children in the nursery and kindergarten was almost of extremely low quality. Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan of January 23, 1954 №-90 "On measures to further develop the organization and improvement of medical care for children in collective farms and state farms in the USSR" and April 8, 1954 №-381 "Furniture of kindergartens in collective farms" Surkhandarya region was not provided with 200 pieces of furniture instead of 2,800 children's beds and 90 pieces of children's furniture in accordance with the decision "On the provision of soft household goods and toys." Or 290 sets of children were not provided with light soft items [16]. The reason for the untimely implementation of the plans for the construction and commissioning of cultural and educational institutions in the collective farms of Surkhandarya region in 1954 was, firstly, the funds generated by the collective farms were not directed to these areas, and secondly, the planned construction projects were not prepared in time. lack of capacity and manpower, and thirdly, the lack of supply of construction materials. The implementation of plans to build cultural and educational institutions in the region in 1954 can be seen from the following results: 2 out of 17 clubs established in 1954, 4 out of 40 kindergartens were built and put into operation, and none of the 50 kindergartens were built. Also, 1 out of 4 hospitals for collective farms has been built and put into operation, while none of the 30 paramedic and obstetric points have been built. Although only 22 of the 70 bathrooms planned for the collective farms were built, the bathrooms built did not operate regularly due to a lack of boilers, faucets, and water pipes [17]. Due to the untimely supply of wood, slate, iron tunics, cement, plywood and other construction materials needed by the collective farms in Surkhandarya region in 1954, the construction crews had difficulty preparing some construction materials locally. As a result, instead of 318 construction brigades to be organized for construction work on regional collective farms, 180 brigades were on the move [18]. In conclusion, it should be noted that the establishment of cultural and educational institutions in the Surkhandarya oasis and its practical results, the cultural impact on the lives of local people has been scientifically analyzed on the basis of historical data. The positive achievements and shortcomings of the collective farms in providing cultural services to the population were objectively stated.

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