THE TERRIER

M. R. Kelley

a capsule history of missile developm

The history of the Applied Physics the canine breeds of relatively small vehicle that incorporated a device for Laboratory between mid-1948 and size, aggressive and tenacious by na­ roll stabilization could be tested. mid-1956 was characterized by sig­ ture, but readily controlled by their Neither test provided the desired data nificant technological achievement, masters. This name was approved by because of malfunctions in the tele­ an outstanding part of which was the the Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance metering equipments, cause un­ successful development of the missile on December 29, 1948. known. named Terrier I. This was the first Development of Terrier presented In October 1948, a third test sea-going antiaircraft guided missile no major problem in propulsion be­ having these same objectives pro­ in world history. The Laboratory had, cause enough was known of rocket duced good roll data. Confirmatory prior to that time, pursued an explor­ propellants to afford confidence that results were also obtained in another atory research and development pro­ it could attain the speed, altitude, flight test a month later. Shortly gram that resulted in, among other and range demanded. However, there thereafter flights of two modified things, a supersonic-missile, test­ were other problems. Even though STV-3's, which were intended to be vehicle configuration. The Navy de­ roll stabilization- a prerequisite of roll-stabilized, proved unsuccessful cided to adapt it to tactical use as good beam-riding - had been because of an apparent electrical a rocket-propelled surface-to-air mis­ achieved earlier by both subsonic power failure in one case and, in sile for the Fleet. This decision was and supersonic test models, and satis­ the other, the occurrence of large communicated to the Guided Missiles factory beam-riding had already been acceleration forces at end of boost, Committee of the Department of demonstrated, unexpected difficulties which were shown III post-flight Defense Research and Development were encountered in the first two analysis to have been present also in Board on June 11, 1948. Dr. R. B. STV*-3 flight tests (April and July, two previous STV-3 tests. Such Kershner of APL proposed the name 1948 ) . These tests had among their forces had not been encountered in "Terrier" for the new missile, after principal objectives the measurement tests of the STV-2's. After careful of roll moment and determination of study of the differences between the the damping coefficient, information two vehicles, the booster-missile at­ These historical notes are adapted from a chapter on the Terrier missile prepared by that was urgently needed before a tachment was redesigned to mini­ Rear Admiral M. R. Kelley, U.S. 'avy mize the possibility of a collision (Ret. ) for inclusion in a history of the Applied Physics Laboratory. * Supersonic test vehicle. between it and the missile's tail

18 APL Technical Digest compartment and nozzle extension poration for the manufacture and at the time of booster separation. tube during separation. But the first delivery of 50 prototype units spread This insured that the missile would flight test of this attachment (April over Lots 1 through 4. Pending be in a position to receive guidance 1949) showed that it had not re­ delivery of the first Lot 0 missiles, signals from the radar. It was obvi­ solved the difficulty ; the missile did tests of various models of the STV-3 ous that such an accommodation not roll-stabilize, and a violent were continued, these tests varying would only accidentally, if ever, disturbance occurred at separation, in their objectives as determined by occur in a tactical situation at sea. knocking out half the telemetering the problems under investigation. In another respect, also, these channels. Further investigation iden­ tests were not representative of tified three acceleration forces oper­ Guidance Problems Investigated guidance conditions in actual serv­ ating during the boost and separa­ With completion of successful ice afloat. There the radar pulses tion stage: ( 1) acceleration at boost, tests of the zero-length launcher and directed at a high-speed aircraft which forced the 250-pound sus­ the achievement of roll stabilization would be refl ected randomly from tainer charge rearward against the in the STV-3, emphasis was more different surfaces or features of the after face of the case; ( 2 ) decelera­ and more centered on solution of target and, in combination with tion at end of boost, which thrust the guidance problem. This was at random refl ections from the sea, the charge hard against the forward first a matter of beam-riding p er­ would ca use the beam to jitter. No face of the case ; and (3) igniter formance. The very modest effort on beam-riding guidance system could pressure at ignition, which drove the an interferometer homing system be considered acceptable until a de­ charge solidly against the after face that had been started in 1948 was termina tion had been made that this of the case, producing the damaging viewed only as a possible alternative jitter did not adversely affect the shock. Accordingly it was decided to in case satisfactory beam-riding guid­ missile's accuracy in guided flight. immobilize sustainer charges in all ance should prove unattainable. The opportunity was taken, there­ subsequent STV-3's, a "fix" that There had been early tests, begin­ fore, in the STV- 2 test in April, proved highly effective in later tests. ning with two flights of subsonic 1949, marking the first successful control test vehicles in 1947 and use of a capture beam, to test also Meanwhile, during the above tests followed by two successful STY the missile's ability to ride a jitter­ extending over a period of 18 flights in 1948, which inspired con­ ing beam. Jitter was in iected into months, progress was made in two fidence that beam-riding guidance the beam at the radar source so as other areas. A so-called "zero­ could be made effective for tactical to simulate that expected in a tacti­ length" launcher was checked out employment afloat. In these tests, cal situation. Another "first" was satisfactorily in four of the above­ however, the radar guidance beam achieved when the missile demon­ cited tests, and capture of the mis­ had been fixed in space and the strated in this test that it could ride sile into the guidance beam at end­ test missile was so launched as to a jittering beam with acceptable of-boost was successfully accom­ be in, or close to, the beam axis accuracy. plished in the flight of an STV-2.

Prototype Testing Begins

Following the Navy's decision III the spring of 1948 to make a tactical missile of the STV-3, plans were formulated to reach the final design of the new missile through tests of a succession of prototype missiles designated Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7. Lots 6 and 8 were earmarked for development of a higher perform­ ance missile at a later date, to bene­ fit from the experience with the earlier lots and from advances in the state of the art. Confident that a tactical version of the S TV-3 could be achieved, the Navy early contracted with the Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation for pro­ duction of a pre-prototype Lot 0 consisting of fifteen missiles. Late in 1949, the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) declared the Terrier to be in the production prototype stage and contracted with the above cor- Terrier missiles (BT-3) bein!! fired from the deck of the USS Norton SOllnd.

.lui), -August 1965 19 Meanwhile research and develop­ ment in beam-riding guidance had been actively carried on with a view to improving the sensitivity of the missile response to control correc­ tions for guidance errors, both near the surface and at altitude. Obvi­ ously, the aerodynamic control sur­ faces would have to be moved through greater angles in the rari­ fied atmosphere at high altitude than in the denser atmosphere near the earth's surface in order to cor­ rect promptly any off-beam error.

A red esign of the control system for Test firing of the Terrier missile at China Lake. California. the STV-3 had been completed near the end of 1948, the effective­ ness of which was impressively system for installa tion in the ship, cil In emergency seSSIOn- In the demonstrated in a flight test about plus the elements of an approxi­ absence of Russian representatives­ a year later when guidance sensi­ mately identical system for use at adopted a resolution before the day tivity was changed in flight for the NOTS. The latter system, obviously, was out condemning this unprovoked first time, being increased by a fac­ did not need to have the capabilities aggression, and three days later tor of six. The missile responded in the weapon-direction, fire-control, adopted a second resolution recom­ promptly by closing to within 2 mils a nd la unching subsystems that would mending that members of the of beam center, where it remained be required in the face of the un­ United N ations furnish such assist­ more than twice as long as any predictable motions of the ship at a nce to the R epublic of South Korea previous Bumblebee beam rider. sea. as might be necessary to restore the This signaled an important advance By this time progress made toward status quo in Korea. In compliance in beam-riding accuracy. Other less a rocket-propelled tactical missile, President Truman a t once directed obvious factors also had to be taken plus the general advance on all the U .S. Navy and the U .S. Air into account in devising a system of fronts in missile technology, war­ Force to give the South Koreans air controlling missile guidance sensi­ ranted an updated appraisal of the cover and support ; by June 30 U .S. tivity, but results achieved in the capabilities that seemed possible of military forces present in the area above test indicated good progress. attainment in an advanced design. were quite fully committed . They were soon well corroborated Accordingly, in M ay 1950 the Navy Fear that the police action- so­ by another STV-3 test that demon­ issued a new operational requirement called by Pres ident Truman- might strated excellent roll stabilization which set the military characteristics escalate into a major war became a and speed of response. for a higher performance missile that m atter of utmost concern to all In D ecember 1949 the first of the came to be known as T errier II. The Americans. Each of the military initial experimental production mis­ L aboratory, which had contributed Services immediately undertook a siles (Lot 0 ) was delivered and, to the appraisal of capabilities perti­ survey of its overall preparedness to within two months, was flight-tested nent to an improved T errier missile, meet such a contingency. This was at the Naval Ordnance T est Station immediately undertook the necessary backed up by individual and collec­ (NOTS ) . Missile capture was most studies to formulate specifications tive planning to blunt the edge of impressive, and beam-riding proved for a design aimed at meeting the any further aggression before it quite good during much of the new requirements. could acquire momentum. As in flight. Since the Navy had already World W ar II, the threat from the d ecided to use the aircraft tender Action in Korea air, whether in the form of aircraft­ USS Norton Sound for preliminary launched guided rockets or surface­ shipboard tests of T errier, the oppor­ But in a matter of weeks there launched bombardment missiles, was tunity was now taken to measure the occurred totally unexpected events considered most serious of all. This effect of booster blast on a specially of great historical importance, which was fully substantiated by the Armed constructed d eck section similar to gave new emphasis to the revolution Services' research and development that in the loca tion selected for the in weapons and created overnight a efforts that from 1945 were directed ship's la uncher. R esults showed the sense of urgency that had not existed toward an adequate defense against deck to be suitable for launching since V- J day. The " cold war" sud­ such attack. Although there were T errier at quadrant elevations of denly and unexpectedly came almost several promising development pro­ 35 0 or less. to the boiling point. A strong force grams, it was recognized that as of Necessary preparations for ship­ of North Koreans, behind a phalanx the start of hostilities in Korea no board testing included the assembly of tanks, invaded South Korea on surface-to-air or air-to-air missile of all the elements of the T errier June 24. The U.N. Security Coun- could be expected to reach the serv-

20 APL Technical Digest ice-use stage in less than three years. date and each would satisfy an im­ onCe to organize m·issile battalions Within the Department of Defense, mediate need. Within the Research for defense of overseas bases. Steps after "in-house" surveys of the situ­ and D evelopment Board of the De­ were also initiated by the Army to ation by the military Services, the partment of Defense, the treatment procure 25 Terriers for training pur­ following views found general ac­ proposed for these three missiles was poses, and preliminary action was ceptance: ( 1 ) the antiaircraft mis­ commonly called "super-accelera­ taken to have the supporting ground sile programs nearest the service-use tion," but in the fellowship of sci­ control equipment provided. This stage should be pushed at the high­ entists, engineers, executives and resulted early in 1951 in a contract est possible level of effort, compati­ administrators engaged in research, with the Radio Corporation of ble with the state of the art and test, development, and production of America to develop an Army Tacti­ good engineering practice, toward guided missiles it was known as cal Terrier System. At NOTS a Ter­ acceptance and production for use "Kellerization. " rier system similar to that planned in combat; and (2) the number of for the USS Norton Sound, but not An almost immediate result of this missile programs might well be cut suited for use at sea, was installed treatment prescribed for the Terrier back, permIttmg continuation of by mid- 1950 and put in operation was a decision by BuOrd to have only those that promised to satisfy in the flight-test program. By the incorporated in the design of the requirements for which no other ade­ end of the year installation of the Lot 4 prototype the final tactical quate program was in hand. first Terrier shipboard system, in­ features of Lot 7. The latter had On October 25 Mr. K. T. Keller cluding computer and dual launcher, been viewed originally as the ulti­ of the Chrysler Corporation was ap­ was completed in the Norton Sound mate production-engineered version pointed Director of Guided Missiles at the San Francisco Naval Ship­ of the tactical Terrier. The design by the Secretary of Defense. His yard. Navy Guided Missile Training of Lot 4, completed in conformity mission, essentially, was to direct the Unit No. 21 was transferred from with that decision, was frozen at the military missile program so as to NOTS to the ship for on-board end of 1950, anticipating that a expedite entry into service use of training and checkout of the system satisfactory tactical missile would those missile systems most urgently in prep aration for the first missile emerge thereby at least six months need ed. Additional funds, facilities, firing afloat, which was expected to earlier than had been previously and technical personnel were ex­ take place within a few months. scheduled. pected to be made available from The year 1950 saw a number of In addition to acceleration of the the defense budget and by cut­ other important indications of prog­ missile programs, the Navy decided ting back other programs less far ress in the Terrier program. Follow­ to install Terrier systems in selected advanced. ing the successful test of the first World War II heavy cruisers. Two Lot 0 in February, several quite dual launchers were to be located Missile Programs Accelerated satisfactory tests were conducted on the cruiser's after deck, each during the year. marking improve­ With a staff of civilian-military supplied from its missile magazine ments in the missile-borne guidance representatives of the three Services, below by means of automatic han­ receiver, beam-riding in the pres­ K eller made a survey of all the dling and loading equipment. The ence of jitter, and successful launch­ guided missile programs and subse­ subsystems needed for controlling ing from a trainable launcher to quently recommended for special two complete missile systems were which aiming inteltigence was sup­ emphasis the Army's Nike, the also to be installed, making it pos­ plied by the guidance radar and Navy's Terrier and the Navy's Spar­ sible for each launcher to fire a two­ computer in order to facilitate mis­ row, on the basis that each could be missile salvo every 30 seconds. The sile capture in a moving guidance put into service at a relatively early U.S. Marine Corps undertook at beam. Of seven Terrier pre-proto­ types flown in this period, the one tested on M ay 12 marked the first c;.- TAIL NO. 3 supersonic-missile versus target-drone test in this country, while the firing AFT SECTION on October 4 proved noteworthy as the first instance of two missiles being fired in salvo. Other units tes ted included four early Terriers WARHEAD SECT ION 9 (Lot lA), of which the first, fired TAIL NO.4 against a target drone on October 18, demonstra ted that the new ori­ entation of the steering wings, 45 0 ELECTRON IC SECTlO~ from the vertical and horizontal TAIL NO. planes, gave satisfactory perform­ NOSE SECTION DORSAL FIN DORSAL FIN ance. Although several units tested experienced malfunctions that pre­ Exploded view of the BT-3 missile. cluded attainment of all prescribed

.Tu1)I -August 1965 21 objectives, revIew of the test results For another problem, however- that uation of the Terrier missile system for 1950 showed that the sum total resulting from unintentional friendly­ aboard a combatant ship, following of objectives had In fact been radar interference with the guidance preliminary shipboard tests on the attained. intelligence being transmitted to a Norton Sound. The USS Mississippi missile (or missiles) in flight-a solu­ was selected for this purpose, to be Warhead Development tion was found. With the design of modified by having the two after An important part of the super­ an improved guidance receiver that gun turrets removed and two dual accelerated Terrier program was the would accept signals only from its launchers installed. In February development of a warhead. Studies own guidance radar, the problem 1952, the Mississippi entered Nor­ indicated that controlled fragmenta­ of unintentional interference from folk Naval Shipyard for installation tion of material concentrated in the friendly sources ceased to exist. of the modified Terrier system-a side walls of the warhead, plus an task completed by the end of the Advent of the increase in fragment velocity to year. 10,000 ft/sec or more, would give Terrier Missile System Following this shipyard period, twice the killing power per pound By early 1951, the Terrier pro­ APL assisted in checking out the of the antiaircraft fragmentation gram had reached a stage that in­ system elements in the performance shells previously used. Based on re­ spired confidence that an effective of their appropriate functions. No­ sults of experimental work with a weapon system was fairly close at vember 1952 saw the first missile hydrogen gun conceived and built at hand. Problems still existed but none firings from the ship-two Terrier the New Mexico School of Mines was considered insoluble. Moreover, launching test vehicles that per­ under Navy contract, APL became it was felt that corrective measures formed satisfactorily to demonstrate the first proponent and sponsor of found necessary could be taken with­ operability of the handling, launch­ high-velocity impact studies. In 1949 out too seriously disturbing existing ing, and instrumentation systems. a new experimental gun built at the designs or schedules. This was most Meanwhile, the heavy cruisers USS Naval R esearch Laboratory (NRL) important because the situation Boston and USS Canberra entered to extend the facilities there for in­ could brook no delay; T errier must naval shipyards to be converted to vestigation of penetration, in co­ be gotten into service as quickly as Terrier missile ships, destined to be­ operation with APL, obtained veloci­ possible. R eports of bitter fighting come the first guided missile cruisers ties beli eved to be the highest ever in Korea against the staggering odds in naval history. achieved with ordinary powder pro­ posed by the entry of 12 divisions Mention has been made of the pellants. As a result of studies of the of Chinese Communist "volunteers" Navy's new operational requirement, relative merits of small, high-velocity into the war portended further issued shortly before the start of the fragments, large fragments (rods) of escalation of the fighting, perhaps Korean War, and of APL's response relatively low velocity, and pure even to global proportions. to it, leading to the formulation of blast, the technique of distributing Most of the problems that lay recommendations for a T errier of large numbers of small, fairly high­ ahead proved to be of the type nor­ considerably improved performance. velocity fragments in an annular mally associated with the transition As a result of detailed investigations, conical beam was adopted for use of a development and engineering a beam-riding missile was selected with the Terrier missile. program to one of quantity produc­ for development, which would in­ The effectiveness of a warhead is tion. But growing confidence that cl ude an altimeter-control device for not alone a matter of the weight of the near future would see a success­ effective guidance at low altitude. explosive and the type and size of ful antiaircraft guided-missile system Homing was considered also, and fragments. It depends also on deto­ in operation encouraged the Navy to design dinlensions were selected to nation at the precise instant that make two important decisions early accommodate a target seeker. Aero­ will cause d estruction of the aircraft. in the year. The first was to start dynamic studies had shown by that This is the fuze's function. Although construction of a production facility time that tail control, in which steer­ the development of fuzes for the at Pomona, California, to be devoted ing and roll stabilization were ac­ Terrier missile was a responsibility entirely to the manufacture of complished by appropriate move­ of the National Bureau of Standards guided missiles. Consolidated Vultee ment of tail surfaces, had certain at the time, APL had an important Aircraft Corporation, then con­ distinct advantages over control part in d etermining the width and structing the Terrier prototype at through movement of wing surfaces. direction of the channels along San Diego, was selected to operate By the end of 1950 early studies and which target refl ections should be the new facility. Construction pro­ experimental testing had been com­ received that would cause the fuze ceeded rapidly, and by the end of pleted so that APL was able to pre­ to function. 1952 all Terrier manufacturing op­ pare a set of preliminary military Studies were initiated to find some erations were transferred to Pomona, specifications which formed the basis means of providing guidance intelli­ where they have continued to the of recommendations that were ac­ gence at low altitude that could not present. cepted by BuOrd in January 1951. be interfered with by random re­ The second decision was to have This inaugurated a new development fl ections from the surface. This the Navy's Operational Development program leading to an improved ver­ turned out to be a difficult problem. Force (OpDevFor ) conduct an eval- sion of T errier, designated T errier II.

22 APL Technical Digest ing and production program, while special investigation of a number of components and subassemblies was undertaken at the Laboratory. A few weeks later the T errier Emer­ gency Committee was established by APL to assume responsibility for all efforts toward a solution of these critical problems. Aware of the production difficul­ ties, BuOrd in the summer of 1952 selected 30 Lot 4 missiles from the production line, to be designated Parameter T est V ehicles ( PTV's) and to be used to check Lot 4 oper­ ability and performance in flight, with special attention to the roll problem. The Bureau of Ordnance subsequently formed a T errier Task Group (TTG ) of representatives of The USS Boston (CAG-l) at sea, showing dual launchers and Terrier missiles on the the Navy, APL, and associate con­ after deck. (Official U. S. Navy photograph) tractors concerned with the critical problems. This committee took over Terrier II Program all prescribed objectives in a note­ the functions of the Terrier Emer­ worthy test from the Norton Sound gency Committee and was domiciled A test program consisting of four on September 7, 1951. Another Lot at Pomona where it worked closely test vehicles (STV- 4's) was initi­ 2 missile, exactly three months later with Convair's production engineers. ated by APL to obtain verification at NOTS, became the first Terrier As a result of the remedial measures of the tail control studies. One to engage an aircraft successfully taken, T errier flight tests in January major change had to be made in when its fragmentation warhead 1953 showed Lot 4 missiles to be configuration. Up to that time the scored 15 penetrations in a drone good beam riders, with their reliabil­ outside diameter of T errier missiles target, although the missile was at ity appraised as "fair." A test series had been 13.5 inches ; it appeared the limit of lethality at the instant of Terrier Research T est Vehicles now that it would be necessary to the fuze functioned. The F6F drone (RTV's ) in early 1953 supplied increase the diameter to 15 inches was not brought down by these frag­ much information of value on over­ to accommodate a sustainer that ments, but examination showed that all operability and performance could provide the impulse necessary one of them passed right through characteristics of Lot 4 missiles and to give the improved performance the place the pilot would have occu­ further aided in resolution of the desired. pied had the plane been manned­ production difficulties at Pomona. By mid-195l , the T errier II pro­ a hit that would undoubtedly have Assurance that Lot 4 missiles gram had suffered considerable de­ resulted in loss of the plane. On could carry out the tasks for which lay since it was not permitted to May 16, 1952, this success was fol­ they were designed was strengthened interfere in any way with the lowed by flight tests at NOTS of as 1953 progressed . An important "super-accelerated" T errier I. Fur­ two Lot 3 missiles fired less than milestone was reached in May when ther delay in the program seemed two hours apart at separate drones. a missile fired from the Norton a certainty in October 1952, so a Each gave an outstanding perform­ Sound, carrying a live warhead, six-month review was undertaken. ance and destroyed its target. The rode the beam to interception and Among other conclusions reached in first Lot 4 missile to be flight tested, destruction of its F6F drone target. this review was that a wingless and in April 1952, proved unsuccessful ; Following closely thereafter was tail-control version of T errier, which this, however, was no cause for great another test at NOTS in which a would have many advantages, could concern because in the desire to Lot 4 missile made a successful tar­ be derived from the original winged make the earliest possible test of get interception, marked by proper design. several new components a number fuze and smoke puff operation, at an Meanwhile, the Terrier I program of modifications to the missile had altitude appreciably above that of had made good progress as it swung been found necessary. any previous T errier test. Eleven into high gear at the beginning of It was apparent by this time that days later another of this lot, fired 1951. Several excellent tests of Lot because of engineering difficulties from the Norton Sound and armed 1 and Lot 2 missiles were recorded. Convair was far behind schedule in with a live warhead, destroyed its The distinction of being the first Lot 4 production. Accordingly, six target, also at high altitude. Such T errier to be fired from a ship fell APL staff members were assigned early and convincing demonstrations to a Lot 2 missile, which achieved to Convair to assist in the engineer- of the effectiveness of the new tacti-

July - August 1965 23 cal Terrier were most encouraging to assemblies and sections, components flight test under APL's technical the Navy, as well as to the Labora­ that were related either by similarity direction to determine their ability tory and its associate contractors. of technique in manufacture or by to meet these requirements. O f two Lot 4 tes ts from the test requirements. The new, re-pack­ On July 1, 1954, the OpDevFor Norton Sound against targets at low aged design became known as T er­ evaluation of the Terrier missile altitude, one was a complete success rier IB, to distinguish it from the system began, following completion while the other rode the beam well version then in production, which of the BuOrd Assist Phase that had for 27.5 seconds, then exp erienced was based upon the Lot 4 tactical been conducted aboard the Missis­ a malfunction of one of the wing des ign updated to Lot 5 and labeled sippi to familiarize personnel of the controls, the cause of which could T errier IA. ship with the new weapon system. not be accurately determined from the test data recorded. All in all, In April 1953 the Laboratory had Missile Modification Program however, on the basis of tes t per­ prototypes of the re-packaged elec­ formance Lot 4 appeared to be tronics and hydraulics sections avail­ As the engineering program under­ ready for tact;_:d employment at sea. able for examination by the Navy. taken first by APL in 1953, then But by this time, the next block of These were viewed with much favor, by Convair, made progress in 1954 Terriers, d es ignated Lot 5, was in and APL was requested to under­ toward a better tactical Terrier, the full prod uction. I t was not a notice­ take a full-scale engineering pro­ introduction of changes in the roll ably different version of Terrier but gram to construct a number of units system, hydraulic power supply com­ essentially a continuation of the Lot In order that their performance ponents, aerodynamic surfaces, and 4's, incorporating all the design and might be evaluated by extensive other improved components required engineering improvements that ex­ ground and flight testing. Two of retrofitting of missiles on a syste­ perience had dictated in the produc­ the newly designed missiles were matic basis. Accordingly, a step tion and tes t of its predecessor. The fl own near the end of 1953, after change in missile production was first of this new lot was flown at being assembled and checked out adopted by which such improve­ NOTS in June, a month marked with exceptional ease. The first ments could be incorporated when also by the return to Maryland of demonstrated excellent beam-riding they were found to be ready for use most of the APL engineers who had throughout its long fl ight, and the in production missiles. At the same been assigned to the Terrier task second would have done equally well time the necessity of differentiating group at Pomona. except for a premature smoke puff operation that caused a malfunction between the types of missiles being produced became apparent. It was Truce in Korea in the missile. Additional firing tests were conducted during 1954, with decided, therefore, that the required The year 1953 witnessed an event the same or even better success. designations would be made up of of historical importance that gave Laboratory participation in this pro­ two letters each, the first indicating sanction to a trend that had devel­ gram terminated in late 1954 when the method of guidance and the sec­ oped early and almost imperceptibly the design was turned over to the ond, the method of control. For in the conduct of the accelerated Navy, and four missiles were trans­ guidance, B would indicate beam­ U.S. missile program. The event was ferred to Convair for evaluation riding and H , homing. For method the signing of a truce, on July 27, prior to type approval. of control, W would indicate wing by representatives of the United Na­ control and T, ta il control. The tions and the North Koreans, which Grad ual easing of the tensions number 1, 2, or 3 following these brought an end to the fighting. The that had attended the Korean hos­ letters would identify the combina­ trend was a gradual relaxation of tilities also permitted a step-up in tion of booster and sustainer rockets the taut guide lines originally ac­ the Terrier II (Lot 6) program, the used by the particular missile. The cepted in carrying out the acceler­ six-month review of which had been then-current production missile was ated programs. It was in this atmos­ completed in the spring of 1953. assigned the designation BW-O, phere that the L aboratory began There were four objectives of this indicating tha t it employed the com­ inves tigations to improve the design program: ( 1 ) to increase missile bination of booster and sustainer of the tactical missile in respect to maneuverability for greater effec­ rockets then in production. uniformity and reliability of the pro­ tiveness against targets at high alti­ Work on homing guidance was ac­ duction version, without detracting tudes; (2 ) to increase missile range; tively continued during this period .. from the main effort. (3) to permit carrying a heavier As early as 1953, good results had ; R ecognizing that the early prob­ warhead to achieve greater lethal­ been obtained with the Raytheon lems had shown a need for engineer­ ity; and (4) to improve missile target seeker used in Sparrow- one ing improvements to facilitate pro­ performance at low altitudes. On of the super-accelerated missiles of duction, APL initiated a study to the basis of the program review, a the Korean emergency period-and demonstrate the feasibility of re­ new set of performance requirements it was closely watched for possible arranging missile components so as was prepared by APL, and BuOrd application to T errier. Under APL to simplify assembly, repair, and contracted with Convair to engineer sponsorship Convair established a maintenance. The objective was to and develop a group of eight tes t facility on San Clemente Island, off group together, into appropriate sub- vehicles, designa ted STV- 5s, for the California coast, to obtain basic

24 APL Technical Digest Terrier missiles undergoing test firing at sea from the deck of the USS Mi.ui.uippi. (Official U. S. Navy photograph)

measurements of sea reflection prop­ tactical missile through engineering tain, and possess a high degree of erties having effect on homing guid­ changes designed to simplify missile adaptability to meet various situa­ ance, and to evaluate seekers, such assembly, checkout, and repair, and tions. Certain design and engineer­ as the one used in Sparrow, for pos­ to develop effective guidance at low ing developments in each program sible service in Terrier. Data re­ altitude, without seeking to extend were found to be applicable and corded there were converted into the missile's performance beyond beneficial to the other. Accordingly, suitable form to be used in the R ay­ that prescribed in pertinent specifi­ APL and Convair late in the year theon seeker when tested in homing cations. The second was the im­ formulated a long-range program for simulators built by Convair. proved-performance Terrier (desig­ improvement of the Terrier missile, Late In 1954, the Laboratory nated Terrier II), which had as which was submitted to BuOrd for began a three-phase program of de­ its objective the development of a approval. Its objective was to velopment of a semiactive homing missile with substantially increased achieve production by 1960 of an system for use in Terrier I missiles. performance capabilities in range, "Advanced T errier" missile that Test firings that began in early 1955 altitude, and maneuverability, plus would be compatible with the stow­ and continued for about two years improved effectiveness at low alti­ age and handling facilities being demonstrated the feasibility of hom­ tude. installed for Terrier I in the heavy ing guidance as well as its effective­ cruiser missile ships and would be Advanced Terrier ness against low-flying targets. capable of successful interception There were in effect during the From consideration of these two and destruction of potential air latter part of 1953 and all of 1954, development programs as 1954 ad­ threats in that period. two Terrier development programs vanced, it could be said that they Development of Advanced Terrier in addition to the still-basic pro­ had a common purpose in the sense was to be based on the sectionalized gram of proving-in the tactical Ter­ that both were directed toward configuration of the Terrier IC, rier I missile. The first of these de­ achievement of a service missile that then entering the flight-test phase of velopment programs was the Terrier would give consistently excellent evaluation, and on the knowledge improvement program, which had as performance within its designed gained from the Terrier II program its objective improvement of the limits, be easy to produce and main- of the performance that could be

.JlIly - Augllst 1965 25 reasonably expected from the wing­ objective of the program, but since USS Boston, having successfully less, tail-controlled missile. A step­ development of homing guidance completed the required preliminary wise development was planned, had not progressed as far as that acceptance trials, was recommis­ therefore, so as to have in the pro­ of beam-riding guidance, some doubt sioned at the U.S. Naval Base, Phil­ duction stage at any given time a existed that missiles employing a adelphia. Its name was unchanged missile capable of countering the homer would be ready for produc­ but it bore a new Navy classifica­ potential threat for that period. tion as early as 1960. It was de­ tion, CAG- l, signifying the first of On the basis of this review, cided, therefore, to develop the a new class of ship in the U.S. Navy BuOrd early in 1955 redirected the necessary aerodynamics, dynamics, (and in world history)-"guided Terrier II program along the lines control, and propulsion systems in missile heavy cruiser." summarized above, assigning tech­ a beam-rider (BT-3 ) that could be On January 30, 1956, after sev­ nical direction to APL. Although the available by 1960, and then to util­ eral weeks devoted to familiariza­ program of developing an improved­ ize these developments in a homing tion with the new weapon system, performance Terrier took on a some­ missile design when a suitable sys­ the Boston sailed for Guantanamo what different hue as a result of this tem of this type was developed. By to undergo shakedown trammg. redirection during early 1955, the so doing, maximum use could be There, early in February, the pre­ test results obtained up to that time made of Terrier BW-1 develop­ scribed training began, which, be­ in three STV- 4 firings contributed ments in the areas of guidance, war­ cause of the revolutionary weapon substantially to the STV- 5 pro­ heads, and fuzes, as well as of the system installed in the ship, was ex­ gram. Much useful data were ob­ STV-5 series of missiles. The firing tended beyond the usual six weeks. tained. The third STV- 4 tes t con­ of two launching test vehicles and Several important groups of visitors firmed studies that a wingless mis­ four control test vehicles in this witnessed the missile firings, span­ sile would be both feasible and series contributed data that were to ning a p eriod in which 10 Terriers, practical, thereby contributing in prove useful in the advanced pro­ in the jargon of Navy torpedomen, large measure to the decision to gram. fl ew " hot, straight, and normal" to eliminate wings on all improved­ successful achievement of all ob­ performan-ce Terriers. First Guided Missile Heavy Cruiser jectives. Planning started at once on the The ultimate aim of the years of As of July 1, 1956, the develop­ Advanced T errier program. A hom­ effort in Terrier development was ment phase of T errier I was con­ ing-guidance Terrier, to be desig­ brought a long step closer to realiza­ sidered to be complete. T errier had nated HT-3, was made the ultimate tion on November 1, 1955, when the gone to sea.

]. O . Artman and ]. C. Murphy V. Uzunoglu, "Feedback : Perils and Progress in Astronautics and (APL ) and S. Foner (M .I.T.), Potentials in D esigning Integrated Aeronautics, 13, Academic Press, "Magnetic Anisotropy in Anti­ Circuits," Electronics, May 31, ew York, 1964, 3 11 - 325. ferromagnetic a - (C r l - rAl r h03, " 1965, 67- 71. R . R. Newton, "Orbital Elements ]. Appl. Phys., 36, Mar. 1965, S. D . Bruck, "Thermal D egradation from the Doppler Tracking of 986-987. of an Aromatic Polypyromelliti­ Four Satellites," ]. Spacecraft and ]. G. Parker and R . W . Swope, "Vi­ mide in Air and Vacuum-III­ R ockets, 2, July-Aug. 1965, 634- brational R elaxation Times of Pyrolytic Conversion into a Semi­ 636. Oxygen in the T emperature R ange conductor," Polymer (London ), D. Abraham and T. O . Poehler, 100° - 200°C," ]. Acoust. Soc. 6, July 1965,319-332. " H eat Flow as a Limiting Factor Am., 37, Apr. 1965, 718- 723. R. P. Rich and A. G. Stone, in Thin-Film D evices," ]. Appl. T. O. Poehler and D . Abraham, " M ethod for H yphenating at the Phys., 36, June 1965, 2013-2020. "Aluminum-Doped CdSe Thin End of a Printed Line," Com­ • I • Film Triodes," Appl. Phys. Ltrs., munications of the ACM, 8, July 6, April 1, 1965, 125- 126. 1965, 444- 445. The following five papers were pub­ L. Monchick (APL ), A ..G. Pereira D . ]. Williams (APL ) and G. D. lished in Tenth S ymposium (In­ (St. X avier's College, Goa, India) , M ead (NASA ), "A Nightside ternational) on Combustion, The and E . A. Mason (University of M agnetosphere Configuration as Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Maryland ) , " H eat Conductivity Obtained from Trapped Electrons Pa., 1965: of Polyatomic a nd Polar Gases at 1100 Kilometers," ]. Geophy. W. G. Berl (APL ), P. Breisacher and Gas Mixtures," ]. Chem. Res., 70, July 1, 1965, 301 7-3030. (Aerospace Corp. ), D . Dembrow Phys., 42, M ay 1, 1965, 3241- W . G. Berl, "A Brief R eview on the (NASA ), F. Falk, T. O 'Donovan, 3246. Combustion of Boron H ydrides," ]. R ice, and V. Sigilli to (APL ),

26 APL T echnical D igest