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Vietnamese Australians Vietnamese Australians • Large numbers of Vietnamese people fled their country during the Vietnam Population of Vietnam-born people in war after Saigon fell to the Communist Australia (2006 Census): 159,8491 Government in the north in 1975 and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was Population of Vietnam-born people in declared in 19762. i Queensland: 13,0841 • From 1975 to 1985, an estimated two Population of Vietnam-born people in i 1 million people fled Vietnam. People Brisbane : 11,857 initially fled by sea to refugee camps in Gender ratio (Queensland): 91.6 males South East Asia before seeking refuge per 100 females1 in countries including the United States, Canada, France and Australia2. Median age (Australia): The median age of Vietnam-born people in 2006 was 41.0 • Before 1975, there was about 700 years compared with 46.8 years for all Vietnam-born people in Australia. Most overseas born and 37.1 for the total were students, orphans and wives of Australian population2. military personnel who had served in Vietnam2. • By 1981, there were 49,616 Vietnam- 1 born people in Australia2. This Age distribution (Queensland) : increased to 159,849 Vietnam-born Age Per cent people in 2006. Family reunion 0-19 4.6% significantly contributed to the more than 320 per cent increase of Vietnam- 20-39 44.2% born people in Australia in the 25 years 40-59 40.5% between 1981 and 20062. 60+ 10.6% • Places of transition: Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, The Philippines, Hong Kong and Cambodia. Arrivals – past five years (Source - • Ethnicity: The main ethnic group is the Settlement Reporting Database3) Kihn (86.4 per cent)4,5. Smaller ethnic groups include: Tay (1.9 per cent), Year Australia Queensland Muong (1.5 per cent), Khome (1.4 per 2006 3419 337 cent), Hoa (1.1 per cent), Nun (1.1 per cent) and Hmong (1 per cent)4,5. 2007 3522 306 • Language: Vietnamese is the official 2008 3515 375 language and is spoken by the majority 2009 3648 396 4,5 of the population . English is 2010 2768 279 becoming increasingly favoured as a second language4,5. Other languages include French, Chinese, Khmer, and 4 the mountain languages of Mon-Khmer affiliated with any religion . Of the and Malayo-Polynesian4,5. remaining population, 9.3 per cent were Buddhist and 6.7 per cent were • Religion: According to a 1999 census, Catholic. Other religions include Hoa more than 80 per cent of the Hao (1.5 per cent), Cao Dai (1.1 per cent) Vietnamese population were not and Muslim (0.1 per cent)4,5. Community Profiles for Health Care Providers www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural Ancestry, language and religion in 2 Health in Australia Australia (2006 Census for Vietnam-born) ii • Average life expectancy in Vietnam is 72.2 • The top two ancestry responses of years (male 69.7, female 74.9) compared Vietnam-born people in Australia were: to 81.7 years for all people living in 4 - Vietnamese – 65 per cent Australia (male 79.3, female 84.3) . - Chinese – 24.6 per cent. • Vietnam-born people in Australia have higher rates of dental problems The main languages spoken at home by • including decay, and require more Vietnam-born people in Australia were: restorations and extractions compared 8,9 - Vietnamese – 78 per cent to Australia-born people . 2 - Cantonese – 15.7 per cent . • The incidence of tuberculosis in Vietnam-born people in Australia is • The main religions of Vietnam-born substantially higher than the incidence people in Australia were: 10,11 among Australia-born people . - Buddhism – 58.6 per cent • Compared to the general Australian 2 - Catholic – 22.1 per cent . population, 15-74 year old Vietnamese Australians have significantly lower Communication mortality rates6. However, Vietnamese Australian men have higher mortality • Vietnam-born people list their family name first, then their middle name, from cancers of the digestive system, with their first (given) name listed last. and Vietnamese Australian women have higher rates of cervical cancer Many given names are common to both 6 compared to the rest of the Australian males and females . population6. • In addressing others, Vietnam-born people often use a person’s title (e.g. • A survey in New South Wales showed that 13.6 per cent of the 175 Mr, Mrs), followed by their first name. Vietnamese Australians surveyed were • Some Vietnamese Australians may appear daily or occasional smokers13. This to answer yes (da) to all questions. This equated to 30 per cent of Vietnam-born may be a polite way of saying Yes, I am men and 2.5 per cent of Vietnam-born listening or Yes, I am confused7. women13. Smoking rates among Vietnam-born men in the United States • Vietnamese people can use a smile to have been shown to be high, ranging show many different emotions including from 35 to 42 per cent12. happiness, anger, embarrassment or grief7. • In the United States, Vietnam-born men • Vietnamese Australians may prefer to 7 have high rates of liver and naso-pharynx speak about sensitive subjects indirectly . cancer and lymphoma, and both Vietnam- born men and women have relatively high • Traditionally, Vietnamese people greet 12 each other by joining hands and bowing rates of lung and liver cancer . 7 slightly . The handshake has been adopted • Research in the United States shows that in Vietnamese cities7. In public, men often 7 Vietnam-born people are susceptible to hold hands as an expression of friendship . chronic illnesses such as heart disease, In Vietnam, women rarely shake hands stroke, hypertension and diabetes12. with each other or with men. • Mental health studies of Vietnamese • Outside of Vietnamese cities, making refugees show that they have high direct eye contact when talking is levels of depression, anxiety and post- considered impolite particularly with traumatic stress disorder14. people senior in age or status. Many Vietnamese people also speak in a low tone7. Community Profiles for Health Care Providers Health beliefs and practices reluctant to inform their doctors about their use of traditional medicines because • Traditional beliefs regarding shame and of fear of disapproval17,18. guilt are important in understanding • Two common treatment methods of wind how older Vietnamese Australian adults 12 report symptoms12. Since Vietnamese illnesses are coining and cupping : culture is oriented towards the family - Cupping uses round glass cups which and the group, the individual is thought contain a lit taper and are pressed 12 to represent the family as a whole . If into the skin an individual loses respect or status in the community, the whole family loses - Coining involves rubbing medicated respect and status as well. The concept oils onto the chest and back in of loss of face may be why some older parallel lines in order to release Vietnam-born adults and their families poisonous wind. are reluctant to report distressing 15 • To prevent stress for older adults, some symptoms . Vietnamese families may prefer that the • Oriental medicine, which incorporates diagnosis of a serious or terminal illness is not disclosed directly to the older traditional Chinese and Vietnamese 12 medicine, is important in Vietnamese family member . culture. Emphasis is placed on the • Mental illness is generally considered balance of yin and yang and hot and cold, shameful and is often associated with and a proper balance is required to 6,12 wrong-doing in a previous life. It is often maintain health . not discussed in the family or the • Illness is believed to result from an community. Somatisation is a common imbalance of Yang (male, positive energy, response to problems of psychogenic hot) and Yin (female, negative energy, origin. For example, a Vietnamese male is cold) forces in the body. Self control of more likely to explain psychological difficulties as physical symptoms such as emotions, thoughts, behaviour, diet and 6 food and medication intake are all abdominal pains or headaches . important in maintaining balance and 12 • Many Vietnamese Australian women health . For example, excess eating or prefer a female practitioner, particularly worrying can lead to an imbalance or for procedures such as breast and excess of heat, thus resulting in mental cervical cancer screening12. and physical illness12. For example, an excess of cold food is believed to be • There is considerable variation in beliefs related to coughing and diarrhoea6. among Vietnamese Australians, including between earlier migrants and those who • Illness may also be considered a result migrated more recently12. Health of environmental influences such as practitioners should acknowledge these wind and spirits that can offset the 12 variations and seek the preferences of internal balance of a person . For patients and their families12. example, a Vietnam-born person may refer to a cold or flu as being exposed to Social determinants of health poisonous wind or catching the wind iii instead of catching a cold12. • In 2002, the overall literacy rate in Vietnam was 90.3 per cent (male 93.9 • Vietnamese Australians may use per cent, female 86.9 per cent)4. traditional remedies, including medicines, iv in conjunction with Australian medical • Proficiency in English in Australia 1 treatments6,16. It is common to use two (2006 Census) : types of medicine to treat a disease in - 64 per cent of Vietnam-born men Vietnam, and some Vietnamese and 50 per cent of Vietnam-born Australians may consider prescribed and 16 women reported that they spoke traditional medicines to be compatible . English well or very well Many Vietnamese Australians may be Community Profiles for Health Care Providers - 31 per cent of Vietnam-born men of more established migrant groups such and 39 per cent of Vietnam-born as Italian, even if they had the same work women reported that they did not history and education20.
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