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Yielding and Biological Value of Garlic Chives (Allium Tuberosum Rottl

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Yielding and Biological Value of Garlic Chives (Allium Tuberosum Rottl Journal of Elementology ISSN 1644-2296 Adamczewska-Sowińska K., Turczuk J. 2016. Yielding and biological value of garlic chives (Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng.) depending to the type of mulch. J. Elem., 21(1): 7-19. DOI: 10.5601/jelem.2015.20.2.910 YIELDING AND BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF GARLIC CHIVES (ALLIUM TUBEROSUM ROTTL. EX SPRENG.) DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF MULCH 1Katarzyna Adamczewska-Sowińska, Joanna Turczuk Chair of Horticulture Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences Abstract Owing to their high nutritional value and medicinal properties, garlic chives, a representative of the genus Allium, are a valuable vegetable. The edible parts are green leaves and young stalks with flower buds and the bulbs. Allium tuberosum, known as garlic chives, Chinese chives or Oriental garlic, is a perennial species, adapted to a moderate climate. Of special concern is the fact that this species is readily infested by weeds, especially when grown on the same stand for many years. One possible measure to combat weed infestation is mulching. The aim of our study has been to make an assessment of the effect of mulching on yielding and biological value of Oriental garlic in the second and third year of its growth. The mulches used in the experi- ment were black and white polyethylene foil, black polypropylene agrotextile, black biodegrada- ble foil and miscanthus chaff. The research results proved that the leaf yield significantly incre- ased in the subsequent years of plant cultivation. The highest leaf yield from garlic chives was obtained on the plots mulched with black polypropylene agrotextile, black polyethylene foil and black biodegradable foil. Two-year-old plants contained significantly more dry matter, chlorophy- ll, carotenoids and potassium but less of nitrates. Mulching with white polyethylene foil consi- derably favoured the accumulation of dry matter, carotenoids, phosphorus, potassium and nitra- tes by garlic chives. Keywords: garlic chives, macroelements, carotenoids, vitamin C, polyethylene foil, polypropylene agrotextile, biodegradable foil, miscanthus chaff. prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Adamczewska-Sowińska, Chair of Horticulture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] 8 INTRODUCTION Crop species from the genus Allium are common all over the world, espe- cially in the Northern Hemisphere, and everywhere they have long been a source of valuable nutrients and medicinal ingredients for humans. These plants are rich in steroidal saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, mineral compunds (mostly sulphur) and other substances (HOSTETTMANN, MARSTON 1995, ZOU et al. 1999, MIEAN, MOHAMED 2000, LANZOTTI 2006, RODKIEWICZ 2013). However, the species called garlic chives (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng) is less known in Poland and therefore underrated. This is a perennial plant, re- sistant to pests and diseases, with a high content of mineral compounds and its edible parts are green leaves and young flowering shoots as well as bulbs (BIERNAT, JEZIORSKA-DOMARADZKA 2006, BREWSTER 2008, Żurawik, JADCZAK 2008). A more delicate flavour can be obtained when leaves and shoots with undeveloped inflorescences are blanched (RUBATZKY, YAMAGUCHI 1997). This species is grown on a large scale in China, Japan, Korea, in the countries of Southern Asia, Thailand, Nepal and on the Philippines, where it is justifia- bly appreciated both as a vegetable and as a medicinal plant (RODKIEWICZ 1999, SANG et al. 2001, SETIAWAN et al. 2005, GUOHUA et al. 2006, 2009). Gar- lic chives can also be used in intercropping for the protection of other plant species against diseases and pests. YU (1999) and ZHANG et al. (2013) proved that volatile substances released by garlic chives reduce the incidence of di- seases caused by fungi from the Fusarium species, and Clavibacter michiga- nensis. Cultivation of garlic chives can be hindered by weed infestation, which becomes increasingly severe over the years. The application of synthetic and organic mulches (the latter on smaller areas) offers a good solution to this problem. However, the available literature lacks any data regarding mulch application to garlic chives fields. By contrast, there are numerous studies dealing with other species of vegetables, which seem to implicate that soil mulching is a very advantageous treatment (GREER, DOLE 2003, KWABIAH 2004, DIAZ-PEREZ et al. 2007, MORENO, MORENO 2008, MIRSHEKARI et al. 2012). Mulching protects plantations against weeds (BUCZKOWSKA 1999) and, accor- ding to GREER and DOLE (2003), DIAZ-PEREZ et al. (2007) and NYOIKE et al. (2008), against pests and some diseases. It also prevents soil erosion, exces- sive evaporation of water and leaching of nutrients around the rhizosphere of plants. The aim of this research has been to assess the effect of a type of mulch on the yielding and biological value of two- and three-year-old garlic chives. 9 MATERIAL AND METHODS In 2010-2014, a long-term field experiment was conducted at the Re- search Station belonging to the Department of Horticulture at Wrocław Uni- versity of Environmental and Life Sciences. The trials were designed accord- ing to the method of randomized blocks in three replication. The yields and the biological value of garlic chives cultivated on synthetic mulches from black and white polyethylene foil (PE), black polypropylene agrotextile (PP) and biodegradable foil, and on miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus Greef at Deuter) chaff mulch (20 cm thick layer) were determined. In 2014, the exper- iment was treated as a two-factor one. The first factor was the age of the plantation and the second one comprised the aforementioned mulches. The plots without mulching served as the control. The size of a plot was 2.16 m2 (1.8 x 1.2 m) and the harvested area made up 1.44 m2 (1.2 x 1.2 m). The experiment was conducted on Chernozem soil with a calcic horizon (FAO-WRB Gleyic Calcic Chernozems) lying on medium clay, which belonged to class III in the Polish soil taxnomy. The soil pH was 7.8 and its salinity equalled 113.1 μs cm-1. The field was prepared by deep ploughing in the au- tumn followed by dragging and cultivating in the spring. Before planting garlic chives, the field was fertilised with ammonium nitrate in the amount of 100 kg N ha-1, incorporated into the soil using a rotary cultivator. After 6 weeks, top dressing was performed at a dose of 50 kg N ha-1. Nitrogen fertil- isation was repeated every year, immediately after the onset of plant grow- ing and after the second harvest. Garlic chives were cultivated at the 80 mg P dm-3 and 200 mg K dm-3 content in the soil. The fertilisation with triple superphosphate and potassium sulphate had been completed before the ex- periment was started, and then repeated in the spring of the second year of cultivation. While the plants were growing, the fertilisers were spread be- tween the plots, onto the strips of land not covered with mulches. Garlic chive seedlings were produced in the greenhouse, in multipot trays, with 72 plugs per tray, each 54 cm3 in volume. 5 seeds in each plug were sown in the third decade of February. The seedlings grew on peat sub- strate until the phase of 2-3 permanent leaves, when (on 15th April) they were outplanted on a field, using nest planting (5 plants in each nest) and 30 x 20 cm spacing. The cultivation measures applied during the experiment consisted of manual weeding around the plant clusters. Before the plant growing period, mulch made of biodegradable foil and the miscanthus mulch were spread over the ground. Miscanthus mulch was made on a plantation located at an- other research station of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. At the end of the experiment, synthetic mulches were recycled as plastic waste. The leaves were harvested 4-5 times a year, from 11th May to 4th October in 2011, from 21st May to 18th October in 2012, from 15th May to 26th Septem- 10 ber in 2013, and from 13th May to 15th September in 2014. The leaf yields were determined. During the full growing period, chemical analyses were conducted on samples collected commencing from first decade of August (the third set), to assess the biological value of garlic chive leaves. The sam- ples used for analyses were complete plant clusters, four from each plot (about 200 g). The content of the following parameters was determined: dry matter – using the gravimetric method, vitamin C – the titration method (PN-90/A-75101/11), reducing sugars – the Lane-Eynona method (PN- -90/A-75101/07), chlorophyll and carotenoids – the colourimetric method, N-NO3 – the potentiometric method. The concentrations of P and Mg were determined colourimetrically, in 2% acetic acid, with the use of a universal method developed by Nowosielski, whereas the levels of K and Ca were measured by flame photometry. The results of the chemical analyses and those regarding plant yielding underwent statistical analysis using the Tukey test at significance α = 0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The research showed significant influence of tillage conditions on the yield of garlic chives in the second year of cultivation (Tables 1, 2). The re- corded data indicated that the yield of leaves in 2013 was on average 32.8% higher than the leaf yields in 2011 and 2012, which was probably a consequ- ence of moderate temperatures and higher total rainfall in the first half of the plant growing period in 2013. A statistically significant effect of the type of mulch on the yield was observed only in 2011, when the highest leaf yield (17.99 t ha-1) was harvested from the plots with black PE foil mulch. Statisti- cally the same level of leaf yield was determined on plots mulched with PP agrotextile and on biodegradable foil.
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