Assessment of Management Effectiveness for Papua New Guinea’S Protected Areas 2017

Assessment of management effectiveness for Papua New Guinea’s protected areas 2017 FINAL REPORT ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS FOR PAPUA NEW GUINEA’s PROTECTED AREAS 2017 This is the final report prepared by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) for submission to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Papua New Guinea Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA) in relation to the 2016–17 assessment of the management effectiveness of Papua New Guinea’s protected areas. All the 57 gazetted protected areas in PNG are covered in this report, along with one proposed protected area that is in the process of gazettal. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are most grateful for the time and effort contributed by all the workshop participants, mostly customary landowners of PNG’s protected areas. Thanks are also given to the many other people who worked on this project, or provided support or information, including the following: Collaborators, facilitators and note-takers: especially James Sabi, Warren Jano and Amanda Wheatley and also including Bernard Suruman, Benside Thomas, Vagi Rei, Ovin Wafewa, Madline Ainie Lahari, Agnes Bevi, and Margaret Sibona Kilapat. GIS and maps: Malcolm Keako (CEPA), Craig Hempel, Vanessa Adams (UQ), Viv Tulloch (UQ), Nate Peterson (TNC). Senior Executive Support: Emily Fajardo (UNDP), Kumaras Kay Kalim (CEPA), Gunther Joku (CEPA), Stuart Chape (SPREP). Advice and information: Paul Chatterton, Peter Hunnam. Funding: Global Environment Facility Citation Fiona Leverington, Ann Peterson and Gregory Peterson with Warren Jano, James Sabi and Amanda Wheatley (2017) Assessment of management effectiveness for Papua New Guinea’s protected areas 2017. Final Report. SPREP, Apia, Samoa. AffiliationS Fiona Leverington, Ann Peterson and Gregory Peterson conducted this project through Protected Area Solutions Pty Ltd under contract to SPREP. In addition, Fiona is an Adjunct Senior Fellow and Ann is an Honorary Associate Professor with The University of Queensland, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences: we both appreciate the University’s continuing support. DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared in cooperation with CEPA but is an independent evaluation, and the views do not necessarily reflect official CEPA policy or SPREP policy. There is no obligation for CEPA to accept or implement any recommendations contained in this report. SPREP Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Leverington Fiona … [et al.] Assessment of 1. Nature conservation – Oceania. I. Leverington, Fiona. management effectiveness for Papua New 2. Protected areas – Papua New Guinea. II. Peterson, Ann. Guinea’s protected areas 2017 : final report. 3. Environment – Protection – Papua New Guinea. III. Peterson, Gregory. Apia, Samoa : SPREP, 2017. 4. Parks and reserves – Management IV. Jano, Warren. 180 p. 29 cm. – Papua New Guinea. V. Sabi James. VI. Wheatley, Amanda. ISBN: 978-982-04-0733-6 (print) VII. Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). 978-982-04-0734-3 (ecopy) VIII.Title. 333.783 953 Assessment of management effectiveness for Papua New Guinea’s protected areas 2017 FINAL REPORT CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 CHAPTER 5 PartiCipants’ RECOMMENDationS 85 5.1 What we did 85 PART ONE BACKGROUND 19 5.2 Key Findings 85 5.3 Design and establishment 85 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 21 5.4 Planning and objectives 87 1.1 Project background 21 5.5 Budget, infrastructure and equipment 88 1.2 Creation and progress of PNG’s protected area system 23 5.6 Human resources 89 1.2.1 Before Independence 23 5.7 Legislation, enforcement and control 90 1.2.2 The 1970s 24 5.8 Information, inventory and research 91 1.2.3 1980–2010 25 5.9 Resource management 92 1.2.4 The current decade 27 5.10 Relationships and awareness 92 1.2.5 Reserve planning for PNG 27 5.11 Tourism and recreation 94 1.2.6 Protected area statistics 2017 28 5.12 Economic benefits 96 1.3 Protected area management effectiveness 31 5.13 Condition of values 96 1.3.1 Previous assessments of management effectiveness in PNG 33 5.14 Conclusions 96 1.4 Conclusions: What have we learnt from the past? 36 CHAPTER 6 THreatS TO PNG’s PROTECTED AREAS 97 CHAPTER 2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 37 6.1 What we did 97 2.1 What we did 37 6.2 Key findings: most common and severe threats 97 2.2 Key findings 37 6.3 Community perspectives on threats 100 2.3 Principles for PAME 38 6.3.1 Climate change and severe weather 100 2.4 Designing the questionnaire 38 6.3.2 Biological resource use and harm within a protected area 103 2.5 Process 40 6.3.3 Invasive and other problematic species and genes 107 2.6 Evaluation of the methodology 41 6.3.4 Housing and commercial development within a protected area 109 2.7 Limitations of approach 41 6.3.5 Changes to natural systems 111 2.8 Spatial analysis 42 6.3.6 Loss of cultural and social values 113 2.9 Conclusions 44 6.3.7 Geological events 115 6.3.8 Pollution entering or generated within a protected area 116 PART TWO MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS EVALUation RESUltS 6.3.9 Transportation and service corridors within protected areas 118 CHAPTER 3 ValUES AND BENEFITS OF PNG’s PROTECTED AREAS 47 6.3.10 Human intrusions and disturbance within a protected area 119 6.3.11 Agriculture and aquaculture with a protected area 120 3.1 What we did 47 6.3.12 Energy production and mining within a protected area 121 3.2 Key findings 47 6.3.13 Other threats 121 3.3 Why is the protected area important? 48 6.4 Limitations of the threat assessment 122 3.4 Key values 49 6.5 Discussion and Conclusions 122 3.5 Benefits checklist 51 3.6 Conclusions 52 CHAPTER 7 CONDITION AND TREND OF PNG’s PROTECTED AREAS 125 CHAPTER 4 MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS EVALUation 53 7.1 What we did 125 7.2 Key findings 126 4.1 What we did 53 7.3 Condition and trend 126 4.2 Key findings 54 7.4 GIS analysis 128 4.3 Results for each protected area 55 7.4.1 Protected area values with little change 129 4.4 Results according to management themes 56 7.4.2 Protected areas with forest and biodiversity loss 130 4.4.1 Design and establishment 56 7.5 Conclusions about condition and trend 131 4.4.2 Planning and objectives 58 4.4.3 Budget, infrastructure and equipment 59 PART THREE REFLECTING ON THE PAST, LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 4.4.4 Human resources 62 4.4.5 Legislation, control and enforcement 64 CHAPTER 8 STORIES FROM THE PROTECTED AREAS 135 4.4.6 Information, inventory and research 69 8.1 Bush rangers – Pokili Wildlife Management Area 136 4.4.7 Resource management 71 8.2 Champions for conservation– Tavolo Wildlife Management Area 137 4.4.8 Relationships, education and awareness 72 8.3 Conservation Alliance – Torricelli Proposed Conservation Area 138 4.4.9 Tourism and recreation 76 8.4 Secure funding – Kokoda Track Historic reserve 139 4.4.10 Economic benefits to local communities 78 8.5 Marine protected area management – Madang Lagoon 140 4.4.11 Condition of protected area values 80 8.6 Ridge to reef – Kamiali Wildlife Management Area 141 4.5 Conclusions: are protected areas improving? 82 8.7 An integrated approach – YUS Conservation Area 142 8.8 International collaboration: Maza Wildlife Management Area 143 8.9 Ecotourism At Mt Wilhelm National Park 144 8.10 Absence of management: Loroko National park 145 CHAPTER 9 DISCUSSION: WHat IS WORKING AND WHat IS NOT 147 CHAPTER 10 OpportUNITIES AND RECOMMENDationS 151 9.1 Positive features to build on 147 10.1 What we did 151 9.1.1 Community attitudes and receptiveness 147 10.2 Key findings 151 9.1.2 Policy framework 148 10.3 Establish protected areas as clear, legally enforced entities 153 9.1.3 Retention of values in protected areas 148 10.4 Establish clear management roles and an effective on-ground 9.1.4 Strengths in management effectiveness 148 ranger presence 154 9.2 Key weaknesses and challenges 148 10.5 Establish management plans and activities 155 9.2.1 Lack of agency presence, the rule of law and community sanctions 149 10.6 Raise awareness and encourage education 156 9.2.2 Incursions from large-scale development 149 10.7 Consider community needs and issues 156 9.2.3 Context of population increase poverty, resource depletion and lack of 10.8 Conclusions 157 government services 150 9.2.4 Community training and understanding 150 PART FOUR REFERENCES AND attaCHMENTS 9.2.5 External threats: climate change, invasive species and natural disasters 150 REFERENCES 161 9.3 Conclusions 150 Attachment 1: List of PNG protected areas 165 Attachment 2: The PNG-METT questionnaire 167 Attachment three: Protected area summaries 179 FIGURES Figure A-2: PNG Protected Area Timeline 8 Figure 23: Rating for the condition of protected area values 80 Figure A-1: Growth of protected area system in PNG 9 Figure 24: Changes in management effectiveness scores 1996–2017 83 Figure A-3: Participants’ perceptions of the level of importance of benefits provided by PNGPAs 10 Figure 25: Summary of three key recommendations from each protected area 86 Figure A-4: Overall progress in management effectiveness for protected areas in PNG 11 Figure 26: Proportion of PNG’s protected areas reporting each level 1 (general) threat 97 Figure A-5: Summary of workshop participants’ three key recommendations from each area 12 Figure 27: Perceived occurrence of ‘Level 2’ (specific) threats in protected areas in PNG 99 Figure A-6: Percent of protected areas that experience each level 1 (general) threat 13 Figure 28: Level of threat to protected areas from climate change 100 Figure 1.

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