Constancea 83.15: SEAWEED COLLECTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM 12/17/2002 06:57:49 PM Constancea 83, 2002 University and Jepson Herbaria P.C

Constancea 83.15: SEAWEED COLLECTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM 12/17/2002 06:57:49 PM Constancea 83, 2002 University and Jepson Herbaria P.C. Silva Festschrift Marine Algal (Seaweed) Collections at the Natural History Museum, London (BM): Past, Present and Future

Ian Tittley Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD

ABSTRACT

The specimen collections and libraries of the Natural History Museum (BM) constitute an important reference centre for macro marine algae (brown, green and red generally known as seaweeds). The first collections of algae were made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and are among the earliest collections in the museum from Britain and abroad. Many collectors have contributed directly or indirectly to the development and growth of the seaweed collection and these are listed in an appendix to this paper. The taxonomic and geographical range of the collection is broad and a significant amount of information is associated with it. As access to this information is not always straightforward, a start has been made to improve this through specimen databases and image collections. A collection review has improved the availability of geographical information; lists of countries for a given species and lists of species for a given country will soon be available, while for Great Britain and Ireland geographical data from specimens have been collated to create species distribution maps. This paper considers issues affecting future development of the seaweed collection at the Natural History Museum, the importance and potential of the UK collection as a resource of national biodiversity information, and participation in a global network of collections.

FOREWORD

In the eighty years of Paul Silva's life the approaches to development and growth of Museum collections have changed considerably. No longer are they an indicator of the wealth and importance of the owner but are now considered part of a shared global resource. There is a responsibility recognised by collection managers not only to care for and maintain their collections but also to make them accessible and available. At the start of Paul Silva's career the cataloguing of collections was considered to be at best a laborious task and at worst an impractical task. Paul is one of the few to have successfully undertaken the manual organisation of large amounts of complex algal nomenclatural and taxonomic information. The many publications by Paul Silva dealing with such matters (as demonstrated in the recently published Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean, Silva et al. 1996) have created tools vital to the organisation of a large collection of algae and its associated information. The importance of specimen collections, their care and maintenance into the future, is implicit in his studies.

Paul visited the Natural History Museum (BM) on several occasions and studied its collections. However, it came as a surprise that his name was not in the list of collectors listed in the Appendix (Table 1) and that no material of his is held. We would welcome any duplicate specimens of his that may be available! In the early 1950s Paul comprehensively revised the collections of Codium at BM. A typical specimen studied and annotated by him is shown in Figure 1; not

1/38 Constancea 83.15: SEAWEED COLLECTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM 12/17/2002 06:57:49 PM surprisingly he set an excellent example in being one of only a few workers who annotated every specimen studied with a comment as to its determination.

This paper, dedicated to Paul Silva, considers briefly the seaweed collection at BM, its growth and development from past, present and future perspectives, and its relevance to contemporary issues.

INTRODUCTION

Floristic studies and research into problems in systematics and taxonomy have been the driving forces for the growth and development of the marine macro−algal (seaweed) collection at the Natural History Museum (BM). Algal collections held in museums, marine laboratories and universities form a large information resource. It is not possible to quantify the global size of this resource but BM holds approximately 350000 specimens of world−wide origin and this probably represents a significant proportion of the global resource of seaweed specimens.

Since the amalgamation of the cryptogamic collections of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew with those of the Natural History Museum there has been an increasing demand for information on the marine algal collection now housed at BM. Only scant published information deals with the latter; Lankester (1904), Newton (1952) and Dickinson (1952) provided brief lists of collectors and collections while Koster (1962) collated some data on types. Stearn (1981) briefly mentioned marine algal collections in his history of the Natural History Museum, London. Tittley (1974) described the collection and activities of a nineteenth century phycologist (T.H. Buffham) who made a significant contribution to the development of the BM collection and to phycological knowledge and research at that time. The rapid advance of information technology and computing in the 1980s and 1990s facilitated access to collection information through construction of specimen databases and cataloguing projects that would have been difficult to complete using manual facilities. A start was made at BM in the 1980s to provide electronically collated information on type and historically important specimens (Tittley and Tyler 1983; Tittley et al. 1984, 1985, 1989). An innovative feature at that time was the preparation of geographical indexes to the collection (Tittley and Sutton, 1984; Tittley et al. 1984, 1985, 1989) of value in floristic and biogeographical studies.

An under−rated value of preserved collections is that they are verifiable records of an alga's existence in time as well as space (Huxley and Bryant 1999). Collections and the associated data may therefore contribute to the recognition of change or stability, temporal and spatial occurrence, changes in alpha diversity, and environmental change. The use and value of herbarium and other specimens and associated data in environmental (Brooke, 2000a; Cranbrook 1997; Gellini and Paoletti 1993; Huxley and Bryant 1999; Tittley 1977, 2001a, b) and conservation (Snow and Keating 1999) studies is beginning to attract greater recognition. There will be an important role for museums in housing and maintaining selected voucher specimens. The role of marine sample collections generally, their value, use, and future has also recently been the subject of a review and forward look (Rothwell 2001; Tittley 2001b for algae).

PAST

The earliest collections

The Sloane Herbarium at BM is probably the most extensive early assemblage of botanical collections made largely in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and includes many specimens of algae; it probably represents the beginning of marine algal (seaweed) study (Murray 1895). Dandy (1958) compiled an annotated list of the component collections and information on the contributors; algal specimens in the Sloane Herbarium originate from Britain and overseas. There are also some early specimens in the main marine algal herbarium. These early algal collections are not only important for nomenclatural and taxonomic research but also provide a historical insight into the marine flora of the past. The type of Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse is a specimen in the Sloane Herbarium from Cornwall (volume HS 114 folio 12), and the lectotype of Phyllophora pseudoceranoides (S.Gmelin) Newroth &A.R.A.Taylor (Figure 2) is based on a specimen probably from Dover in the Buddle Collection of the Sloane Herbarium (HS 114 f. 27). The occurrence of

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Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy at Harwich on the east−coast of England is confirmed by a specimen in the Sloane Herbarium (HS 114 f. 26; Figure 3). The location is beyond its present northern limit of distribution and analysis of past specimen and literature records of P. pavonia led Price et. al. (1979) to conclude that a contraction in range had occurred during past centuries.

Price and Tittley (1972) observed that specimen and literature records of marine algae from the county of Kent in England are among the earliest for the British Isles and probably for the world. Although the Sloane Herbarium contains relatively few localised British specimens, many of those that are localised originate from Kent. The Sloane and main algal herbaria contain 24 species from Deal, Dover, Sheerness, and the Isle of Sheppey. Irrespective of whether or not material was collected as attached specimens or from the drift, most of the species preserved in the collections can be found on the Kent coast today. Fucus serratus Linnaeus, F. vesiculosus Linnaeus, Halidrys siliquosa (Linnaeus) Lyngbye, Laminaria digitata (Hudson) Lamouroux and Ulva lactuca Linnaeus characterise the littoral rocky shore biotopes of the Kent coast. Ceramium nodulosum (Lightfoot) Ducluzeau, Chondrus crispus Stackhouse, Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh, Furcellaria lumbricalis (Hudson) Lamouroux, Halurus flosculosus (Ellis) Maggs & Hommersand, Membranoptera alata (Hudson) Stackhouse, Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse, Phyllophora pseudoceranoides (Figure 2), Plumaria plumosa (Hudson) Kuntze, Polyides rotundus (Hudson) Greville, and Porphyra purpurea (Roth) C.Agardh are common understorey species on the rocky shores of Kent. The foliose red alga Calliblepharis ciliata (Hudson) Kützing is a common sublittoral species and drift specimens occur frequently. Specimens of Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis and Polysiphonia lanosa (Linnaeus) Tandy collected from Deal in 1698/9 were undoubtedly drift and probably originated from the Lower Greensand rock outcrop at Folkestone (20 km to the west) where both grow today. A Halopitys incurvus (Hudson) Batters specimen was probably also drift as the species does not occur in Kent. The status of a Jania rubens (Linnaeus) Lamouroux specimen is interesting as there is evidence to suggest that this species has become extinct in the southern North Sea (Scott and Tittley 1999). The Sloane Herbarium also contains specimens of marine species in the past confused with algae; these include the intertidal sea−grass Zostera angustifolia (Hornemann) Reichenbach (from the Isle of Sheppey close to where it now occurs), ‘Silken Wrack’ (Flustra foliacea Linnaeus 1758) and Fucus spongiosus nodosus (Alcyonium digitatum (Linnaeus 1758)). The last two are species of fauna that characterise sublittoral biotopes on the north coast of Kent and are commonly found as drift.

Later seaweed collectors and collections

Most of the 350000 specimens at BM are dried, pressed, herbarium preparations but there are also approximately 20000 microscope slides, 2000 specimens preserved in formalin, and 2000 specimens air−dried and housed in boxes. Most herbarium specimens are mounted on uniform herbarium sheets; some are in bound volumes. The majority of the seaweed collection has been assembled over the past 200 years with a peak of specimen acquisition in the 19th century (a typical specimen of this period is shown in Figure 4).

The collection at BM has developed eclectically reflecting the research interests of staff, the scientific community of the time, and the economic and political activities of Britain. This led for example to the acquisition in the nineteenth century of extensive algal collections from Australia, New Zealand, and parts of North and South America that are rich in type specimens and specimens of historical interest. The collection from Great Britain and Ireland is comprehensive, largely as a result of the flowering of natural history activity involving collecting and taxonomic research, in the nineteenth century.

An important point in the history of the development of the BM algal collection was the amalgamation in 1970 of the BM and Kew (K) collections at BM. This doubled the size of the collections, the number of type and historically important specimens, and as a consequence increased requests for information and loan of specimens. Growth of the BM collection in the twentieth century has otherwise been slower than in the nineteenth century despite increased research activity locally and globally.

Table 1 in the Appendix lists the collectors who have contributed to the growth and development of the BM marine algal collection. It also provides information on the geographical origin of collections and the collection to which the collector has contributed. Over 1000 major and minor individual collectors and 77 titled or published sets of specimens are listed.

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Although incomplete, the list provides an overview of the components of the BM marine algal collection and those of importance for taxonomic, floristic and other research will be recognised. Not listed are several significant herbaria acquired by the museum the former owner of which was not the collector (e.g., Shuttleworth's Herbarium). Table 1 was compiled in part from manuscript indexes held in the algal herbarium; these also contain additional information on the collectors, content of their collections, and include their whereabouts when not at BM. In some cases there is also biographical information on a collector. Other information was retrieved from computer databases. Full information on algal collectors will become available when all specimens have been registered. A comprehensive database of collectors for all plant groups at BM is also in preparation and will be available via the world−wide−web (Sutton, in prep.).

PRESENT

Specimen registration and information

Until recently, the Botany Department of the Natural History Museum did not register individual incoming specimens; only the main details of a collections or presentation were recorded. Museum policy now requires collections to be accessioned electronically and additional resources have been made available to achieve this. The availability of desk−top computers in the early 1980s catalysed the initiation of specimen databases. The improvement of computer hardware and software now allows us to undertake tasks that would have been impossible before the 1980s and to plan a management strategy for doing these. The first attempts at creating specimen databases targetted information associated with type and historically important specimens (e.g., Tittley and Tyler, 1983) and our current approach will continue with this. However, in contrast to the previous computer−based cataloguing, all specimens are now registered with a unique identifier represented by a bar−coded numbered label (see Figure 4). Also, images of specimens (figures in this paper) can now be captured using a flat−bed scanner or a digital camera. An important point for users is that the bar−code number provides a unique reference to a specimen and this should always be cited when referring to specimens in reports and publications. Although the databases are as accurate as possible they are subject to caveats including correct label interpretation and specimen determination (see Tittley 1985).

The present strategy for specimen registration of the seaweed collection is:

1. To review the status of all specimens in the collection, identify type and historically important specimens, register each specimen with a unique (bar−code) number (see Figure 4), enter all associated information into a database and prepare digital images of type specimens.

This has been completed for the Phaeophyta with 1297 specimens registered and images prepared. 1777 specimens of Rhodophyta (A to Gigartina) have been registered and information incorporated into a database; 647 specimens of Chlorophyta have been provisionally identified as of possible type or historically important status. 2. To register each specimen received with a bar−code number and enter all information associated with the specimen into a database. 3. To target selected parts of collection for registration and collation of associated information.

Projects under way or completed include: the ‘Schmitz collection’ of microscope slides (see Bryant and Irvine 2002), the ‘Batters collection’ of microscope slides (completed), the general collection of microscope slides, and the boxed collection of air−dried material (completed). 4. To target selected geographical areas for registration and collation of associated information for information required for other projects. All specimens from Alaska and the Azores have been registered and a database prepared in association with floristic research projects. 5. To register all specimens of rare and endangered species which require action plans for conservation and are listed in the ‘UK Biodiversity Action Plan’. 6. To undertake rapid registration and data entry of general specimens. This involves registration of each specimen with a bar−code but entry of only selected fields of associated information into a database. The aim is to speed the

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process of specimen registration and 6000 specimens of Phaeophyta have been registered in this way (despite this accelerated approach it is estimated that 2−3 man−years will be required to register the entire marine algal collection).

To date, approximately 40000 specimens have been registered, 11% of the total collection.

Taxonomic scope

Although the marine algal (seaweed) collection is large, it is taxonomically incomplete; the full systematic scope of the collection will be available when the review of the collection has been finished in a few years time. Revision of the Phaeophyta is complete and an inventory of genera and species held at BM is now available. The collection at present contains 946 species (approx. 65% of the world total of 1500) and 219 genera out of 265 (82% of the world total); all 44 families and 14 orders are represented (following the classification used in Silva et al. 1996). Thus far 1191 species of Rhodophyta have been reviewed, approximately 50% of the collection. A preliminary assay of the Chlorophyta collection suggests approximately 1400 species to be present.

Geographical information

The marine algal collection at BM is global in extent with specimens from most continents and oceans but not from all countries. Until recently the provision of geographical information was not straightforward. In the 1980s when a catalogue of type specimens and a revision of the nomenclatural and taxonomic state of the collection was commenced, it was recognised that a long period would elapse before all specimens were registered and the associated geographical information became fully available. As floristic information on the collection was often requested a decision was made to summarise geographical and floristic information for all species and countries (e.g., Tittley and Sutton 1984). These indexes are being maintained until the specimen registration databases are complete and sorting of the geographical fields can provide full information. In collaboration with researchers elsewhere specimen databases have been prepared for given areas. As mentioned, this was successfully completed for Alaska. We welcome the opportunity to collaborate on such projects for other parts of the world.

GIS (Geographical Information System) allows the creation of mapped specimen information, supporting biogeographical, distributional and other studies. Geographical information has been collated for the BM collections from Great Britain and Ireland and this will soon be available as a series of species distribution maps. Precise locational information was mapped by placing points in 5 km grid squares of the British National Grid. Date information was collected and assigned to three broad time−periods (pre 1900; 1900−69; 1970−) in order to give a temporal perspective to the maps (potentially maps can be produced with as many time periods as is required). Irish data are currently being collected. Figure 5 shows the distribution in Great Britain of Alaria esculenta (Linnaeus) Greville with coloured points representing the time periods. Figure 6 (without time periods) shows the distribution of the northern, cold water, Odonthalia dentata (Linnaeus) Lyngbye from specimens in the BM collection. Figure 7 (without time periods) shows the predominantly western distribution in Great Britain of Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq. Figure 8 (without time periods) shows the distribution of herbarium records of the recent migrant to Britain, Colpomenia peregrina (Sauvageau) G.Hamel. As with the geographical index to the whole collection, this accumulation of grid−references for each UK species will be maintained until replaced by a full specimen database.

FUTURE

Collections development, forming a strategy

Housing and maintaining collections makes demands on resources and is expensive. In the twentieth century the cryptogamic herbarium at BM has undergone several moves and transformations to improve housing, to increase storage space, and provide better working conditions for staff and visitors. Although there is at present sufficient space to accommodate moderate growth in the seaweed collection, future expansion and development will be limited inevitably by

5/38 Constancea 83.15: SEAWEED COLLECTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM 12/17/2002 06:57:49 PM the constraints of a nineteenth century building. Housing and maintenance will be considerably improved following completion of a planned ‘state of the art’ building to house the BM collections (the ‘Darwin centre’).

The strategy for the future development of the marine algal collections in the short to medium term will focus on six key issues:

1. Care and conservation. BM will maintain a major resource of specimens to support systematic and floristic research. Collections conservation and management, having been benchmarked against other leading institutions, will be of world−leading quality (Natural History Museum 10 year vision; internal document). 2. Access to the collection—specimen databases. The acquisition of specimen data and also the creation of a digital image collection will continue as a high priority activity to safeguard the information content of the collections and to improve access. The museum will be a key global provider of information on specimens held (Natural History Museum 10 year vision). 3. New specimen storage techniques. Aside from properly environmentally controlled conditions, there is a need to respond to new technologies in taxonomic research. Molecular studies, for example, will require the storage of algal material using different (e.g., deep−frozen, ethanol fixation) techniques and new ancilliary collections for that purpose will be created (see also Goldblatt et al. 1992; Rainbow 2001). 4. Modern nomenclature and taxonomy. There is a need to keep up to date with taxonomic and modern nomenclature by scanning recently published literature or by using nomenclatural databases (see Algaebase on www.algaebase.com). This will achieve a consistent arrangement of specimens and the associated data collections, and avoid past problems where specimens of a genus or species have been filed under various synonyms. Annotation of specimens studied by specialists is an important contribution that can be made to organisation of the collection. 5. Growth. Plans for future housing of the collection allow for continued but slow growth. Specimens will continue to be acquired as a result the research interests of staff and occasional donations from external sources. 6. UK biodiversity. In addition to supporting taxonomic research, the collections from Great Britain and Northern Ireland will be developed to serve also as a comprehensive archive of UK national biodiversity (see below).

These issues will inevitably require precisely defined working procedures and protocols for acquiring, registering, and organising the seaweed collection unlike the laissez−faire approaches of the past. Collection management at BM is becoming a team activity that involves conservators maintaining the integrity of specimens and labels, I.T. specialists designing and maintaining computer systems that hold specimen data, taxonomist−curators registering specimens and organising the collection (physically and electronically) following accepted modern nomenclature, collections−registrars providing legal information on specimen acquisition and loan, and field−researchers obtaining and following the relevant permits and protocols for specimen collection. At BM a protocol for the arrangement and management of the marine algal (seaweed) specimen collection and associated electronic data is in preparation; it is required for reasons of consistency, long−term continuity, and information sharing.

UK seaweed collections: a national resource

The seaweed collections at BM will always be important in underpinning local taxonomic and floristic research. The 130000 specimens from the UK and Ireland are also an important resource of local seaweed biodiversity information. A recently completed systematic review of the UK and Ireland holdings has provided information on the scope of the collection (to be made available electronically). Its core is the many tens of thousands of specimens collected during the nineteenth century. The survey also revealed that paradoxically, despite major floristic and ecological projects such as the Seaweeds of the British Isles flora series and the Marine Nature Conservation Review (an extensive habitat survey around the UK), the number of specimens acquired in the twentieth century has been smaller than previously. The distribution maps of the UK and Irish specimen holdings will provide a useful resource of information with each species map summarising the geographical extent of the collection. The combined geographical information creates a valuable data−source for local biogeographical analysis. The collection review has revealed taxonomic and geographical gaps, and absences in time with species such as Buffhamia speciosa Batters (Figure 4) not found since the nineteenth century. Also

6/38 Constancea 83.15: SEAWEED COLLECTIONS, NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM 12/17/2002 06:57:49 PM identified are locations for which BM holds a time−series of specimen based species records. Such information has contributed to environmental studies in the creation a historical profile of the seaweed vegetation at a particular site (see early collections above; Scott and Tittley 1999; Tittley 1977; 2001a, b).

The UK marine algal collection also provides a resource of species information to support the management of biodiversity locally, regionally, and nationally including the recognition of ‘Red Data Book’ or ‘Rare and endangered’ species (e.g., Anon 1995; Maggs 2000). Partnerships are being developed to release centrally held information at BM for local use at regional Biological Records Centres.

The strategy for the development of the UK marine algal collection will follow those outlined for the algal collection, but with additional objectives to reflect its importance in national and local biodiversity. The main additional issues are:

1. A comprehensive collection. We aim to hold specimens of all species listed for Great Britain and Northern Ireland by filling three main types of gap in the collection, taxonomic, geographical and temporal. 2. UK Biodiversity. We aim to organise the UK collection and associated electronic data to support the UK Biodiversity Network nationally and locally. Species mapping and registering specimens of ‘rare and endangered’ species represents a first step. 3. Historical time−series. We aim to maintain a historical time−series of specimens at BM for selected UK sites. 4. Contemporary issues. We aim to encourage wider use of the national collection for contemporary environmental, conservation and biodiversity issues. This may lead to the acquisition of important voucher specimens.

Marine algal (seaweed) collections: sharing a global resource

Many of the established algal collections in the world were founded in the nineteenth century as a consequence of the old order of political and economic power. However, the ‘Rio Summit’ drew attention to the importance of the biological heritage of each state. Field−research may now require the study collection to be retained in the country of origin and duplicates removed only with permission of the host country. The return of collections to their countries of origin is a topical and sensitive issue. Some states strictly control the export of biological material and there are also now stronger international and national laws governing the movement of biological material from country to country. This may slow the growth of collections particularly at the long−established centres and bring about the creation of new algal herbaria. We would welcome the opportunity to form partnerships with institutions abroad to make new collections in the field and to organise the repatriation of information (specimen data and images) held at BM.

Collecting is a necessary but potentially damaging activity, especially when large numbers of duplicate sets are prepared. There is anecdotal evidence that in the nineteenth century algal populations in Devon (southwest England) were permanently damaged through intensive collecting. The continuing development of new computer−based technology and the relative ease of assembling specimen data and images suggest a reduced need for collecting many duplicate sets of specimens. Nonetheless, in the short to medium term BM will continue to welcome the donation of collections especially those that are unsual or novel. The creation of the virtual herbarium with the availability of images of BM algal type and historically important specimens via the world−wide−web may reduce the need for large loans of specimens and thus the cost to the museum. The loan of specimens is a time−consuming and expensive activity but it is a service we will continue to provide to the scientific community.

BM recognises the need to participate in a network of marine algal collection and biodiversity information. The costs and benefits of this are considered by Brooke (2000b), Graves (2000), Scoble (2000), and Wirtz (2000). Regional and national biodiversity databases and information systems such as NABIN (North America Biodiversity Information Network) are now accessible. In Europe, BIOCISE (Biological Collection Service in Europe), ERMS (European Register of Marine Species), and BIOMARE (network of marine biodiversity research in Europe) are examples of electronic information systems to which BM can contribute algal data. A global strategy for documenting plant diversity is being actively promoted through the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), sixth Convention of Parties (COP6), the Global

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Taxonomy Initiative (GTI), and the Global Biodiversity Facility (GBIF). BM is currently the UK focal point for the GTI. Both GTI and GBIF are working to coordinate collections data (see GTI on www.biodiv.org). GBIF aims to create a network of biodiversity databases and the information technology tools to allow access to the world's biodiversity information. Planned objectives for the next decade include an electronic catalogue of names of 90% of known organisms and 85% of natural history specimen data to be digitised and available via the internet. As mentioned, it is the Natural History Museum's 10 year vision to make available specimen images and data−sets of its algal and other collections.

CONCLUSIONS

The future development and growth of the marine algal collection at BM is planned to continue, albeit more slowly than in the past. In the short to medium term, aside from routine care and maintenance and the loan of specimens, the development of databases and image collections will be a high priority task thereby improving access to the collections. Particular emphasis will be placed on making the BM marine algal collection from the United Kingdom an important national resource of algal biodiversity information. BM will contribute to the global resource of marine algal species and specimen information. The nomenclatural and taxonomic studies completed by Paul Silva and others underpin the effective organisation of a major collection of marine algal (seaweed) specimens and its associated information.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to acknowledge in particular Jim Price, formerly of the Natural History Museum, for his incredible efforts in bringing together much of the information on collectors, collections and also biographical information, and also for the collation of the surprisingly large amount of pre−Linnaean specimen and collector information for Kent. I would also like to thank the many Earthwatch volunteers for their diligent efforts in extracting geographical information for mapping the British seaweed collection. Earthwatch Institute is gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. Thanks are also due to Jim Chimonides of the Department of Zoology (BM) for his considerable help with the preparation of distribution maps.

REFERENCES

Anon. 1995. Biodiversity: The UK Steering Group Report Volume 2. HMSO, London. Brooke M. de L. 2000a. Why museums matter. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 136–137. Brooke M. de L. 2000b. Costs and benefits of web access to museum data. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 375. Bryant, J.A. and Irvine, L.M. 2002. The Schmitz slide collection at the Natural History Museum, London (BM). Constancea. Cranbrook, Earl of 1997. The scientific value of collections. In, Nudds, J.R. and Pettitt, C.W. (eds.), The value and valuation of Natural Science Collections. The Geological Society, London. Pp.3–10. Dandy, J.E. 1958. The Sloane Herbarium An annotated list of the Horti Sicci composing it; with biographical accounts of the principal contributors. British Museum, London. Dickinson, C.I. 1952. Collectors who have contributed British and Irish specimens to the algal herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew to the year 1910. British Phycological Bulletin 1(1): 11–14. Gellini, R. and Paoletti, E. 1993. Herbarium specimens shed light on climatic and environmental changes. Webbia 48: 191–196. Goldblatt, P., Hoch, P.C., and McCook, L.M. 1992.

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Documenting scientific data: the need for voucher specimens. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 969–970. Graves, G.R. 2000. Costs and benefits of web access to museum data. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 374. Huxley, R. and Bryant, J.A. 1999. The value of museum collections and other information sources for assessing changes in the marine flora. In Scott, G.W. and Tittley, I. (eds.), Changes in the marine flora of the North Sea. Centre for Environmental Research into Coastal Issues, Scarborough. Pp. 29–40. Koster, J.T. 1962. Type collections of algae. Taxon 18: 549–559. Lankester, E.R. 1904. The history of collections contained in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum. Vol. 1. British Museum (Natural History), London. Maggs, C.A. 2000. The rare red alga Anotrichium barbatum: Species action plan and its implementation. Countryside Council for Wales, Contract Science Report No. 397. Murray, G. 1895. An introduction to the study of seaweeds. Macmillan and Co., London. Newton, L.M. 1952. Preliminary list of the herbaria at the British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington. British Phycological Bulletin 1(1): 14–19. Price, J.H. and Tittley, I. 1972. The marine flora of Kent, southeast England, and its distribution 1597–1970. Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 7: 31–34. Price, J.H., Tittley, I., and Richardson, W.D. 1979. The distribution of Padina pavonica (L.) Lamour. (Phaeophyta: Dictyotales) on British and adjacent European shores. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 7: 1–67. Rainbow, P. 2001. Collections: Past, Present and Future. In Rothwell, D.G. (ed.), Marine Sample Collections—Their Value, Use and Future. IACMST Information Document No. 8 IACMST, Southampton. Pp. 9–11. Rothwell, D.G. (ed.) 2001. Marine Sample Collections—Their Value, Use and Future. IACMST Information Document No. 8. IACMST, Southampton. Scoble, M. 2000. Costs and benefits of web access to museum data. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15: 374. Scott, G.W. and Tittley, I. (eds.) 1999. Changes in the Marine Flora of the North Sea. Centre for Environmental Research into Coastal Issues, Scarborough. Silva, P.C., Basson, P.W., and Moe, R.L. 1996. Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany 79: xiv+1–1259. Snow, N. and Keating, P.L. 1999. Relevance of specimen citations to conservation. Conservation Biology 13: 943–944. Stearn, W.T. 1981. The Natural History Museum at South Kensington. Heinemann, London. Tittley, I. 1974. Thomas Hughes Buffham. Microscopy 32: 353–369. Tittley, I. 1977. The use of local collections in marine floristic studies. Museums Journal 77: 132–133. Tittley, I. 1985. Cataloguing the marine algal collections at the British Museum (Natural History). Taxon 34: 472–473.

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Tittley, I. 2001a. Changes in the marine algal flora of the tidal Thames: a millenium review. London Naturalist 80: 135–146. Tittley, I. 2001b. Museum algal collections and environmental change. In: Rothwell, R.G. (ed.), Marine Sample Collections—Their Value, Use and Future. IACMST Information Document No. 8 IACMST, Southampton. Pp. 42–47. Tittley, I., Honey, S.I., and David, J. 1985. Catalogue of Type Specimens and Geographical Index to the Collections of Rhodophyta (Red Algae) at the British Museum (Natural History) Part 2, Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae (Orders Hildenbrandiales, Nemaliales, Palmariales, Rhodymeniales). British Museum (Natural History), London. Tittley, I., Honey, S.I., and Sutton, D.A. 1989. Catalogue of Type Specimens and Geographical Index to the Collections of Rhodophyta (Red Algae) at the British Museum (Natural History) Part 3, Ceramiales. British Museum (Natural History), London. Tittley, I., Irvine, L.M., and Kartawick, T. 1984. Catalogue of Type Specimens and Geographical Index to the Collections of Rhodophyta (Red Algae) at the British Museum (Natural History) Part 1, Corallinales. British Museum (Natural History), London. Tittley, I. and Sutton, D.A. 1984. A Geographical Index to the Collections of Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Held at the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London. Tittley, I. and Tyler, W.J. 1983. Type Specimens of Phaeophyta at the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London. Wirtz, P. 2000. Costs and benefits of web access to museum data. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15: 374–375.

ILLUSTRATIONS View all figures at once Marine Algal (Seaweed) Collections at the Natural History Museum, London (BM)

Ian Tittley

APPENDIX: Algal collectors and collections

Notes/origin of collection (Full information is currently not Collector available for a small number of collectors) Abbott I.A. Mozambique, Zanzibar Accioly M. da C. Brazil Adam R.M.N. E.Indies Adams J. Ireland Adamson Victoria Australia Agardh J.G. Determined specimens from Australia Akpabha Ghana Alenjandro R. Venezuela

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Allen E.T. England Alston A.H.G. Indonesia, Sri Lanka In Algae Californicae, Algae Exsiccatae Anderson C.L. Americanae Borealis Anderson J. Burma Andres J. Spain Andrews J. No information Andrews W. Ireland Angeiras J.A.P. Brazil Ansah J.O.K. Ghana Aplin T.E.H. W.Australia Appleyarn P.W. W.Australia Arcangeli G. In Phycotheca Italica Archer Tasmania In Algen Sachsens resp. Mitteleuropas, Ardissone F. Italy Ardré F. Portugal Arechavelata J. Uruguay Areschoug J.E. Algae Scandinavicae Exsiccatae Armstrong Mrs Ireland Arnoldi W. Aru I. Asensi A.O. Argentina Atkinson E.M. British I. Attersoll E. Malta Aublet J.B.C.F. French Guiana Axford H.G. Scotland Ayres P.B. Mauritius Åsen P.A. Norway Baardseth E. Tristan da Cunha Baba M. Japan Babington C. British I., Japan Bacher Mrs Tasmania Bachhouse J. W.Australia Baglietto F. In Erbar. Crittogam. Italia Bailey A.B. Solomon I. Bailey F.M. Queensland Bailey J.W. USA Bailey New York Baker D. Wales Baker J.M. Nigeria Baldock L. British I.

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Ball A.E. Ireland Ballard F. No information Banfield Queensland Banks J. Various locations Banks R. Alaska Barbara I. Spain Barclay G. Voyage of HMS Sulphur, Alaska Barker Australia Barratt L. Oman Barton H.H. Queensland Bassett M.K. SE England Bassett−Smith Australia, China Significant proportion of British Batters E.A.L. collection Baumgartner J. Croatia Bean W. England Beccari O. Borneo, Indonesia Algae Marinae Africae Australis, Algae Becker H. Austro−Africanae Exsiccatae Beechey W. Alaska Béguinot A. In Algae Marinae, Italy Bell A. Norfolk Bennett B. Newfoundland Bennett J.J. China Bent T. Hadramaut Expedition Berger F. Croatia Berggren S. New Zealand Berkeley M.J. British I. Berner L. In Algae Marinae Berthold R. Victoria Australia Bertot Société Rochelaise Bicudo C.E.M. Brazil Biddulph S. No information Bisset J. Japan Blackstone J. Unlocalised probably England Blackler H. British I. Blake Miss Ireland Bland Wales Blatch J.B.E. Unlocalised probably England Blodgett J.L. Florida Boalch G.T. British I.

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Boning Miss England Bonnemaison T. France Boodle L.A. Cape of Good Hope Borchgrevink C.E. Antarctica Børgesen F. Canary I., Danish W Indies, Faroes, India Bornet E. France Borrer W. British I. Bosence D. Ireland Bory de Saint Vincent Various locations J.B.G.M. Boswarva J. Devon Bowden L. British I Bowerbank J.S. S.Africa Bourne G.G. Chagos I. Bower F.O. Scotland Boyden P.H. Wei−Hai−Wei, China Bradley H. China Bradshaw S. British I. Brand C. Cape of Good Hope Branden K. Australia Brauner J.L. Argentina Brébisson L.A. de In Reliquiae Brebissonianae Brebner G. Devon Bretschneider E. China Brewer S. In Sloane Herbarium v.229 Broadway W.E. Trinidad Brodie J. British I. Broeksmit T. In Algae Marinae Brook C.B.W. Channel I. Brooks P. Belize Broome M.A. W.Australia Brown R. Iter Australiense and other collections Bryant /Monk J.A. British I., France Budd J.W. Devon Buddle A. In Sloane Herbarium Significant proportion of British Buffham T.H. collection Bujan M. Spain Bunbury Miss W.Australia Bunker F. British I., Channel I. Burchell W.J. In Catalogus Geographicus Plantarum

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Brasilae Tropicae Burkhill H.M. Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand Burnett J.C. Oregon Burnett Miss British I. Butler E. In Phycotheca Boreali−America Cabioch J. France Calverly New York Calvert A. Chile Calvin N.I. Alaska Canepa In Erbar. Crittogam. Italia Cardwell Queensland Carmichael D. Scotland Carroll I. Ireland, Iceland Carter B. British I. Carvel In Erbar. Crittogam. Ital. Cattlow M. Jersey Chalmers J. In Algae Scoticae Corallinaceae, British I., Mozambique, Chamberlain/Butler Y.M. Norway, S.Africa Chamisso A. von Alaska Chapman C.J. Scotland Chapman G. Azores Chapman V.J. England, Jamaica, New Zealand Charlotte HRH No information Chauvin F.J. In Algues de la Normandie Cheel E. New South Wales Cheney D. Florida Chitty Jamaica In Algae Marinae Danicae Exsiccatae, Christensen T. specimens of Vaucheria, Greenland Christian M. Caroline I. Cinpetro A. Suakim Clark P. England Clarke S. S.Australia Clayton J. USA Clemente J. Roxas de In Plantas da Andalucia Clifton G. W.Australia Clokie J. Scotland Clouston C. Orkney Cobham A.J. W.Australia Cocentino A.L.M. Brazil

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Cocks J. Algarum Fasciculi Coker R.E. Peru Cole Lady Mauritius Colman J. MV Rosaua Expedition W Indies Colenso W. New Zealand Collings G. Australia Collingwood C. Pratas I. Collins F.S. Phycotheca Boreali−Americana Commerson P. No information Conway E. British I. Cooke P.J. British I. Cooper S.P. In Phycotheca Boreali−Americana Coppejans E. Greece, Tanzania Corbière F.M.L.? France Cordero P.A. Philippines Cordeiro Marino E. Brazil Cotton A.D. Ireland, Great Britain Couch J. Cornwall Coulter S. USA Cowan E.C. California Cox E. Tasmania Cramer C. Helgoland Cranwell L.M. New Zealand Cravlin A. S.Africa Cremades J. Spain Cresswell R. Devon Critchley A.T. British I. Croall A. Australia Crosby C.M. Tasmania St George Scientific Expeditionary Crossland C. Research Association Expedition Galapagos, S.America Algues de L'Ouest de la France; Algues Crouan P.L. & Crouan H. M. Marines du Finistére Crozier F.R.M. Chile, Falkland I. Cullinane J. Ireland Cumberland E.M. British I. Cuming H.? Australia Cuningham A. America, Falkland I. Curdie D. Australia Curtis Antarctic

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Curtiss A.H. Florida Algae Curtiss F.A. USA Cutler C. Devon. Dale S. British I. Darbishire O. von British I., Australia and other locations Dargent O. Tanzania Darwin C.R. Brazil and Chile Davies C.P. New Zealand Davies H. Wales Davies J.E. New Zealand Davies J.M.L. Jersey Davis J.S. Chile Dawson C. Scotland Dawson E.Y. California, Mexico Debray F. Algeria Degener O. Hawaii Delf E.M. I.o.Wight Delile A.R. Egypt Dempster A. Hawaii Dennis G.F.C. W.Indies Dennis R.M.G. No information De Rios N.R. Venezuela Desfontaine C.R. No information Desnoyen M.C. France Desmazières J.B.H.J. Plantes Cryptogames de France Herbarium Phycologicum; Phycotheca De Toni G.B. Italica, Italy De Valera M. Ireland Fitoteca Puertorriqueña, Brazil, Cuba, Díaz−Pifferer M. Florida, Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela Dickie G. Major collection in BM Dickinson J. British I. Dickson J. In Hortus Siccus Britannicus Dillenius J.J. In Sloane Herbarium Dillwyn L.W. In British Confervae Dipper F. Scotland Diuller Italy Dixon P. British I. Donoghue British I. Doore L.A. Tasmania Doty M.C. USA

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Douglas D. California Draparnaud J.P.R. France Drège J.F. South Africa Drennan J. Scotland Major collection in BM, British I., Italy, Drew K.M. California, Canada, Washington Drummond J.L. Ireland Drummond W.Australia Ducker S.C Australia Dudresnay de France Saint−Pol−de−Léon A., Duddon E. Jersey. Dufour L. In Erbar. Crittogam. Ital. Dupont R. Aldabra Dupray L. Algues de France Durieu M.A. de In Plant. Select. Hispano Lusit. Earle T.T. Victoria Australia Eastop V.F. France Cape of Good Hope, Kerguelen, and Eaton A.E. Transit of Venus Expedition In Algae Marinae Americanae Boreale Eaton D.C. Orientalis Ecklon C.F. S.Africa Edelstein T. Canada Edgar M.F. Jersey Edmondston T. Shetland Edwards J. Australia Edwards P. British I., Italy, USA Edwards Mrs British I. Edyvane K. Australia Edyvean R.G.J Corallinaceae Die Brack− und Salzwasseralgen der Eiben C.E. Ostfriesichen Inseln und Küsten Eigenmann R.S. Massachusetts Ellis J. No information Ellis R. Alaska Elliott W.R. W.Indies Elton C.S. Spitzbergen Endress P.A.C. France Engelhart G.D. Australia and Sri Lanka Engler R. S.Australia Enomoto S. Japan

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Enys J.D. Cornwall Ernst J. France Esper E.J.C. Italy, Greece Evans G. Mediterranean Sea, Abu Dhabi Evans J.L. Ireland Evans M.S. Natal Everett E. I.o.Wight Ewing R.J. Tasmania Farlow W.G. In Algae Exsiccatae Americae Borealis Farnham W.F. British I., France Farquhar J. Cape Province Farrow G.E. Scotland Fathalla Libya Feldmann−Mazoyer G. In Ceramiacées de la Mediterranée Ferguson W. Sri Lanka Felippone F. Uruguay Fell J.H. Denmark Fereday Mrs Tasmania Fereday J. Australia Fermin J. Venezuela Ferreira M.V. Brazil Finkh A.E. Gilbert & Ellis I. Fisher No information Fisher J. Scotland Flahault C.H.M. France Flanagan H.G. Algae Exsiccatae Austro−Africanae Fleischer M. Turkey Fleming G.W.T.H. British I. Fletcher R.L. British I. Fletcher Antarctic Floyer E.A. Persian Gulf Fogg S.A. Tasmania Foote V.J. Ghana Forbes H.D. Indonesia Forsskål P. Various locations Forster E. Herbarium in BM Lithothamnia Selecta Exsiccata, other Foslie M.H. Corallinaceae, Norway Fothergill C. Scotland Frankland T. Yorkshire Franks M. S.Africa

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Frere H.B.E. Pakistan Friedmann I. No information Fristedt R.F. In Sveriges Pharmaceutiska Fröhlich F.H.W. Various locations Frossell M. British I. Fujiro Japan Fujiyama T. Japan Fuller I. Scotland Fyson P.F. India Gabriel J. Australia Gadeceau E.J.A. France Galbraith W. China, Japan, Korea Gamble J.S. British I. Gandoser ? M. Morocco Garbary D. British I. Gardiner J.S. Sealark Expedition Indian Oc. Gardiner W. England Gardiner W. jnr Scotland Gardner N.L. Large collection from America Garwood J.E. Italy Gatcombe G. Devon America, Australia, British I., Hawaii, Sri Gatty M. Lanka Gaudichaud C. Brazil, Falkland I. Gay C. Brazil Gavey G.E. Jersey George E. SW England Gepp A. Tropical areas Gepp/Barton E.S. Tropical areas, British I. Gibbes L.R. USA Gibbs R.E. California Gibson E.J. Scotland Gibson R. England Gifford I. SW England Giles C.M. Burma Gill M. Ireland Gill−Rodriguez M. Canary I. Gill W.W. Mangaia/Cook I. Gilman England Glaziou M. Brazil Glegg M. W. Indies

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Gmelin S.G. Various locations Goldsworthy P. Victoria Australia Gonzales J.L. Spain Gonçalves B. Azores Goode H. Devon and Cornwall Goodenough S. Unlocalised Goodman C. British I. Goodman G. Alaska Gordon−Mills E. Australia Goreau T.F. Jamaica Gourlie W.J. S.Africa Grabham G.W. Madeira Graeffe E. Tongatabu Graham E.A. Halimeda, Udotea Granja A. Spain Grann H.H. Norway Grattan W.H. British I. Gray A. USA Gray J.E. Barbados and other locations Gray M.E. Hampshire Gray W. British I. Gregorson D. California Gregory W. W.Indies Greville R.K. In Algae Britannicae and generally in BM Grey B. Australia Griffiths A.W. Major collection from Britain Griffiths J.E. Wales Griggs R.F. Canada Gulson Mrs Devon Gronovius J.F. USA and other locations Grubb V.M. British I., Japan Grubbe A.E. Devon Grunow A. New Caledonia Gueinzius W. Natal Guiry M.D. In Algae Marinae Hibernicae, Portugal Gullimore J.P. Ireland Gulliver G. Rodriguez Gunn R. Tasmania Guppy H.B. Solomon I. Haas P. Hampshire Hailstone S. Sussex

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Hall B.L. British I. Hall E. Oregon In Algae Marinae Americanae Boeale Hall F.W. Orientalis Hall G.A. In Phycotheca Boreali Americana Hamber A. Guernsey Hamel G. Algues des Antilles Françaises Hamel−Joukov A. Algues des Antilles Françaises Hamilton H.A. New Zealand Hance H.F. Various locations Hanna H.A. Ireland Hansen G.I. N.Carolina Hansen W. Oregon Hanson J. Alaska Hansgirg A. In Kryptogamie Exsiccatae Happer D. Kenya Hare R. Devon Harold W. S.Australia Hart H.C. Canada Hartog C. den Channel I. Harvey W.H. Major collection in BM Harvey−Gibson R.J. British I., New Zealand Hauck F. Phykotheka Universalis, Algeria Hausknecht H.C. Persian Gulf Hawker G.C. S.Australia (comm.) Hay C. New Zealand Hedley C. Queensland Hein W. Various locations Heldreich T. de In Reliquiae Orphanideae Heller A.A. In Plants of the Hawaiian Islands Henriquez J.A. Portugal Hepp P. England, France Hepburn J. British I. Hepton C.E.L. Cornwall Heribaud−Joseph J.B.C. France Heron−Allen E. British I. In Phycotheca Boreali Americana, Hervey A.B. Bermuda Heward R. Devon Heydrich J. New Guinea Hildebrandt J.M. In Flora von Ost−Africa

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Highley J. British I. Hill E. England Hill R.D. England Djibouti, Kenya, Mozambique, S.Africa, Hillis−Collinvaux L. Tanzania Hindle E. Romania Hirase Y. Japan Hiscock S. British I. Hobson J. India Hochreutiner B.P.G. Samoa and W.Australia Hochstetter C. Azores and other locations Hodgson R. British I. Hofman−Bang N. Denmark Hohenacker R.F. In Algae Marinae Siccatae, S.Africa Holden I. In Phycotheca Boreali−Americana Major collection in BM, in Algae Holmes E.M. Britannicae Rariores Exsiccatae Holsinger E.C.T. Sri Lanka Holst C. Tanzania Holub E. S.Africa Home E. Tasmania, New Zealand Honey S.I. British I. Hooker J.D. Major collection in BM Hooker W.J. British I. Hooper R. In Algae Terrae Novae, Newfoundland Hore W.S. England Horne E. W.Australia Hornemann J.W. Greenland, S.Africa Horner J.G. Corea, Japan, Kamtchatka Howe M.A. Bahamas, Florida, W. Indies Howell E.B. China Howlett R.I.M. Wales Hoyt W.D. N.Carolina Hübl P. No information Hübener J.W.P. Norway Hudson W. Major collection in BM Hull Grundy J. British I. Hulme J.R. The Scarborough Algae Humphrey J.E. Jamaica Hunt H.E. British I. Hunt L.E. Alaska

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Hunt P.F. W.Indies Hussey J.L. Australia Hutchins E. Ireland Hutchinson Jersey Huvé P. Greece Huxley R. British I. In Flora Hallandica, and Schiffner's Hylmö D.E. Algae Marinae Irvine D.E.G British I. Irvine/Newton L.M. British I., France, California Isaac W.E. Kenya Jaasund E. Tanzania Jack J. Scotland Jackson Scotland James P.W. British I. Jeannerett Dr Australia Jenner E. Sussex. Jephsen N. Ireland Jermy A.C. Channel I., Scotland Jernegan M.W. In Phycotheca Boreali−Americana Johanson H.W. Australia John D.M. British I., Ghana, Queensland Johnson A. Alaska Johnson C.A. British I. Johnson H.D. California Johnson T. British I. Johnson W. British I. Johnson−Drew D.S. Maine Joly A.B. Brazil Jones M.E. California Jones M.H. Tasmania Jones W.E. Kuwait Jonsson H. In Algae Marinae Jukes J.B. Australia Jupp B. Jamaica Jürgens G.H.B In Algae Aquaticae Jussieu A.L.de No information Kain/Jones J.M. British I. Kajimura M. Japan Kald H. S.Australia Kapraun D.F. California, N.Carolina

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Kärnbach L. New Guinea Karsakoff N. Crimea, France Kassalski Alaska Kay Q. Kenya Keats D.W. Fiji Keit W. Port Natal Kellet F.G. Kuwait Kempermann T.C.M Costa Rica Kent W.S. Portugal Kershaw G.B. Bermuda Kildea T. Australia King G.W. Australia King R.J. Tasmania In Oxford University Cayman Islands Kings W. Biological Expedition Kinsman D. Abu Dhabi Kirk T. New Zealand Kitching J. Scotland Bering Str., Russia, Spitzbergen, Sri Kjellman F.R. Lanka Koning J. Mozambique Kotschy T. Iran Køie M. Persian Gulf Kralik J.L. In Schousboe collection Krasser F. In Kryptogamie Exsiccatae Krauss F. Natal Kristiansen A. Denmark Kurz S. Burma In Kryptogamie Exsiccatae and generally Kuckuck P. in BM Algarum aquae dulcis Germanicarum and Kützing F.T. generally in BM Kylin H. Sweden, USA Labillardiere J.J.H. Australia Ladbury E.J. British I. Lagerheim N.G. Algae aquae dulcis exsiccatae Laing G. Orkney Laing R.M. New Zealand Lakowitz Dr Danzig, Poland Lamb I.M. Antarctic Lambert A.B. England Lambert F.D. In Phycotheca Boreali−Americana

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Lamouroux J.V.F A few locations Landsborough D.M. Scotland Langley J.P. Scotland Langsdorf G.H. von Japan Law A. Alaska Lawson A.A. Alaska Lawson G.W. W.Africa Lea T.S. Ireland Leathes G.K. England Leblech In Plantas de Andalucia Lee L. Florida Lee S.E. England Lee W.D. Belize, Florida Leefe J.E. England Lees A. Ireland Le Jolis A.F. Algues marines de Cherbourg Le Lièvre de la Morinière Hydrophytes marines du Morbihan Lemprière E. Australia Lennebacker H. California Lenormand S.R. Various locations Leschenault de la Tour Australia J.B.L.C.T. Levi−Morenos D. In Phycotheca Italica Lewin R.A. British I. Lewis E.A. Oregon Lewis J.F. Massachusetts Lewis R.K. S.Africa L'hardy−Halos M.−Th No information, probably France Liebmann F.M. Mexico Liechtenstern F.B.de Adriatic Sea Lichtenthaler G.W. USA Important historical collection from Lightfoot J. Britain Lima F.R. de Brazil Lindauer V.W. In Algae Nova−Zelandicae Exsiccatae Linden I. New Grenada Linnaeus C. No information Little A.E. British I. Littler D.S. Bahamas, Belize, USA Littler M.M. Bahamas, Belize, Hawaii, USA Liversidge E. Australia

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Lloyd J. France Lobo M. Venezuela Lokhorst G.M. In Algae Zeelandicae Lomax J.W.E Solomon I. Lopes A. da S. Brazil Lopez M. Spain Lowe F. Newfoundland Lowe M. British I. Lowe R.J. Morocco Lowe R.T. Madeira Lucas A.H.S. Australia Lundberg B. Israel Lunt W. Hadramaut Expedition Lusina M. In Schiffner's Algae Marinae Lütke F. Alaska, Kamtchatka Major early collection Australia, Falkland Lyall D. I., New Zealand, N.America Lyle L. British I. Lyngbye H.C. Faroes Lynn M.J. Ireland Lyon G.J. British I., Ireland Mackay J.T. Ireland Mackie M. British I. Mackinnon L. Australia Macleay A. Jersey Macleay H.C. Australia Macoun J. N America Macvicar S.M. Scotland Maggs C.A. British I., Ireland Magne F. France Mallalieu J.S. British I. Mallard Mrs Australia Maltby H.E. Chatham I. Mandon G. In Algae Maderenses Manger Mrs Jersey Mansell C.R. No information Manton S.M. Queensland Manza W. California Marc D. No information Marchand L. Mexico Marchesetti C. Singapore

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Marcucci E. In Erbar. Crittogam. Ital., Sardinia Marino M.C. Brazil Markents A. In Algae Marinae Markwell E.D. W.Australia Marquand E.D. Guernsey, Alderney Marshall N.B. Manihine Expedition, Red Sea Martell Dr Unlocalised In Die Preussische Expedition nach Martens E. von Ost−Asien, Singapore Martens G. von British I. and other locations Martin A. Scotland Martin M.T. British I. Mason S. British I. Masson F. Madeira Masterman N. Australia Masters L.K. Various locations Matsumura J. Japan Mazé H.P. Large collection from Guadeloupe McAllister H. British I. McArdle D. Ireland, British I. McCalla W. In Algae Hibernicae McCauley R. Alaska McCormick R. Arctic, Antarctic McDonald Dr Lord Howe I. McGillivray J. Queensland McGreggor R.S. Alaska McHardy Dr Brazil McQueen R.W. Arabian Gulf McRae A.D. British I. Meikle/Dickinson C.I. British I. Meinertzhagen R. France, Scotland Melliss J.C. St Helena Melville J.C. Mauritius Meneghini G. In Algae Italianae e Dalmatiche Meñez E.G. Tunisia, S America Menzies A. Australia, N.America and other locations Meredith L.A. Tasmania Merrett C. Unlocalised Merrifield M.P. S.England Merrington F. British I. Metcalf F. No information

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Mertens F.C. Various locations Miles J. England Millar A. Australia Miller A.K. E.Africa Mitchell J. Australia Mobbs R.H. China Montagne J.P.F.C. French Guiana Monteiro A.A. de C. British I. Moore D. Ireland Moore L. Tasmania Moreland P.S. Philippine I. Mörk Iceland Mohr D.M.H. Schleswig Holsteinische Algae Aquaticae Mohr J.L. Alaska Morris D. Wales In J. Murray Expedition to the Indian Morrison A. Ocean, Australia Morrow J. Japan Morton J.E. Solomon I. Morton O. Ireland Moseley H. Devon Moseley H.N. Challenger Expedition Müller F.J.H. von Australia Mullahay J. Italy Mullins Barbados Munday S.P. Jersey Murray G. R.M.Scotland In J.Murray Expedition to the Indian Murray J.A. Ocean, Pakistan Mylne Australia Nägeli C.N. von England Napper D.M. Kenya Nash A. Australia Nash V.K. Australia Nave I. No information Naylor M. New Zealand Neil P. Orkney Nemetz D. Turkey Newcombe S. Australia Newdigate C.B. S.Africa Newroth P. British I., Alaska

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Nielsen R. In Algae Marinae Danicae Exsiccatae Nizamuddin M. Australia Noble J. England In Algae Aquae Dulcis Exsiccatae, Nordstedt O. Sweden Norkett A.H. I.o.Wight Norman A.M. British I. Norton T.A. British I. Oatey T.H. British I. O'Connell British I. O'Conner B. Ireland Ohba H. Japan Okada Y. In Algae Aquae Japonicae Exsiccatae Okamura K. In Algae Japonicae Exsiccatae O'Leary M. Australia Oldfield A. Jersey Oldfield A.F. Tasmania Oliveira E.C. Brazil Oliver R.B Kermadec I. Olney S.T. Rhode I. Orcutt C.R. Haiti Orphanides T.G. In Reliquiae Orphanides Osterhout W.J.V. In Phycotheca Boreali−Americana Otero J. Spain Ovey C.D. Ireland Paddock T.B. Scotland Pain D. Andaman I. Paine W. In Sloane Herbarium Painter Dr Ireland Palmer E. California Palmer P. England Papenfuss G.F. Israel, S.Africa, Red Sea, Indian Oc. Pappé C.W.L. S.Africa Parke M.W. England Parker D. Australia Parkes H.E. California, Tahiti Parkinson R. Samoa Parreyss L. Various locations Parry W. Arctic Parsons M.J. Australia Parslow R. British I

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In Oxford University Cayman Islands Paton N. Biological Expedition Pearson J.D.M British I In Phycotheca Boreali−Americana, Pease C.E. Jamaica Pedrosa M.E.B. Brasil Pelvet Dr France Pennant T. No information Pereira S.M.B. Brazil Perez−Cirera J.J. Spain Perrin F. Tasmania Peters A.F. Chile, Germany Phinney G.S. Oregon Phinney H.K. Oregon Picken L. Ireland Picken M. Scotland Picton B.E. Ireland Piccone A. In Erbar. Crittogam. Ital., Italy Pigou Miss France Pike N. Mauritius, USA Piper C.V. Alaska Platt S. Tasmania Pocock M.A. S.Africa Podenzana G. Queensland Pollexfen J.H. Scotland esp. Orkney In Oxford University Hudson Straits Polunin N.V. Expedition Poore E.V.D. Jersey Pope J. Turkey, Spitzbergen Potts E. Wales Powell H.T. Scotland Praed J. Cornwall Praeger R.L. Ireland Prain D. Andaman I. Praute K. Germany Preiss A.L. Australia Price I.R. Australia Price J.H. British I., Aldabra, Antarctica Propsting G. Tasmania Prud'homme van Reine W.F In Algae Zeelandiae, Australia Puiggari J.J Brazil

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Pulteney R. Dorset Purcell M. S.Africa Pujals C. Argentina Pullen W.J.S. Pakistan In Algen Sachsens, Die Algen Europas, Rabenhorst L. Algarum europaearum Exsiccatarum Rabenhorst R. Chile Ralfs J. In British Algae Ramage G.A. Brazil Ramirez M.E. Chile Ramsay S.Australia Randall Australia Raoul M. New Zealand Rashleigh W. British I. Rattray J. Scotland Ravenel H.W. Florida Rawson W. Australia Rawson R.W. Barbados Ray Mr Australia Rayner F.M. Bahamas Rayss T. Israel Reader F. Victoria Australia Rechinger K. In Algae Marinae Reed S. Belize Reemes I. Japan Reichenbach H.G.L. In Flora Germ. Exsiccata Reichhardt H.W. Croatia Reid D.A. British I. Reinbold T. Australia, Chatham I., S.Africa Reinke J. Germany Reinsch P.F. Kerguelen and elsewhere Repetto P. Gough I. Rice E.L. Tasmania Richards D.A. Bosphorus Richards P. Australia Richardson J. Scotland Richardson W.D. Trinidad Richter P. In Phykotheka Universalis Riddle Mrs Australia Ridley H.N. Various locations Rilstone F. England

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Ripart J.B.M.J.S.E. France Ritchie A. Scotland Robbins J. England Roberge M. Newfoundland Roberts M. England, Adriatic Robertson D. British I., Chile, S.Africa Robertson E.L. Australia Robinson Mrs England Robillard V de Mauritius Roche Dr Massachusetts Rodin R.J. S.W. Africa Rodriguez J. Menorca Rodway J.A. Tasmania Roemer J.J. France Rogers G.B. England Rogers S. British I. Ronninger K. In Algae Marinae, France Rosa da S.R.J. Brazil Rosenvinge J.L.A.K. In Algae Marinae Danicae Ross J.C. Erebus & Terror Expedition Rota L. Italy Roth A.W. No information Roumeguère C. In Reliquiae Brebissonianae Rowe F.C. Australia Roxas Clemente S. de Spain Rueness J. Norway Rusk M. British I Rump W.G. Natal Ruprecht F.J. Alaska, Ochotsk, Russia Rutherford A. British I Ryberg G.B. Greece Saccardo P.A. Mediterranean Salt N. Red Sea Salwey T. Guernsey Sanderson C. Tasmania Sanderson S. Scotland Saunders de A.J. USA Sauvageau C. In Algues de la Mediterranée Sawerrs W. Ireland Scagel R.F. In Plantae Exsiccatae ab Universitatae Britannico−Columbianae Editae Series

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Algae, W.Australia Schiffner V. Algae Marinae In Algae Marinae and Algae Adriaticae Schiller J. Exsiccatae In Unio Itinerariana, Egypt, other Schimper W. locations Schmitz F. Major collection of microscope slides Schomburgk R. S.Australia Schott A.C.V. Mexico Major collection from Morocco—Algae Schousboe P.K.A. Schousboeanae Schramm A. Guadeloupe Schussnig B. In Algae Marinae, Tunisia Sconce R.C. England Seaforth Lord Barbados Searles R.B. Argentina, Chile Sener H.E. California Serventy D.L. England Setchell W.A. USA, Tahiti Schweinfurth G. Africa Scott S.A. Jersey Seeman B. Costa Rica Shepherd S.A. Australia Sinclair J. Singapore Shailand W.S. Tasmania Shaw W.S. Tasmania Sherrin W.R. N. Ireland Silval R.L. da Brazil Simons R. Tasmania Sims P.A. Scotland Simmonds Antarctic Simmons H.G.w In Iter Faeroense Simmons J.H. Queensland Simmons W.C. Rhode I. Sinclair A. New Zealand, California Sintenis P. Puerto Rico Skottsberg C.J.F Antarctic, Juan Fernandez Skrimshire W. Norfolk Skuja H. In Algae Marinae Smith A. Cornwall, Falkland I. Smith A.L. British I

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Smith A.J. Cape Horn−Chile, Falkland I. Smith E.M. Kermadec I. Smith F.W. Cornwall Smith G.C. W.Australia Smith R. England Smith R.E. Scotland Smith W.G. Scotland Smith Tasmania Smitham R.W. No information In Phycotheca Boreali−Americana, Snyder E. California Solander D.C. Australia, New Zealand Sonder O.G. Australia In Algae Terrae Novae, Newfoundland, South G.R. N.Brunswick Sowerby J. British I. Specht R.L. Queensland Speck N.H. W.Australia Spencer H.A. S.Africa Splitgerber F.L. French Guiana Spurrier C.J.H. England Stackhouse J. British I. Stammwitz P. S Georgia Stanford E.L.L. Scotland Steele Mrs Jersey Steele Australia Steentoft/Fox/Fox−Nielsen W.Africa, Portugal, British I. M. France, Ireland, Netherlands, West Indies, Stegenga H. Sweden Steindacher F. de In Kryptogamie Exsiccatae, Greece Stenfort F. In Algues marines Stephens E. S.Africa Stephenson A. Canada, USA, S.Africa Stephenson T.A. Canada, USA, S.Africa Stever A. Italy Stoddart F.A. British I., Belize, Australia Strickland W. Sandwich I. Stuart C. Tasmania Sturch H.H. No information Suhr J.N. von Various locations Summers R.W. USA

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Sutherland P.C. In Inglefield's Voyage Swain G.R W.Indies Swartz O. No information Swinhoe R. China Sydow P. Costa Rica Szinos B. Mediterranean Sea Tanaka J. In Algae Marinae et Salsungineae, Japan Tandy G. Florida, Australia Taylor A.R.A. New Brunswick Taylor G. S.Africa Taylor J.D. Kenya Taylor R. Marshall I. Taylor W.R. USA, Marshall I., Dry Tortugas I. Teague A.H. England Teixeira G.C. Brazil Telfair A. Mauritius Tellam R. British I. Templeman A. England Templeton J. Ireland Teodorescu E. In Kryptogamie Exsiccatae, Romania Thaxter R. W Indies Thiébaut C. No information Thomas N. British I. Thompson W. Ireland Threde H.C. In Die Algen der Nordsee Thullier D. No information Thunberg Cape Province, New Guinea Thuret G.A. See Schousboe Collection Thursten E. India Thwaites G.H.K. Australia In American Algae, South Pacific Plants, Tilden J.E. Australia Azores, British I., Canada, Denmark, Tittley I. France, Germany, Iceland, Spain, Portugal, Seychelles, Thailand Tommasini In Algen Sachsens Townsend C.H. Alaska Towb E.D. British I. Traill G.W. Scotland Travers H.H. Chataham I. Trigo P.A. Spain

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Trimen R. Cape Province Tripodi G. Italy Tseng C.K. In Chinese Marine algae Tully W.A. Queensland Tungpalan Philippines Turner D England Turner M. British I. Tyler P.A. Tasmania Tyson P.F. India In Algae Exsiccatae Austro−Africanae, Tyson W. South African Marine Algae Udfor B.F. Denmark Unal A. Turkey Valentine Lord No information Vallentin E.F. Falkland I. Valorado J.F. In Florae Lusitanae Van Gijzen P.F. In Algae Zeelandiae Van Tussenbroek B.I. Falkland I. Vatova A. In Schiffner's Algae Marinae Vaugh−Jennings Barbados Velley No information Verschuure J.M. In Algae Zeelandiae In Algues de la Barbade, France, Canary Vickers A. I. Villena V. Philippine I. Villey Col. N.S.Wales Volck Malaysia Wace N.M. Gough I. Wakefield S. Korea Walker R. England Wallace N. Lincolnshire Wallace R. British Isles Wanstall P. Azores Ward C.B Br.Columbia Ward G. France and Italy Ward N.B. Various locations Warnock B. New Zealand Warnock V.R. N.S.Wales Warren E.A. England Waterston A.R. Scotland Watling R. Scotland

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Watson I. Ireland Watt J. No information Watts Mr Indonesia Webb M. Canary I. Webb In Algae Muellerianae, Australia Weber van Bosse A. Indonesia Webster A. Ireland Weeks J.M. In Phycotheca Boreali−Americana Wehl Mrs Australia Welwitsch F.M.J In Phycotheca Lusitana, Iter Angolense Wenk No information Werk I.J.J. In Algae Zeelandiae Werner E. In Iter Aegium, Greece West J. Portugal West G.S. British I. West S. British I. West W. I.o.Man Westbrook M.A. England Westendorp G.D. Belgium Whipp T. British I. White A. Scotland White C.T. Queensland White R. Jersey Whitmee S.J. Samoa Whittick A. Newfoundland Whymper E. Greenland Wigg L. England Wight R. India Wigram C.H. S.Australia Willis J.H. W.Australia Willkom H.M. Spain Wilmot C.E. Tasmania Wilson J.B. Major collection from Victoria, Australia Wilson J.F. British I. Wilson G. W Indies Wise T. Scotland Wittrock V.B. Algae Aquae Dulcis Exsiccatae Woelkerling W.J. Australia Wollaston E. Australia, Mozambique, S.Africa In Marine Algae of Southern Australia, Womersley H.B.S. Australia, Solomon I.

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Wood C.B. Br.Columbia Wood F. England Wood L.L. British I. Wossnessensky California Wright C. In North Pacific Exploring Expedition Wright D. Jamaica Wright W. Jamaica Wrobel H. Victoria Australia Wyatt M. In Algae Danmoniensis Wynne M. Oman Wynne S. Scotland Yalden Scotland Yamada Y. Japan Yendo K. Japan Yendo R. Japan Yonge C.M. Queensland Yoshida T. Japan Yotsuit T. Japan Young A.R. USA Young E. Cape of Good Hope Young J.F. Kent Zanardini G.A.M. Adriatic Sea Zaneveld J.S. Antarctic Zay In Flora Exsiccata Austro−Hungarica Zeller E.B. Washington Zeller S.M. Washington Zollinger H. Indonesia

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