Issue 4. August 2011 (For private circulation only) In this Issue Editorial . Towards a cleaner : Case Studies: Open t gives me immense pleasure to present before you the fourth issue of Jaldarshan. In the last issue, we talked about the water supply scenario in and Defecation-free Trichi City, Idiscussed the feasibility of 24x7 water supply to the residents. In the month of Public Toilets in Sangli Miraj June, UMC arranged a study tour for officials of four urban local bodies of Gujarat Kupwad to Malkapur Municipal Council of Maharashtra state. This town has successfully implemented 100 percent metering along with continuous water supply. You may . PAS Highlights: read about this initiative in ‘UMC Corner’ in this issue. Moving from Measurement This time we focus on sanitation, another area under tremendous pressure due to Improvement to rapid urbanization. The main story discusses the National Urban Sanitation Policy launched by the government of India in 2008. An overview of the recent . Tete-a-tete: Tilak Shastri analysis of the sanitation data of 2008-09 compiled under Performance Assessment System (PAS) project also points to the need for pushing the agenda of sanitation in . Leading Practices: the state. The PAS project is designed to effect improvement at the local govern- An integrated solution for ment level. Data of water and sanitation sectors in all the 166 Urban Local Bodies of Gujarat have been collected for last three years. The project is now ready to Solid Waste Management: move to its next phase i.e. performance improvement. A few cities have been Municipal Corporation selected for improvement under PAS. Our technical teams will provide handholding support to these cities in bettering service delivery. This program will also provide . UMC corner: assistance to cities to plan their finances so as to sustain and undertake O&M of Study tour to 24x7 initiative the infrastructural improvements. of Malkapur city, Maharashtra Manvita Baradi . Film Review: Kagda Peeth Director, UMC . Useful Websites

UMC, 3rd Floor, AUDA Building, Usmanpura, -380 014 Telefax: 079-27546403/5303/1599 Email: [email protected] URL: www.umcasia.org 1 personnel protection equipment for Towards a Cleaner India safety of sanitation workers. Besides, (Excerpts from the 11th five year plan report of Government of India) municipal waste water and storm water drainage must be safely managed. Waste hile it is a known fact that villages are migrating towards cities, the most pertinent question is, “how well equipped are our cities to deal with the rapid water should be recycled, treated and urbanization?” Isher Judge Ahluwalia remarks in the High-Powered Expert reused for non-potable applications W wherever possible. Solid waste should Committee report on Indian urban that urbanization is not an option. It is an inevitable outcome of the faster rates of growth to which the economy has now transited. be collected and disposed of completely and safely. Basic services should be Sanitation standards of Indian cities are abysmal. The City Sanitation Survey by provided to the poor and the results Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India, in the year 2010 should be sustained. Public health has has thrown up some harsh figures. 4,861 out of 5161 cities/towns in India do to be good and environmental standards not have even a partial sewerage network. Even in cities like Hyderabad and must be maintained. Bangalore, which are the most productive cities in the country, almost 50 per- Source: http://urbanindia.nic.in/ cent of the households are not connected to a centralized sewer network. Less programme/uwss/slb/SubNUSP.htm than 20 percent of the road network in urban India is covered by storm water drainage, while only 21 percent of the waste water generated is treated. Open defecation outside Somnath The 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12) by the Government of India has fixed the target Mahadev slum in Kheda for urban sanitation as 100 percent population coverage. Certain initiatives are required to be taken up to meet this target. Recycling and reuse of sewage post treatment for non-potable purposes should be encouraged. For dense urban neighbourhoods, decentralized waste water treatment systems could probably provide a cheaper alternative to large treatment plants. A detailed study could be made to look into such options while preparing sanitation plans for a particular area. Targeted subsidy may be made available to those living in slums on taking house service connections. Comprehensive storm water drainage system has to be provided in all cities and towns in order to avoid water logging during monsoon. A way has to be chalked out to provide sewerage facilities to unauthorized housing colonies without giving them a right to land by implication. Grey water released in the open in Gafurbasti slum of Kheda National Urban ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all Sanitation Policy their citizens with special focus on The Government of India launched its hygienic and affordable sanitation National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) facilities for the urban poor and women. in 2008. NUSP defines the vision for As per NUSP, a ‘totally sanitized city’ urban sanitation in India as having all must be open defecation-free and cities and towns totally sanitized, should have eliminated manual scaven- healthy and livable where local bodies ging. It should provide adequate There’s Hope… According to the HPEC report in 2011, about 18 percent of urban households do not have access to any form of latrine facilities and defecate in the open. Tiruchirapalli (Trichy), a temple town in Tamil Nadu with a population of 8.21 lakh (2009) has proved that improvement in public service delivery can be brought about by communities with help from the local government. Till the end of 1990s, the sanitation scenario of the city was no different from the rest of the country. Tiruchirapalli City Corporation (TCC), assisted by NGO Gramalaya and other civil society organizations, started focused interventions by collectivizing women, setting systems, constructing toilets A sanitation worker removes silt and solid waste from an open drain in Vankarvaas and creating awareness among its slum in Bavla. users. In 2002, India got its first 100

2 percent open defecation free slum in come under the Women’s Action for Sanitation for the Trichy. The city was ranked sixth in the Village Empowerment (WAVE), which is country in the sanitation ranking of a registered society. Monthly meetings Urban Poor Indian cities by MoUD in 2009-10, and held by WAVE facilitate cross learning, Even as the entire Maharashtra state was declared the first city to make all problem sharing among different CBOs. grapples with the issue of sanitation for its slums open defecation free. In the The women have proved that they the urban poor, Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation (SMKMC) has taken the initiative for reforms in this area. As per the Census 2001, almost 15 percent of the city’s half million population resides in slums that lack access to basic infrastructure and civic amenities. In 2004, Shelter Associates (SA), a Pune-based NGO working with the urban poor, and SMKMC launched a project to build individual toilets for six slums in the Sangli-Miraj area. GIS mapping was undertaken with the help of slum dwellers to identify slums where individual toilets could be set up. The basis for such a survey was that slums need to be considered spatially, both internally and in relation to the rest of the city. Toilets were designed based on the needs of the A child-friendly toilet in Trichy residents, with space for a footpath through the slums and individual toilets outside each home. (Hindustan Women of Sengulathan Koil Street Times, Jan 24, 2010). The community were all smiles after their slum was and the local government too were completely freed of open defecation completely involved in this initiative. This dedicated involvement led to the success of the initiative. The Central and State Governments have been making efforts in the form A member of WAVE interacts with a of mobilization of funds under various slum-dweller programs. However, desired targets are yet to be achieved. The HPEC report past two years, 1783 individual toilets understand the logistics of managing points out that the urban local bodies were constructed. There are a total of and maintaining the toilets. The men must have sufficient skill sets to design, 20 pay-and-use public toilets (12 had resisted the community toilets develop and manage projects and assets managed by private sector and eight initially, but after seeing its success being created. The JNNURM has by TCC) and 347 community toilets of in making the slums clean, they too allocated 5 percent of project funding which 175 are pay-and-use and 172 are joined the initiative. Following this, for capacity building, but ULBs have free (TCC-managed). There are also Association for Water, Sanitation and made little demand to undertake training. special child friendly toilets within Hygiene (AWASH) was established, There is a need to share success stories these toilet complexes. where men too could be members. and models of leading practices. As the Together, WAVE and AWASH are The pay-and-use toilets are managed success stories of Trichy and Sangli-Miraj- working continuously towards ensuring by CBOs that have been set up. The Kupwad reflect, it is the combined sustainability of the project even when money collected from these toilets efforts of the local government, residents Gramalaya withdraws its activities. is used to cover electricity expenses, and other agencies that eventually reap Photo Courtesy: Gramalaya payment of salaries of staff at these benefits for the society. toilets and other minor repairs. The user charges vary from 50 paise to ` 1 per use; children, elderly and physically challenged have free access. TCC maintains accounts and carries out regular auditing of the same. All CBOs that operate these community toilets make a small subscription to

3 PAS Highlights Moving from UMC has collected data for round two (year 2009-10, 2010-11) for all urban Measurement local bodies under the ongoing Performance Assessment System (PAS) Project. to Improvement After data collection and analysis, he analysis of data collected for 2008-09 highlights that while quite a few cities of Gujarat score well on the solid waste management front, sewerage in the next phase, the PAS project is and storm water drainage sectors call for immediate attention. Sixty-seven focusing on preparation of customized T performance improvement plans for cities have some extent of underground sewerage network. Out of these, only six have Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs), while 15 have oxidation ponds. ULBs. These Performance Improvement Plans (PIPs) and Information System In absence of a centralized sewerage system, cities have open drains for collection Improvement Plans (ISIPs) are targeted of grey water while individual households have soak pits or septic tanks for disposal at improving service delivery and data of black water. management at ULB level. Based on data provided by cities, it can be seen that 57 percent of slum house- UMC teams are currently visiting a few holds have access to toilets (individual and community toilets) as compared to selected cities. Analysis of data of three 81 percent at the city level. years collected from the ULB will be While sanitation continues to be a major challenge, another issue that needs presented to the administrative and to be looked into is the financial sustainability of the service. The state average elected wings. Based on consultations of collection of these charges is 55 percent. Of the 166 ULBs, 63 do not levy with city staff, low-cost/no-cost options any sewerage/drainage tax. In most cities, the sewerage tax is collected under will be identified to support the improve- the head of ‘gutter vero’. The ULBs levy a ‘safai kar’ that takes care of solid ments in the city. waste management expenses and cleaning of open drains in absence of an The intervention will be in areas of underground sewer network. water supply, sewerage, solid waste The sewerage treatment capacity in the state is low. Of the 166 ULBs, only six management, storm water drainage have sewerage treatment plants. Recycling and reuse of waste water is not and financial management. UMC practised in Gujarat. However, Surat Municipal Corporation has initiated the will provide technical assistance and practice and currently some waste water is recycled and used for watering training and capacity building inputs. municipal gardens. Most ULBs do not have a separate department for waste water. Only 54 ULBs have a dedicated department for waste water management, while for the rest, it is taken care of by the sanitation department that deals with solid waste management as well. Complaints related to waste water are not segregated and get mixed with other complaints at civic centres. To combat the low standards of sanitation in the state, the government of Gujarat has initiated sanitation program under the Nirmal Gujarat program since 2007. UMC team members interact with Under this program, it provides technical and financial support for construction slum dwellers of Charedi in Pethapur of toilets for urban poor to achieve the “Swarnim goal”. Municipality...

… while another member gathers information from a ULB official

A community toilet in Surendranagar

A locked pay-and-use toilet in ULB officials at a presentation on Surendranagar performance improvement by UMC

A newly-built toilet lying unused for want of substructure

4 In July 2011, UMC presented a detailed provided information related to for easy and speedy understanding analysis of their city’s status to municipal variations in downstream supply which by decision makers. officials of Jasdan, Lathi, Petlad and was not possible previously. The staff Thus, small interventions involving Himmatnagar. Presentations were made could very well use this information mere format improvement provide and possible interventions for improving in rectifying the variations in supply low-cost/no-cost solutions to complex the water-sanitation situation in these quantity by curtailing or enhancing water problems. This further opens cities were discussed. The cities have the water distribution to the particular up avenues for further explorations of been very forthcoming to undertake sub-zone. Moreover, valuable inform- similar interventions that could effect required studies for improving their ation could be easily sent to the much needed improvement through service delivery. engineer-in-charge for taking suitable least cost solutions. Performance improvement UMC intervention in Rajkot In the last issue we mentioned how Rajkot Municipal Corporation had wholeheartedly supported UMC team’s efforts to assist the civic body UMC staff member discusses in computing water quantity supplied performance improvement plan through tank level measurements for Rajkot with RMC officials which are maintained by the city on an hourly basis. remedial measures instantaneously. In the earlier arrangement, the informa- The improvement in the format for tion provided in the report was made recording water quantity as suggested available only on the next day. The by UMC not only eased the operations excel spreadsheet data also enables by the concerned staff but also graphical display of data comparison

the chief officer have to work in close bhandol yojana (a pool of all funds Tete-a-tete coordination. available from various schemes). We also gave rewards of ` 2000 each to It becomes difficult for a CO to bring the team making highest recovery. about change if the elected council Along with this, we sent a message to dominates the city staff through their the citizens that the municipality was political clout. The Council many a serious about tax collection by sealing time buckles to the political pressure properties, cutting water connections, for job appointments in the munici- streetlights and by stopping waste pality. Hence, very often the people collection in the areas not paying recruited do not have the required skill taxes. This saw the tax collection rise sets for the job. This is set to change to 62 percent in 2009-10. with the new cadres formed by the Government of Gujarat and cities will Similarly, when I was the CO of Nadiad Tilak Shastri has been working with soon have a qualified accountant, Municipality, we had created an escrow urban local bodies in Gujarat since municipal engineer and a health officer. account to enable arrears payment to GEB. The municipality was able to 1992. A civil engineer by qualification, Jasdan has been a very good experience escrow ` 100,000 daily. Such efforts his interest in city development pulled for me. I was posted here in 2002-03 enabled the city to get a waiver of the him to the municipality office of and again in 2009. I have enjoyed 24 percent interest levied on the ULB Mandvi Nagarpalika in Kutch district. full support of the political wing, the by GEB. As a chief officer (CO), he has made public and the municipality staff. My significant improvements in solid strategies were implemented one To streamline monitoring of activities in waste management, property tax by one and we could bring about the city, we have initiated an ambitious collection, water supply sectors in administrative and financial reforms e-governance project in Jasdan Munici- municipalities of Bhuj, Gandhidham, in Jasdan. pality. Functioning of 12 departments Anjar, Nadiad, Kheda, Palanpur, is now being streamlined on this plat- The property tax collection in the city Deesa and now in Jasdan. form. We are also thinking of having a was very poor at 30 percent and in dress code for all municipal staff. order to improve the situation, we “The biggest problem that a munici- started an incentive scheme (inami For a ULB to be able to bring about pality faces is lack of financial and yojana). The ward which has maximum improvement in its functioning, it has human resources. To bring about recovery of property taxes gets 50 to focus on resource identification, reforms in the city, the president and percent of the funds from the vikas mobilization and upgradation.”

5 Leading Practices An integrated solution for Solid Waste Management, Rajkot Municipal Corporation Previously, Rajkot was challenged by litter strewn across the city. By 2010, it had secured the ninth rank in a national sanitation survey conducted by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, under the National Urban Sanitation Policy. The approach towards making the city clean has been an integrated one — including improving efficiencies in waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal and in imposing administrative charges as penalty.

Cities interested in technical o Rajkot Municipal Corporation from the task of door-to-door waste assistance under the PAS program goes the credit for attempting collection have been given the task of are requested to contact UMC office Tto mainstream rag pickers in the sweeping. Roads are swept in the at 079-27546403 or send an formal service of door-to-door garbage mornings and in the afternoons. email at [email protected] collection. This idea took shape in 2008 Vegetable markets are cleaned up at

when RMC approached rag pickers in night through scraping and brushing. Sample list of areas where the PAS the city and asked them to form self- program is supporting select ULBs are: The mobile squad was formed in June help groups. They were registered as 2008 to ensure that there is no littering l Identification of key issues in sakhi mandals and were given training on the roads. Administrative charges water supply, sewerage, storm in door-to-door waste collection. are collected from the defaulters. By water drainage and solid waste Each sakhi mandal comprises nine the end of April 2011, 18,585 cases management sakhis and a leader. Currently, there had been registered and ` 5.056 million l To improve the financial viability are 94 such sakhi mandals, of which 86 collected as administrative charges. of service delivery through: have been allotted the work of door- Clinics or hospitals found guilty of . Rapid water audit to-door garbage collection. Route unsafe disposal of bio-medical waste . Reducing Non Revenue Water maps have been prepared by the ward are slapped with an administrative . Improving cost recovery supervisors. As per the rules laid down, charge of ` 5,000. . Rapid Energy Audit each sakhi can collect garbage from a The debris squad was formed at the . Energy bill validation maximum of 300 houses or shops. Thus, same time to collect debris from each sakhi mandal can collect garbage l To provide equitable water construction sites. It takes administrative from a maximum of 2,700 houses/ supply to slums charges from the responsible person shops. The coverage under door-to- . Improve coverage in slums of at the site. The construction waste in door collection in Rajkot is 98 percent. individual water connections turn is used to fill up low lying and . Identify barriers to slum The sakhis collect waste between water-logged areas. Till April 2011, dwellers taking individual 7 am and 11 am every morning. While administrative charges amounting to connections collecting waste, they segregate the ` 0.216 million have been levied l Prepare action plans for recyclable matter such as plastic and against lifting of construction waste. paper, and later sell it. This way, while improvement in the water supply, RMC established a municipal solid they earn extra money, the quantum of sewerage, storm water drainage waste processing plant on a build-own- waste eventually going to the processing and solid waste management operate basis. It leased out its land plant is reduced. The door-to door sectors to a private sector company (Hanjer collection initiative is a win-win situation . Improvement in data Biotech Energies Pvt Ltd.) that was for all the stakeholders—the sakhi recording formats for the given the responsibility to establish mandals, RMC and the residents. After ULB to ease decision making and operate the plant. The company is the outsourcing of door-to-door collection . Improvement in complaints also responsible for marketing and sale to sakhi mandals, the corporation’s SWM redressal system of the ULB of recovered products, by-products staff members who have been freed and co-products.

A JCB collecting the construction RMC officials supervise lifting of gar- waste bage container from a secondary point

Door-to-door garbage collection in Rajkot by a sakhi

6 UMC Corner Study tour to 24x7 initiative of Malkapur city, Maharashtra As part of its capacity building and knowledge exchange activities, UMC had organized a three-day study tour for interested officials from ULBs of Gujarat. Officers from Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Navsari and Lathi Municipalities participated in the tour to learn from leading practices in water and sanitation sector of Maharashtra cities. A delegation of seven members visited Malkapur Nagar Panchayat to study their 24x7 water supply system and 100 percent metering initiative. They also visited Kolhapur Municipal Corporation to see their pilot project on DEWATS (Decentralized Waste water System) and Karad Municipality’s initiative towards energy efficiency at their water treatment plant and pumping station.

alkapur is a rapidly growing town organization working for sustainable on the outskirts of Karad town protection of natural resources. As per Min Satara district of Maharashtra. an amendment to the Development Earlier a gram panchayat, it was upgraded Control Regulations of KMC, it is now Kagda Peeth in 2008 to the status of nagar panchayat. compulsory for small and medium agda Peeth, a film based on the In 1988, the town launched the first townships, apartments, hospitals and rag picking community, gets its water supply system but it proved commercial buildings to recycle and name from a waste dumping insufficient for the increasing population. reuse wastewater. K ground in Ahmedabad. This 30-minute- The local body then decided to revamp The team also visited a vermicomposting long film, prepared by the students of the system and have a 24x7 water supply unit that has been set up for Rajendra- CEPT University under the guidance of pattern as proposed by the Maharashtra nagar slums and is being operated by Hasmukh Baradi of the Theatre and Jivan Pradhikaran (water board). Efforts a 15-member committee of slum dwellers. Media Centre, and disseminated by were made to convince residents that Waste is collected from 400 households UMC, calls for attention to the plight of continuous water supply would solve in the slums and surrounding areas. ` 30 the thousands of rag pickers, who face their water-related problems. The nagar is collected every month from each house- exploitation at the hands of middlemen. hold towards payment of salary to the Visitors get a briefing of activities of As per a survey in year 2004, Ahmedabad staff. There is a separate bank account Karad Nagar Panchayat produces 1,700 tonnes of waste every for the financial management of the plant. day. Fifteen percent of the total waste produced is recyclable, of which 8-10 The delegation with members of percent is collected by rag pickers. Malkapur Nagar Panchayat staff While a majority of them are women, there are also young rag pickers who have either dropped out of school or work after school hours. The activity of rag picking reduces 20 percent of the total volume of waste to be transported panchayat conducted awareness by AMC to its dump sites, yet the profit programs including door-to-door is never passed on to them. Far from meetings with residents and publishing being appreciated for their work, they advertisements in local newspapers have to face severe hardships. Harassed informing them of the benefits of Outcome of the visit by policemen and city authorities, they continuous water supply. Officers from The team from Gujarat was highly are treated as outcastes by society. Malkapur visited Badlapur, another impressed by the Malkapur initiative Unaware of health hazards, many rag town where the 24x7 system was where the elected and executive wings pickers suffer injuries and get infected already in place, to study its system. worked closely for the betterment of with various ailments. Amid the city. Navsari municipal officials are unpleasantries in the lives of ragpickers, On the second day of the tour, the willing to undertake water audit on a the film manages to capture the glint team visited the water treatment plant priority to assess their water losses. of hope in their eyes. They may not be and pumping station in Karad Munici- complaining too much—for, it is their pality where a pilot implementation of Lathi Municipality has shown interest in sole source of livelihood—but, they are 24X7 system was undertaken, to study taking up a pilot implementation of 24x7 clear that they want their children to its system. The final lap of the tour was water supply in one of their wards. have a chance at a better life. the visit to Kolhapur, where the team Learning of the benefits of using HDPE got to study the DEWATS located at pipes, the municipality on return, has The film also highlights demands by the isolation hospital staff quarters. already laid 120-m-long HDPE pipelines NGOs working with rag pickers, who This was part of the community-based each in two slums of Lathi. Malkapur seek an identity for this community as sanitation (CBS) program. It was funded has used these pipelines for its water well as a regular source of income in by Kolhapur Municipal Corporation supply network as it ensures zero the form of a contract for door-to-door (KMC) and BORDA, a German leakage and minimal wear and tear. waste collection.

7 Useful Websites India Sanitation Portal informed decision making on environ- The Water Supply www.indiasanitationportal.org mentally sustainable practices. It brings together a vast repository of information and Sanitation The India Sanitation Portal is an open, and resources on environment, including Collaborative Council inclusive, web-based platform for news,feature articles, opinions, books, www.wsscc.org/ sharing sanitation knowledge among reports and documents, directories of practitioners and the general public. government institutions, audio-video The mission of Water Supply and files and photos related to various Sanitation Collaborative Council is India Sanitation Portal was launched aspects of environment. to achieve sustainable water supply, at SACOSAN in November 2008 and sanitation and hygiene for all people was conceived as a collaborative effort International Water in the world. between several organizations in the sector. and Sanitation Centre WSSCC contributes particularly through www.irc.nl/ its strong membership ethos, close It aims to draw on the rich experience links to grassroots-level work, long of sanitation-sector experts, package Since its foundation in 1968, the IRC experience of community management their knowledge and add value to it International Water and Sanitation and of sanitation and hygiene, and through technology and then disseminate Centre has facilitated the sharing, its durable institutional home in the it to a larger audience through the promotion and use of knowledge so United Nations under UNOPS. internet. that governments, professionals and organizations can better support poor India Environment men, women and children in developing www.watersanitationhygiene.org countries to obtain water and sanitation This site hosts a large collection of Portal services they will use and maintain. technical resources for water, sanitation www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in and hygiene. Subject areas range from World Toilet climate change, diarrhoeal disease, The India Environment Portal is ecological sanitation, to rainwater managed by the Centre for Science Organization harvesting. and Environment and has been www.worldtoilet.org/wto/ promoted by the National Knowledge Founded in 2001, World Toilet Organi- Commission. zation (WTO) is a global non-profit The portal is an effort to provide a organization dedicated to improving comprehensive, open, virtual inform- the conditions of toilets and sanitation ation resource centre to promote worldwide.

(ICMA) and hence is also known as ICMA-South Asia. More details are available on www.umcasia.org The ‘Performance Assessment of Urban Water and Sanitation (PAS) in India’, an UMC: The Urban Management Centre action research project being coordi- is a not-for-profit organization based in nated by CEPT University, has been Ahmedabad, Gujarat, working towards initiated with funding support from the professionalizing urban management Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The in India and South Asia. UMC provides UMC Editorial Team project, to be implemented over five technical assistance and support to Manvita Baradi years (2009-2014) in Gujarat and Indian state local government asso- Meghna Malhotra Maharashtra, aims to develop perfor- Chitra Nair ciations and implements programs that mance measurement and monitoring Arvind Singh work towards improvement in cities by Yashesh Anantani system for urban water and sanitation partnering with city governments. UMC services. The PAS Project follows the You can send us builds and enhances the capacity of framework of Service Level Benchmarking articles or suggestions city governments by providing much- of the Ministry of Urban Development, at [email protected], needed expertise and ready access to which we would be Government of India. innovations on good governance happy to print in the next newsletter. Please implemented in India and abroad. UMC The Urban Management Centre (UMC) send them within one is a legacy organization of International is CEPT University’s partner in Gujarat. month of receipt of City/County Management Association www.pas.org.in this issue.

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