International Migration Outlook 2012 © Oecd 2012 Iv

IV. COUNTRY NOTES: RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES Russian Federation

The most recent data on the stock of foreign-born Russians towards those countries are constantly persons in the Russian Federation date back to decreasing. In 2010, 3 700 persons left for Germany, the 2002 Census, which counted 12 million foreign-born 1 500 to the United States and fewer than 1 000 to Israel. persons, about 8.3% of the total population. Many of Labour migration flows remain significant in these people were born in other republics of the former the Russian Federation in spite of the crisis. In 2010, Soviet Union (FSU) before its dissolution. Close to 90% 863 000 foreign workers were hired on the basis of a held Russian nationality; only 1.4 million were work permit, 18% less than in 2009. Almost a third were foreigners. Uzbek citizens, followed by Tajiks (135 000) and Chinese Permanent-type migration inflows from the FSU (117 000). Since mid-2010, a “patent” (license) system has have averaged less than 200 000 annually since the been implemented in the Russian Federation which year 2000. According to data from the central allows labour migrants from visa-free countries to Statistical Office, Rosstat, between 2007 and 2009 legally stay and work in private households in the there were about 280 000 inflows per year. Over the country, upon the payment of a monthly tax (RUB 1000). same period, there were on average 40 000 annual The license card and the tax payment receipt replace a outflows to FSU countries. However, due to work permit. The number of licenses issued grew rapidly double-counting of immigrants changing status, the in 2011 (from 157 000 in 2010 to 677 000 in the first nine actual volume of inflows is estimated to be smaller, at months of 2011). In 2010, almost half of patent holders around 220 000 per year. In 2010 inflows from the FSU were Uzbek citizens, followed by nationals of Tajikistan declined further to 192 000, leading to a net migration (16%) and Kyrgyzstan (7%). of 158 000 persons. This was the result of the The quota for visa-free labour migration was set tightening of naturalisation rules since mid-2009. at 1 940 000 for 2010 and 1 750 000 for 2011. As in In July 2009 an amendment to citizenship previous years, actual inflows were below the quota, at legislation came into force abolishing the simplified 1 170 000 in 2010 and around 1 million in the first ten procedure which previously allowed most applicants months of 2011. Despite liberalisation in legislation for from the former USSR to acquire Russian nationality labour migration, the number of irregular labour within the first year of residence in the country on a migrants remains high and is estimated at about temporary permit. According to the new law, 5-6 million (at the seasonal peak). applications for Russian citizenship cannot be filed Since July 2010, a simplified procedure has been until at least one year on a temporary residence implemented to attract highly qualified specialists. permit (TRP) and an additional five years on a Under this procedure, foreign workers earning at least permanent residence permit (PRP). While most RUB 2 million per year are granted, with their simplified procedures for specific groups of dependents, a 3-year residence permit. The salary immigrants remained unchanged, nationals of threshold is halved for high-level professors and Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, who could researchers. About 10 000 such permits had been previously apply for citizenship immediately, must issued by October 2011, 93% to citizens of countries obtain residence documents and wait for a period of subject to visas. almost two years as of November 2011. Following the enlargement of the Customs Union Between 2007 and 2009, about 370 000 persons in 2011, Kazakh citizens are allowed to work in were granted Russian citizenship annually, 60% of the Russian Federation without a work permit. A law whom used the simplified procedure abolished in 2009. on the legal status of migrant workers and their family The number of naturalisations thus decreased sharply members was adopted in mid-2011, aimed at in 2010, to 111 000. A larger share of naturalisations providing social security to CIS migrant workers and were granted through simplified procedures for their family members. nationals of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan: from 22% in 2006-09 to 54% in 2010. For further information: In 2010, the main origin countries of immigrants www.fms.gov.ru/useful/formvisa/index_eng.php were Kazakhstan (28 000), Ukraine (27 500) and www.montreal.mid.ru/migration_01.html Uzbekistan (24 000). Traditional destination countries of www.fms.gov.ru/useful/migrate/index_eng.php emigration from the Russian Federation are Germany, www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite.eng/ the United States and Israel, although outflows of figures/population/

266 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK 2012 © OECD 2012 IV. COUNTRY NOTES: RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES

Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks RUSSIAN FEDERATION Migration flows (foreigners) Average Level (’000) 2000 2005 2009 2010 National definition 2001-05 2006-10 2010 Per 1000inhabitants Inflows 2.5 1.2 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.7 191.7 Outflows 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 33.6 Migration inflows (foreigners) by type Thousands % distribution Permit based statistics (standardised) 2009 2010 2009 2010 Inflows of top 10 nationalities Work 42.7 67.3 14.3 25.5 as a % of total inflows of foreigners Family (incl. accompanying family) 192.6 138.0 64.4 52.3 Humanitarian 5.5 1.5 1.8 0.6 Free movements ...... 2000-2009 annual average 2010

Others 58.3 57.1 19.5 21.6 Kazakhstan Total 299.0 263.9 100.0 100.0 Ukraine Average Uzbekistan Temporary migration 2005 2009 2010 Kyrgyzstan 2006-10 Armenia Thousands Tajikistan Azerbaijan International students .. 34.4 37.3 35.5 Moldova Trainees ...... Georgia Belarus Working holiday makers ...... 0 5 10 15 20 25 Seasonal workers ...... Intra-company transfers ...... Other temporary workers .. 1 009.6 795.7 1 077.9 Average Level Inflows of asylum seekers 2000 2005 2009 2010 2001-05 2006-10 2010 Per 1000inhabitants 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 889 Average Level (’000) Components of population growth 2000 2005 2009 2010 2001-05 2006-10 2010 Per 1000inhabitants Total –4.0 –5.0 0.1 –0.6 –4.9 .. .. Natural increase –6.5 –5.9 –1.8 –1.7 –6.1 .. .. Net migration 1.6 0.8 1.7 1.1 0.5 .. .. Average Level (’000) Stocks of immigrants 2000 2005 2009 2010 2001-05 2006-10 2010 Percentage of the total population Foreign-born population ...... Foreign population ...... Average Level Naturalisations 2000 2005 2009 2010 2001-05 2006-10 2010 Percentage of the foreign population ...... 111 298 Average Labour market outcomes 2000 2005 2009 2010 2001-05 2006-10 Employment/population ratio Native-born men ...... Foreign-born men ...... Native-born women ...... Foreign-born women ...... Unemployment rate Native-born men ...... Foreign-born men ...... Native-born women ...... Foreign-born women ...... Average Level Macroeconomic indicators 2000 2005 2009 2010 2001-05 2006-10 2010 Annual growth in % Real GDP 10.0 6.4 –7.9 4.0 6.1 3.6 GDP/capita (level in USD) 10.5 6.9 –7.8 4.1 6.6 3.9 19 880 Employment (level in thousands) 3.4 1.3 –2.3 0.7 0.9 0.5 69 804 Percentage of the labour force Unemployment 10.5 7.6 8.4 7.5 8.3 7.1 Notes and sources are at the end of the part. 1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932616524