Poesía Contemporánea De Inmigración Caribeña Y Africana En El Reino Unido

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Poesía Contemporánea De Inmigración Caribeña Y Africana En El Reino Unido Tesis doctoral Tomo I Poesía contemporánea de inmigración caribeña y africana en el Reino Unido Ana Belén Muñoz Jiménez Licenciada en Filosofía y Letras (secciones Filología Inglesa y Filología Hispánica) por la Universidad de Málaga UNED Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas Facultad de Filología Año 2011 Departamento de Filologías Extranjeras y sus Lingüísticas Facultad de Filología UNED Poesía contemporánea de inmigración caribeña y africana en el Reino Unido Tomo I Ana Belén Muñoz Jiménez Licenciada en Filosofía y Letras (secciones Filología Inglesa y Filología Hispánica) por la Universidad de Málaga Directora de la tesis Dra. Ángeles de la Concha Muñoz Quisiera agradecer a mi directora, la doctora Ángeles de la Concha Muñoz, su inestimable ayuda a lo largo de la elaboración de la tesis, así como su cariño, comprensión y paciencia. Asimismo, agradezco el apoyo que me ha brindado mi familia, en especial, mi marido y mi madre, sin los cuales esta tesis no habría visto la luz. A Alicia por su comprensión y sus sabios consejos. A mis hijos, Rafael y Lucrecia, la razón de mi existencia. A todas las madres trabajadoras e investigadoras que se niegan a resignar su corazón a “lo que quise hacer y no pude”. Índice Introducción I. Poscolonialismo 1 I.1. Orígenes y desarrollo del concepto poscolonial 1 I.2. Intersecciones discursivas con el poscolonialismo 17 I.3. Fundamentos teóricos del poscolonialismo: Edward W. Said, Homi Bhabha y Gayatri Chakravorti Spivak 33 I.3.1. Edward W. Said 33 I.3.2. Homi Bhabha 44 I.3.3. Gayatri Chakravorti Spivak 58 II. El proceso de la colonización 73 II.1. Discursos coloniales 73 II.2. Escritura 81 II.3. Lengua 84 II.4. Violencia 91 II.5. Multiculturalismo frente al poscolonialismo 95 II.6. Sexualidad 96 II.7. Conclusión 100 III. Análisis de poemas en el marco de temáticas poscoloniales recurrentes 101 III.1. Dislocación 101 III.1.1. Definición y tipos de dislocación 101 III.1.2. La dislocación en la poesía contemporánea de inmigración caribeña y africana en el Reino Unido 103 III.1.3. El carnaval en la poesía contemporánea de inmigración caribeña 154 III.2. Violencia y resistencia 170 III.2.1. Tipos de violencia durante los períodos coloniales y poscoloniales 170 III.2.2. Teorías de la resistencia anticolonial: Leopold Sedar Senghor, Aimé Cesaire, C.L.R. James, Frantz Fanon, Amilcar Cabral y Ngũgĩ wa Thiong´o 174 III.2.3. La resistencia caribeña contra el poder colonial británico 179 III.2.4. La resistencia africana contra el poder colonial británico 185 III.2.4.1. La resistencia en África durante el período colonial 185 III.2.4.2. La resistencia de la inmigración africana en el Reino Unido 189 III.2.5. La violencia y la resistencia en escritores inmigrantes caribeños y africanos 192 III.2.5.1.La violencia y la resistencia en la poesía de escritoras caribeñas y africanas: Grace Nichols, Jackie Kay y Patience Agbabi. 192 III.2.5.2. La violencia y la resistencia en la poesía de escritores caribeños y africanos: Linton Kwesi Johnson, Fred D’Aguiar, Benjamin Zephaniah y Lemn Sissay 204 III.3. La esclavitud en la poesía contemporánea de inmigración caribeña y africana en el Reino Unido 229 III.3.1. Fundamentos del colonialismo europeo en el siglo XIX 229 III.3.2. La esclavitud durante el período colonial europeo de los siglos XV y XIX 236 III.3.3. La esclavitud en la poesía contemporánea de inmigración caribeña y africana en el Reino Unido 244 III.4. La mujer en la poesía contemporánea de inmigración caribeña y africana en el Reino Unido 275 III.4.1. Sexualidad y sensualidad del cuerpo de la mujer 277 III.4.2. La posición marginal de la mujer en la sociedad patriarcal 296 III.4.3. La figura de la madre 320 IV. Conclusión 330 V. Bibliografía 338 Introducción La tesis doctoral titulada Poesía contemporánea de inmigración caribeña y africana en el Reino Unido pretende estudiar la obra poética de autores contemporáneos residentes en el Reino Unido de procedencia caribeña o africana. La tesis reúne, por un lado, a poetas británicos de procedencia caribeña y africana y, por otra, a poetas nacidos en el Caribe o en África y residentes en el Reino Unido en algún momento de su vida. Los autores africanos seleccionados son Lizzy Dijeh, nacida en Londres y con ascendencia nigeriana, Lemn Sissay, nacido en Wigan (Reino Unido) de padres etíopes; Patience Agbabi, nacida en Londres y de ascendencia nigeriana. Los poetas caribeños son Fred D’Aguiar, nacido en Londres y de ascendencia guyanesa; Grace Nichols y John Agard, nacidos en Guyana y actualmente residentes en Inglaterra; Benjamin Zephaniah y Linton Kwesi Johnson, nacidos en Jamaica. Finalmente, los casos excepcionales de Jackie Kay, nacida en Escocia, de madre escocesa, de padre nigeriano y adoptada por una pareja de escoceses blancos; y de Merle Collins, nacida en una isla del Caribe, Granada, y residente en el Reino Unido desde la invasión de los Estados Unidos en Granada en 1983 hasta 1990. En la actualidad reside en los Estados Unidos. Al igual que la priorización de la geografía sobre el momento histórico que Edward Said propuso en Orientalism (1978) como fundamento para su investigación, el hilo conector de esta tesis es precisamente el Caribe y África así como la relación colonial y poscolonial que se establece entre el Reino Unido y sus antiguas colonias. Aunque los poetas seleccionados son contemporáneos, hay una revisión histórica permanente del período colonial que se extiende desde el siglo XV hasta nuestros días. Esa experiencia colonizadora, que perdura a lo largo de los siglos, es la causa de una serie de sentimientos reincidentes en el elenco de poetas escogidos, ya que en la actualidad subsiste la relación de poder del colonizador sobre el colonizado, que provoca una continua tensión en la psique de los autores, reflejada en sus producciones poéticas. La imposición del poder de los colonizadores sobre los colonizados en la actualidad aparece de una forma más encubierta y soterrada que durante el período colonial. Esta sutileza convierte el fenómeno poscolonial en un elemento eminentemente complejo por su carácter aparentemente inexistente en la sociedad y por la sutilidad con la que opera y del que es característico. Por otra parte, con la selección de poemas analizados en esta tesis doctoral pretendo mostrar la gran medida en la que el colonialismo está incrustado en la sociedad actual a través de las experiencias de frustración, xenofobia, racismo, desigualdades sociales o de género de las diásporas caribeñas y africanas que se expresan a través de los poemas analizados. Para los poetas seleccionados estos sentimientos de rechazo por parte del país de acogida derivan en gran medida de la perduración de los sistemas cognitivos establecidos por los poderes imperialistas a lo largo de los siglos y que se han ido estableciendo de distintas formas en la sociedad con los mismos patrones de poder, aunque en la actualidad sean más difíciles de detectar. La herencia de los sistemas patriarcales coloniales se entrevé a través de los sentimientos de rechazo por parte de la sociedad de acogida. La elección de poetas de procedencias caribeña y africana se debe a la relación colonial entre el Reino Unido y ambas procedencias y a la posterior llegada de inmigrantes procedentes de las dos ex colonias a mediados del siglo XX. Aparte de la conexión entre los distintos autores por sus procedencias, todos los poetas están vinculados por su condición de inmigración y su relación con la diáspora caribeña y africana en el Reino Unido. Entre sus experiencias como inmigrantes encontramos una serie de sentimientos de rechazo por parte del país de acogida y la consiguiente frustración por el sentimiento de no pertenencia. La frustración provoca que los inmigrantes e hijos de éstos sientan la necesidad de conocer sus orígenes volviendo sus miradas a sus países de procedencia; sin embargo, en muchos casos, no encuentran su identidad allí. Este hecho provoca una frustración, que, en ocasiones, se convierte en violencia y rechazo a la sociedad de acogida. Estos sentimientos aparecen de forma recurrente en las creaciones poéticas de los autores seleccionados, si bien cada uno posee sus características propias y una selección de temáticas determinadas. La conexión existente entre los distintos autores seleccionados por su condición de inmigrantes está íntimamente ligada con la corriente literaria del Poscolonialismo. Por este motivo, he incluido un capítulo sobre esta teoría literaria en la que pretendo estudiar las bases de sus fundamentos así como los trabajos más significativos de la crítica que estudia esta corriente de pensamiento. En primer lugar, estudio la acuñación de este neologismo debido a la necesidad de los estudiosos del momento de crear una nueva terminología para definir una nueva realidad mundial de la que el Segundo y Tercer Mundo formaban parte. Me adentro en la complejidad del propio término a través de las distintas interpretaciones de los estudiosos más importantes del escenario crítico actual. Hago una referencia expresa a los tres críticos clásicos del Poscolonialismo, Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorti Spivak y Homi Bhabha, y a su contribución teórica a esta corriente: Edward Said se considera el padre de este movimiento de pensamiento; Homi Bhabha, por su contribución a la teoría poscolonial con conceptos como la ambivalencia, la mímica o la hibridad; y, finalmente, Gayatri Spivak ha contribuido con la incorporación del concepto de la doble supeditación de las mujeres colonizadas. Por otra parte, incluyo las monografías más importantes que han estudiado el Poscolonialismo como The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures , una de las primeras monografías sobre esta corriente que continúa siendo una de las más significativas, Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies de los mismos autores, An Introduction to Post-colonial Theory de Peter Childs y Patrick Williams.
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