Glossary (Q=Quechua; S=Spanish; E=English)

Home , Inca road system, Kuraka, Taki Unquy

Adobe (S) Sundried brick made of a mixture of mud and straw. Acculturation (E) Trend over time of indigenous people losing some or all of their indigenous ways. Aluvión (S) Debris fl ow consisting of water, mud and rock propelled by gravity and covering everything in its path. Antis (Q) Collective name used by the Incas and during the colonial period for people of forest tribes. Antisuyo (Q) Name used by the Incas for the northeastern quarter of the Inca Empire, which included forested lowlands. Apu (Q) Mountain spirits comparable to deities who control water fl ow. Ayllu (Q) Basic social unit of Andean society bound together by kinship. Cabildo (S) Town council. Cacique (S) Indian chief. Cal y canto (S) Refers to a Spanish colonial type of bridge supported by an arch made of stones held together by mortar with lime. Cañari (Q) Ethnic group of Indians from Ecuador, some of whom the Incas moved to the Urubamba. Capac ñan (Q) Name for the Inca highway system, including that part which ran through the upper Urubamba from Cusco to Titicaca. Camelid (E) Member of the camel family: alpaca and llama (both domesticated) and vicuña and guanaco (both wild). Camino de herradura (S) Trail or road used by mule trains. Campesino (S) Peasant. Ceja de la montaña (S) Literally “eyebrow of the mountain,” it refers to a vegeta- tion type found in the humid zone of the Urubamba between 2300 and 1800 m asl consisting of a dense elfi n forest laden with epiphytes and tree ferns. Sometimes abbreviated to “ceja.” Cervecería (S) Brewery. Chacra (Q) Cultivated fi eld or small farm belonging to a smallholder.

Chaquitaclla (Q) Tool (like a spade) used to prepare an agricultural plot and to harvest root crops. Chaupiyunga (Q) Zone at elevations between ca. 1500 and 2400 m asl sharing some climatic characteristics of the yungas but not so hot. Chicha (S) Maize beer. Cholo (S) Person (woman: chola) of indigenous racial background but who has acculturated to Spanish ways to a greater or lesser degree. Chuncho (Q/S) Highland term for a person belonging to a forest tribe. Chuño (Q) Dehydrated potato. Cocacamayoc (Q) Worker in a coca fi eld during the Inca and colonial periods. Cocal (S) Coca fi eld. Controlled appellation of origin (E) Label that indicates that an agricultural product is from a specifi c region. Corregimiento (S) A colonial administrative unit corresponding to a province. Creole (E) or Criollo (S) Person of Spanish blood born in the New World. Cultivar (E) Vernacular variety of crop plant that is distinctive in character but is not so variable as a landrace. Cuy (Q) Guinea pig. Denuncio (S) A lease of jungle land to an individual from the government. Encomienda (S) Royal grant of Indian labor to a Spanish settler. Entheogen (E) Substance, usually from a plant, having psychoactive properties. Flour maize (E) Corn with high starch content, characteristic of most maize grown in the upper Urubamba Valley. Geltung (E) Psychological term referring to the human propensity to cultivate appearances and enhance one’s reputation. Germplasm (E) The genetic element of a crop plant used to breed new varieties. Hacienda (S) Privately owned estate consisting of a dwelling and land. Hanan (Q) A subdivision of an Inca town; (word literally means “upper”). Huaca (guaca; wak’a) (Q) Animistic spirits inhabiting a natural feature such as mountain peaks, caves, or rocks. Huaquero (Q/S) Person who loots ancient sites. Huayno (Q) Mountain music of the Central Andes played with a guitar and sung in high-pitched tones. Hurin (Q) A subdivision of an Inca town; (word literally means “lower”). Killke (Q) Early Inca ceramic style. Kuraka (curaca) (Q) Local hereditary nobility, used in both the Inca and colonial periods. Indian (E) In the Central Andes, a name applied to a person who has indigenous cultural traits, though is not necessarily racially Amerindian. Land race (E) A highly variable folk variety of a crop plant. Llacta (Q) Town or settlement. Llamero (Q/S) Indian who leads llama trains. Lower Urubamba (E) The part of the valley below 2200 m asl, having a semi- tropical and tropical climate. Glossary (Q=Quechua; S=Spanish; E=English) 343

Macrothermal (E) Adjective referring to high temperatures, i.e. a tropical climate. Masato (S/E) Manioc beer. Mestizo (S) Person of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry. Microthermal (E) Adjective referring to low temperatures; in the Urubamba corresponding to the cold zone above 3500 m asl. Middle Horizon (E) In Andean culture history, the period 400 to 1000 AD . See Wari. Mita (mi’ta) (Q) System of periodic forced labor. Mitayo (S) Indian performing or paying his tribute (mita). Mitmaqkuna (Q) People taken by the Incas from their place of origin and sent to do specifi c tasks, often in environments roughly similar to their place of origin. Mitimaes (S) Hispanicized form of mitmaqkuna. Onccoy (Q) Disease. Originario (S) Adult male Indian who is offi cially a member of a community and who has access to community land. Oroya (S) Basket, used to carry people or goods, pulled across a stream by a rope. Peasant (E) Person who farms the land for both subsistence and trade or to sell to others. Pishtaco (Q) In highland folklore, an evil foreigner who steals and kills children. Piso del valle (S) Valley fl oor (fl oodplain). Plaza (S) A square in a town a town or city; sometimes also refers to a market. Puna (Q) The high-altitude zone, mostly grass-covered, of the Central Andes. In the Urubamba, corresponds to land above 3900 m asl. Quebrada (S) Valley with steep sides; in the Urubamba, name often given to the main Urubamba Valley above 2400 m asl to refer to the depression. Quechua (S/E) a) Lingua franca of the Inca Empire still spoken by ca. 6 million people in the Andes. Called runasimi by those who speak it; b) by extension, also used to refer to the people who speak it; and c) the temperate environmental zone where maize growing dominates. Quepiri (Q) Person who carried coca on his back from its production zone to the highlands where the leaf was marketed. Quipu (Q) Inca device made of knotted strings of various colors, tied together, used to encode information. Reducción (S) New colonial settlement where Spanish authorities forced native people to live in a nucleated community. Riego (S) Irrigation. Secano (S) Refers to agriculture that depends solely on rainfall. Serrano (S) Person from the highlands. Shaman (E) Non-institutionalized religious practitioner who personally contacts the supernatural. Snuff tray (E) A small fl at tray used to hold vilca or other hallucinogenic snuffs. Solimán (S) Substance used topically to heal wounds, of mineral or plant origin. Tambo (Q/S) Way station (inn) along the Inca road system; the term was also used in the colonial period. 344 Glossary (Q=Quechua; S=Spanish; E=English)

Topo (Q) Inca measure of various land dimensions. Tribute (E) Tax on indigenous people during the colonial period. Ucumari (Q) Spectacled bear. Ukuku (Q) Masked dancer or guardian meant to evoke a spectacled bear. Upper Urubamba (E) The valley above 2200 m asl, having in most of its area a temperate climate. Usnu (Q) Platform, often artiﬁ cially leveled, used for Inca ceremonies. Verticality (E) The condition of several environmental zones being telescoped over short distances, a prime characteristic of Andean ecology. By extension, description of the use of multiple altitude belts and the social means to guarantee that households and communities have access to land in several of them. Visita (S) Colonial census report of a particular community. Yanacona (Q) In Inca usage, a servant of the Inca; in the colonial period, Indian who left his community to avoid the mita. Yungas (Q/S) Hot country at elevations usually below 1600 m asl. Wari (Huari) (Q) The name of a pre-Inca culture centered in Ayacucho, but carried to other places, including to part of the Urubamba. Flourished between 550 and 1000 AD . Variations of Proper Names

[Quechua spellings follow varying protocols. In the book, I have chosen those spellings that seem most common or otherwise appropriate]. Amaybamba (valley); also: Lucumayo; Huayopta Ccolpani (hacienda); also: Ccollpani, Colpani, Collpani Chinchero (town); also: Chincheros Choquequirao (site); also: Choqquequirao; Chokekiraw Cusco (city); also: Cuzco; Qosqo Echarati (town, district); also: Echarate Huayopata (valley); also: Amaybamba; Lucumayo Huiro (hacienda); also: Huyro Lucumayo (valley); also: Amaybamba; Huayopata Machu Picchu (site); also: Machupijchu Pachacutec (Inca king); also: Pachacuti; Pachacutic Pantiacolla (pass); also: Málaga Qolla (people of the Altiplano); also: Colla Quispicanchi (province); also: Quispicanchis Salcca (river); also: Salca Sillque (hacienda); also: Silque Taki Onccoy (millenarist movement); also: Taki Unquy, Taqui Ongo, Taqui Onqoy Tiwanaku (site); also: Tiahuanaco Vilcanota (river); also: Vilcamayo Vilcabamba (river); also: Vilcapampa; Wilcapampa, Waqawillca (mountain); also: Wequewillca, Willcawiqui, Wikaywillka, Verónica

A Aranjuez (Spain) , 131, 144 Acculturation , 18–20, 39, 107, 148, 298, Arguedas, Jose Maria , 40, 46, 230 317–318, 334, 336 Arriaga, Pablo José , 197, 203, 208 Acosta, José , 7, 85, 197, 220 Arteaga, Melchor , 66, 246, 248, 254 Aedes aegypti , 108, 123 Ashaninka (tribe) , 325 Africans , 32, 109, 117, 119, 120, 309, 311, 316 Atalaya (town) , 5, 8, 10–12, 323 Agrarian reform. See Land reform Augustinians (rel. order) , 72, 99, 145, 201, Agroforestry , 14, 143, 199 202, 256, 273, 309 Aguas Calientes (Canchis) , 7 Aves sin Nido (book) , 46, 153 Aguas Calientes (Machu Picchu) , 7, 31, 62, Ayahuasca , 192, 205, 209 175, 179, 182, 267 Airport , 170, 181, 182 Albornoz, Cristóbal , 200, 203, 204, 209 B Alvistur, Tomás , 250, 257 Balboa, Pedro , 265 Amaranthus caudatus , 170 Barley , 35, 85, 136, 157, 159, 166, 321, 334, Amaybamba (valley) , 4, 7, 98–100, 111, 112, 337 243, 298, 308, 309 Bartonellosis , 123 Amazon drainage , 3, 116, 199, 302 Berg, Elvin , 287 American Geographical Society , 69, 70, Bergson, Henri , 212 249, 268 Berns, A.R. , 257 Anaconda (Eunectes murinus ) , 305 Berry, Wendell , 107 Anadenanthera colubrina , 190, 191, 198, Betanzos, Juan , 138, 195, 257 200, 211 Bingham, Hiram Anadenanthera spp. , 189, 190, 194, 195, 198 discoverer , 69, 242, 244, 252, 253, 255, Andes of Southern Peru , 70 256, 258, 261, 265, 269 Angrand, Léonce , 290 ego , 239, 252 Anopheles spp. , 117, 121 expedition leader , 69 Antis , 298, 301, 302, 306, 315, 321 U.S. senator , 260 Ant, leaf cutting (Atta spp.) , 305 views on Machu Picchu , 252–253 Apurimac (river) , 3, 9, 10, 32, 35, 39, 41, 59, Birds , 18, 46, 78, 117, 142, 154, 287, 303, 313 72, 75, 79, 87, 109, 111, 114, 120, Blanco, Hugo , 42, 45, 286 194, 195, 197–199, 240, 243, 274, Botﬂ y (Dermatobia hominis ) , 305 276, 289–291, 316 Bowman, Isaiah , 68–70, 120, 244, 245, 253, Apus , 133 254, 259, 316

Brewery , 32, 35, 38, 157, 166 Chicha , 38, 54, 56, 59, 92, 136, 140, 142, 154, Bridges 155, 158, 161, 167, 192, 195, 197, colonial , 29, 32 209, 210, 312, 321, 322 Inca style , 31, 32, 62 Chicon modern , 31 river , 55, 139 Brisseau Loiasa, Janine , 23, 79 snowcap , 133 Broad bean. See Vicia faba valley , 179 Bruce, James , 265 Chillihuani (community) , 19, 20, 68 Brush, Stephen , 87, 90 Chinchero (town) , 23, 88, 138, 140, 161, 170, Bryce, James , 61–62, 66 174, 181, 182, 337 Bües, Christian , 71–72, 281, 287–289, 302 Chirumbia (town) , 111, 311, 315, 317, 318, 327 Bufotenine , 191, 192 Cholo , 22, 65, 157, 159, 161, 167 Busquets, Ramon , 3 Chongo (river) , 138, 179 Chonta ( Bactris gasipaes ) , 303 Choquechaca , 116 C Choquequirao , 39, 111, 243, 244, 290–291, 293 Cabello Valboa, M. , 196, 207, 229, 230 Choquesuysuy , 176, 217 Cacao (Theobroma cacao ) , 45, 56, 59, Chunchos , 302, 304, 306, 311, 313, 314, 321 100–101, 311, 313, 327 Chuquipalta , 200–202, 292 Calancha, Antonio , 202 Cieza de Leon, Pedro , 195, 197, 229, 302 Calca , 4, 6, 11, 12, 18, 19, 24, 29, 56, 59, 92, Cinchona , 56, 118, 312, 317–319, 334 99, 103, 120, 132, 133, 135, 137, Climate , 1, 8, 10–12, 55, 77, 83–86, 89, 92, 140, 142, 148, 149, 151–153, 157, 96–102, 104, 116, 118, 120, 123, 159, 160, 163–166, 169, 171, 177, 131, 133, 135, 138, 140, 141, 144, 179, 181, 182, 257, 258, 275 154, 170, 171, 182, 199, 201, 211, Caldas, Francisco , 84 221, 253, 276, 286, 308, 333 Calderon Fuenzalida, Felipe , 153 Cobo, Bernabe , 85, 144, 155, 200, 207, 210, Camisea (town) , 5, 314, 323–325, 336 221, 275 Camisea Project , 325 Coca ( Erythroxylum coca ) Campa (Indians) , 306 distribution , 96, 97 Cañari (Indians) , 72, 138, 145, 256 Inca cultivation , 88, 97–101 Canchis , 5, 7, 8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 24, 35, 36, 46, as trade item , 101 57, 79, 82, 94, 96, 123, 124, 153, Cocabambilla , 6, 55, 60, 121, 298, 301, 309, 173, 183, 197 311, 312, 314–316 Cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule ) , 35, 85 Coffee (Coffea Arabica ) , 100–101 Caparó Muñiz, J. , 264 Colla , 61, 137 Carrasco, Sargento , 65, 246, 248, 249, 254 Collins machete , 313 Casey, Edward , 339 Columbus, Christopher , 190, 265, 266 Castelnau, Francis , 5, 100, 258 Combapata , 7, 11, 21, 23, 28, 32, 56, 92, 178 Castilloa elastica , 319 Compone (hda) , 136, 152 Cazmisea project , 325 Conibo (Indians) , 308, 338 Ccollpani (hda) , 255 Controlled appellation , 101, 167–170 Ceja de la montaña , 12, 135, 199, 218, 223, Cook, Frederic , 18, 57, 89, 200, 265, 303 232, 287, 305, 308 Cook, O.F. , 200 Centeno, Ana Maria , 257 Copal , 312 Chalmers, Harriet Adams , 62–63 Cordillera Chamairo (Mussatia hyacinthina ) , 304 LaRaya , 8, 61 Chanca (culture) , 195, 196, 211 Urubamba , 8, 133, 134 Chapman, Frank , 78, 287 Vilcabamba , 134, 261 Chaullay (town) , 30, 31, 203, 273, 286, 287, Vilcanota , 8, 169 293, 301, 309 Córdova y Salinas, Diego , 144 Chaupiyunga , 87, 241 Corn. See Maize Chavin (culture) , 193, 227 Corpus Christi , 39 Chenopodium quinoa , 92, 170, 303 Cosio, José Gabriel , 250, 251, 255, 259, 269 Index 349

Cosireni (river) , 274, 276, 281–283, 287, 288, Foote, Harry , 244, 245, 254 292, 321 Fragaria chiloensis , 170 Covey, R. Alan , 68, 99, 135–137, 145, 172, 196 Franciscans (rel. order) , 3, 144, 147, 208, 289, Coya (town) , 29, 145, 148, 153, 167, 176 311, 312, 314–316, 321, 325 Curiosity , 26, 35, 48, 212, 234, 257, 269, 291, Franck, Harry , 63–66, 120 293, 334, 338 Fruit growing , 156, 170 Cusco (city) , 1, 53, 87, 133, 195, 240, 273, 298, 334 Cusichaca (river) , 68, 134, 138, 145, 170, G 172, 173 Gade, Daniel , 2, 4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19–22, Cutija (hda) , 256, 267 24, 25, 27, 30, 34–38, 40, 43, 67, 76, 86–89, 104–106, 114, 124, 132, 134, 136, 138, 139, 143, 144, 146, D 148, 149, 153, 156, 158, 159, 162, Debris ﬂ ow , 178, 179, 267 174, 175, 190, 198, 199, 204, 228, De la Torre, Benjamin , 45 264, 281, 286, 312, 324 Denevan, William , 75, 141, 289 Garcia de Loyola, Martin , 145, 300, 306 Devil , 196, 197, 200–204, 206–209 Garcilaso de la Vega, Inca , 144, 149, 151, 195, Deyermenjian, Gregory , 290, 292 220, 290, 302 Discovery, idea of , 293 Geltung , 239, 240, 252–259, 265–266 Dollfus, Olivier , 85 Germplasm , 74, 168 Dominicans (rel. order) , 71, 316–318 Giesecke, Albert Dry tropical forest , 12, 300, 308, 324 account of discovery event , 262 Duque, Pedro , 45, 245, 254 conversations with Bingham , 248 early life before Peru , 67 as university president , 65, 152, 256, E 263, 264 Echarati , 3, 6, 17, 56, 71, 101, 119, 121, Glacier , 3, 7–9, 23, 61, 85, 133, 134, 138, 141, 248, 255, 299, 311–313, 315, 142, 144, 169, 176, 178, 179, 231, 316, 323, 325 261, 276 Encuentro, El , 311–313 Glave, Luis , 4, 68, 99, 145, 150, 178, 253, Entheogen , 191–193, 197, 208 256, 309 Epidemics , 18, 108, 119, 121 Goethe, J.W. , 337 Epilepsy , 37, 197, 210, 312 Göhring, Hermann , 256, 303 Erving, William , 119, 244, 245, 253, 254 Gonzalez Willys, Luis , 43, 44, 99, 248 Erythrina falcata , 74, 135, 199, 246 Goodspeed, T. , 72, 73, 76 Espingo ( Nectandra spp.) , 197 Greer, Paolo , 257 Espiritu Pampa. See Vilcabamba la Vieja Gregory, J.W. , 71, 300 Eucalyptus , 14, 54, 62, 162, 163, 180 Gristmills , 6, 35, 36, 150 Guillen, Edmundo , 292 Guinea pig , 36, 37, 56, 123, 166, 191, 327 F Fairs , 103, 311–314 Farabee, W.C. , 244, 245, 302, 308 H Farrington, Ian , 68, 137, 138 Hacienda , 4, 14, 18, 31, 34, 37, 40–44, 48, 49, Fawcett, Percy , 244, 268, 290 61, 71, 87, 88, 100, 109, 120–122, Fermor, Patrick , 54 135, 145–147, 150–152, 165, 166, Fieldwork , 24–49, 67, 70, 78, 107, 114, 218, 171, 174, 183, 243, 246, 251, 255, 260, 338 269, 276, 299, 300, 303, 309–316, Fiorivanti-Molinie, Antoinette , 87, 106 319, 321, 324, 325, 334, 335 Flores Ochoa, Jorge , 30, 68, 87, 160, 255, 269 Hallucinogen , 192, 194, 196–198, 200, 202, Flowers, ornamental , 32, 74 205, 207, 208, 210 Folk medicine , 107, 209, 210, 227, 228, Handbook of South American Indians , 68, 76, 232, 233 90, 105, 196, 211 350 Index

Hassel, Georg , 257, 303 Kirigueti (town) , 317, 325 Hendricksen, Kai , 245, 254 Kiteni (town) , 10, 276, 278, 287, 292, 323 Hercca (river) , 3, 6, 7 Kiwicha. See Amaranthus caudatus Herrera, Fortunato , 72, 155, 198, 269 Koribeni (town) , 37, 121, 198, 282, 317, 318, Herzog, Werner , 293 323, 324, 326, 327 Huaca , 196, 197, 203, 205 Huadquiña (hda) , 30, 31, 41, 42, 45, 55, 59, 101, 115, 121, 122, 135, 198, 199, L 243, 254, 257, 282, 290, 301, Lacco (valley) , 218, 303 309–311, 320, 322 La Convención (province) , 5, 19, 23, 31, Huallhua (hda) , 165 41–44, 54, 68, 71, 72, 99–102, 108, Huaran (hda) , 152, 153 109, 121–123, 159–161, 173, 198, Huarocondo (river) , 146 245, 246, 275, 276, 288, 310, 322, Huascar (Inca) , 137, 140 323, 325, 327 Huatanay (river) , 23, 62, 137, 151, 177 Lamay (town) , 147–149, 157, 176 Huayllabamba (town) , 13, 29, 132, 135, 138, Lámbarri, Jesús , 319, 320 148, 152, 163, 172 Land reform, 16, 41, 42, 68, 153, 163, 180, 335 Huayna Capac (Inca) , 137–139, 145 Langui-Layo (lake) , 3 Huayoccari (hda) , 152, 160, 171 Lanius, Paul , 245, 249, 253, 254 Huayopata (valley) , 243, 308 La Raya Hubbard, Ethan , 54–55 cordillera , 8 Huchuy Qosqo , 137, 176 pass , 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 28, 56, 59–61, 76, 78, Humboldt, Alexander , 84, 85, 91, 191, 195, 103, 197, 211 225, 338 Lares (valley) , 59, 160, 218 Hura crepitans , 113, 313 Lathrop, Donald , 117 Hurtado de Arbieto, Martin , 273, 306 Lee, Vincent , 280, 292 Huyro (hda) , 45, 100, 116, 309 Leguia, Augusto , 22, 160, 249, 250, 258, 259 Hydroelectricity , 6, 20 Leishmaniasis , 108–119, 123, 125, 305, 337 Le Moine, G , 114–117 Lizárraga, Reginaldo , 7, 109, 115, 221 I Llama , 19, 20, 28, 39, 40, 65, 86, 87, 102, 103, Illapani (hda) , 314, 315 142, 151, 199, 291, 293, 306, 309 Inca Emperors , 86, 137, 241 Llanos de Mojos , 289 Inca School Society , 160 Loayza, Rodrigo , 111, 115 Inca Trail , 39, 161, 173–175, 267, 276 Lomellini, César , 100, 258 Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC) , 31, 32, Lopez de Velasco , 220 139, 168, 172, 289 Lord of the Earthquakes , 32–34 Irrigation , 6, 9, 10, 14, 76, 77, 83, 91, 134, Lost City of the Incas , 242, 251, 252, 262, 268, 135, 141–143, 150, 151, 156, 166, 280–289, 292 167, 169, 177, 183 Lucma (fruit) , 170 Lucma (town) , 274, 284–287, 293 Lumber exploitation , 334 J Lupinus mutabilis , 36, 124 Jaguar (Leo onca) , 304 Lutzomyia spp. , 114 Jesuits , 85, 120, 147, 197, 203, 207, 208, 211, 265, 309, 313 Journal of Historical Geograpy , 114 M Machu Picchu discovery narrative , 23, 61, 69 K problems , 265 Kayaking , 173, 178 tourist site , 10, 39 Kendall, Ann , 68, 103, 138, 170, 172 Madre de Dios (river) , 39, 79, 99, 292, 303, Killke (early Inca) , 137, 196, 293, 302 317, 328 Index 351

Maize N controlled appellation , 168, 169 National Geographic Magazine , 89, 241, 249 upper limits of , 84, 85, 92, 94 National Geographic Society , 56, 61–63, 69, varieties in valley , 84, 88, 142, 321 70, 89, 181, 244, 249, 255, 261, Málaga Pass , 31, 60, 99, 160, 173, 243, 245, 268, 291, 292 323, 325 Natural gas , 323–325, 334, 336 Malaria , 108, 109, 115, 117–123, 125, 144, Niles, Susan , 68, 140 210, 287, 316, 320 Ninabamba (hda) , 44 Mal de los Andes , 115, 116 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) , Manaries, (Indians) , 298, 306 176, 177 Manco Inca , 98, 116, 117, 143, 203, 205, 273, Ñukchu ( Salvia oppositifolia ) , 32–34, 75 280, 290 Núñez, J.J. , 249, 256, 261 Mangelsdorf, Paul , 77, 154, 155 Manioc ( Manihot esculenta ) , 101 Marangani (town) , 11, 18, 23, 54, 61, 62, O 92, 178 Orihuela, José , 152 Maras (town) , 23, 103, 147, 313 Orlove, Benjamin , 68 Marcoy, Paul , 56–57, 118, 211. See also Oviedo de, Fernandez , 221 Saint-Cricq, Laurent Markets , 18, 23, 40, 54, 62, 65, 76, 79, 87, 92, 101, 103, 107, 120, 150, 151, 154, P 155, 157, 159, 161, 166, 170, 171, Pachacutec, Inca , 7, 98, 116, 137, 138, 143, 173, 174, 180, 228, 233, 263, 315, 240, 241, 252, 253, 256, 257, 268, 319, 324, 327, 334 273, 293 Markham, Clements , 4, 55–56, 61, 251, 252, Pachar (hda) , 13, 29, 146, 147, 255, 323 293, 294 Paititi , 248, 289, 290 Matsigenka (Indians) , 15, 31, 37, 56, 60, Palillo ( Escobedia scabrifolia ) , 276, 303 70, 71, 112, 121, 277, 278, 282, Palma, Enrique , 251, 255, 288 287, 289, 290, 297–300, 302, Paltaybamba (hda) , 44, 275, 276, 286 303, 306–308, 311, 313–321, Pancorbo, J. Pané, Ramon , 44, 276 323–331, 335 Patacancha (valley) , 133, 172, 179 Matthiessen, Peter , 54 Paullu Chico (hda) , 153 Matto de Turner , C, 46, 153 Payne, T. , 257 McEwan, Gordon , 68, 136 Peace Corps , 46, 47, 160, 277, 279 Means, Philip , 252, 268 Peasant , 14, 16, 17, 20–23, 26, 32, 34, 36, 38, Megantoni (park) , 327 40–42, 44–49, 54, 55, 61, 68, 85, Mercedarians (rel. order) , 147, 275 87, 89, 90, 92, 100, 102, 103, 107, Mesclie, Evelyne , 86 109, 115, 151, 153–155, 157–162, Mexia , I, 78, 79 164–169, 171, 172, 176, 177, 181, Miaria (river) , 308, 314, 326 183, 210, 211, 228, 232, 234, 246, Middendorf, E.W. , 4, 5, 29, 60–61 260, 266, 278, 279, 283, 286, 287, Mitchell, Alfreda , 260, 261 312, 316, 320, 321, 334, 339 Mitmaqkuna , 98, 110, 116, 291 Pease, Franklin , 269 Molina, Cristobal , 203–205, 209 Pepino (Solanum muricatum ) , 170 Monte Carmelo (town) , 318 Pereira, Fidel , 277, 278, 318, 319 Monterey cypress , 180 Peyton, Bernard , 218, 225, 228 Monterey pine , 180 Pipeline (gas) , 181, 324, 325, 328, 336 Mörner, Magnus , 19, 107, 149 Piptadenia spp. See Anadenanthera spp. Mosquitoes , 108, 117, 121, 144, 305, 320 Piro (Indians) , 15, 60, 101, 120, 302, MRTA (terrorists) , 48, 292 306–308, 311–315, 318, 325, Murra, John , 86, 87, 142 326, 328, 329 352 Index

Pisac (town) , 3, 11, 19, 29, 31, 54, 57, 62, 76, Quinoa. See Chenopodium quinoa 103, 132, 133, 135, 137–140, 142, Quiquijana (town) , 7, 23, 28, 59, 103, 178 147–149, 153, 157, 159–163, 168, Quiroga, Pedro , 111, 115 169, 174–176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 228, 336 Pisonay. See Erythrina falcata R Pizarro, Francisco , 99, 145, 256, 291, 335 Railroad Pizarro, Hernando , 98, 117, 256, 264, 309 Cusco-Santa Ana , 175 Plasmodium falciparum , 117, 119 Ferrocarril del Sur , 23, 243, 319 Plasmodium vivax , 117, 119 Raimondi, Antonio , 4, 29, 57–59, 73, 115, Plow , 74, 144, 149, 150, 153, 158, 167, 169, 336 218, 221, 256, 258, 269, 270, 287, Plowman, Timothy , 79 315, 326 Polo de Ondegardo , 192, 197, 207, 220 Ramirez del Aguila , 208, 221 Polo y La Borda, B. , 248 Raymond, Scott , 114–117 Polylepis woods , 107, 143, 163 Reducción , 18, 87, 88, 148, 149, 158, 161, Pongo de Mainique , 5–7, 10, 12, 60, 70, 71, 206, 273, 311, 317 277, 300, 302, 308, 311, 313, 323, Religion , 8, 19, 34, 123, 136, 147, 157–160, 324, 326, 328 164, 193, 196, 198, 202, 203, Population , 15, 17–19, 23, 24, 39, 53, 65, 86, 205–207, 212, 252, 260, 311, 318 88, 89, 108, 114, 115, 121, 122, Retama (Spartium junceum ) , 134, 180 131, 138, 145, 148–151, 157–160, Rice, Hamilton , 244 163, 173, 177, 182, 206, 209, 218, Ridgeway, John , 54 222–226, 232, 234, 252, 275, 276, Rivas, J. , 45 298, 302, 305, 320, 321, 325–328, Rocaforte (hda) , 162, 171 333, 335 Rockefeller Foundation , 73, 75, 122 Potato ( Solanum spp.) , 73, 74 Rodriguez de Figueroa, Diego , 268 Potato blight ( Phytophthora infestans ) , 93 Romainville , 41, 42, 45, 250, 257 Potato park , 169 Romero, Carlos , 244, 245, 291 Potrero (hda) , 43, 44, 120, 248, 309 Roosevelt, Theodore , 70 Pulgar Vidal, Javier , 86, 87, 269 Rosalina (hda) , 31, 71, 119, 122, 313, 315, Pumasillo (mt.) , 9, 276 319, 321, 324 Puncuyoc (Inca site) , 280, 287, 293 Rowe, John , 67, 68, 137, 138, 197, 200, 211, Pungara (ant) , 305 253, 264, 265 Puya spp. , 218, 222 Royal Geographical Society , 56, 249, 255, 291 Rubber boom , 31, 71, 242, 266, 276, 287, 307, 308, 313, 317–319, 323, 328 Q Qoyllorriti (pilgrimage) , 231 Quechua (language) , 4, 5, 7, 19, 38, 42, 55, S 56, 60, 65, 74, 76, 86, 87, 102, 115, Sabaté, Luis , 314, 315 118, 149, 152, 157, 161, 163, 169, Sacred Valley , 7–10, 15, 29, 39, 55, 63, 68, 76, 189, 196, 218–220, 248, 261, 275, 88, 93, 94, 101, 131–183, 335 276, 278, 279, 282, 287, 298, 300, Sahuayaco (hda) , 120, 248, 312, 315, 316 305, 306, 308, 321, 336 Saint-Cricq, Laurent , 56, 57. See also Quelccaya (glacier) , 8, 141, 169 Marcoy, Paul Quellouno (town) , 319, 323 Salcantay (mt.) , 9, 55, 134, 138, 179, 276 Quepiri , 65 Salcca (river) , 3, 7, 20, 21, 23, 28, 32 Quevedo, Cristobal , 311 Sallnow, Michael , 68, 158, 231 Quillabamba (town) , 4, 7, 12, 17, 24, 31, 42, 43, Salvia oppositifolia , 32, 75. See also Ñukchu 45, 55, 60, 61, 71, 79, 98, 100, 112, ( Salvia oppositifolia ) 114, 122, 248, 275, 278, 282, 288, Samanez y Ocampo, J. , 59–60, 100, 301, 306, 298, 300, 301, 309, 310, 312, 314, 308, 314 317–319, 322, 323, 325–327, 337 San Agustin (hda) , 227, 315 Index 353

Sand fl y. See Lutzomyia T San Francisco de Vilcabmaba , 279. See also Tambo (river) , 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 56, 59, 111, 268 Vilcabamba la Nueva Tapir (Tapirus terrestris ) , 37, 134 San Isidro feast , 157 Taqui Onccoy , 203–206, 211 San Miguel (bridge) , 30, 78, 200, 254, 255 Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis ) , 36, 124 San Miguel (valley) , 276, 285, 287 Terraces , 10, 17, 31, 77, 98, 134, 135, 137, San Pablo (town) , 23, 56, 103 138, 141–143, 147, 151, 166, 167, San Pedro cactus , 205, 208, 210 170–172, 176, 200, 241, 246, 285, San Pedro de Cacha (town) , 23, 28, 35, 291, 303, 311 36, 56 Terray, Lionel , 134 San Salvador (town) , 7, 9, 29, 31, 68, 78, Thomson, Hugh , 280, 288, 292 103, 131–133, 136, 148, 151, Tinta (town) , 7, 9, 23, 29, 46, 59, 61, 78, 92, 161, 165, 170, 174 103, 153 Santa Ana (hda) , 4, 17, 45, 55, 59–61, 175, Toledo, Francisco Viceroy , 15, 87, 88, 111, 245, 248, 254, 257, 275, 276, 299, 147–149, 205–207, 273, 303, 306, 311, 312, 314, 316, 318, 319 313 Sarsaparilla (Smilax spp.) , 312 Tonquini (place) , 302 Sartigues, Eugène , 55, 59, 290, 291, 312, 315 Torontoy (canyon) , 5, 7, 9, 98, 132, 138, 176, Sauer, Carl , 72–78, 90, 105, 191, 337 179, 246, 247, 256, 258, 267, 323 Sauer, Jonathan , 75–77 Tourism , 1, 37, 39, 40, 48, 53, 79, 131, 161, Savoy, Gene , 116, 280, 281, 288–289, 292 163, 171–173, 175–178, 181, 182, Sayri Tupac Inca , 145, 303 218, 266, 267, 294, 328, 334–336 Schultes, Richard Evans , 79, 191, 312 Transportation Selva alta , 12, 276, 300, 320, 324, 329, 334 mule , 20 Selva baja , 12, 324 quepiri , 65 Sendero Luminoso , 108, 292, 325 rail , 37, 63, 79 Sepa (town) , 320 truck , 22, 23, 47 Sepahua (town) , 315, 317, 323, 325, 326 Tremarctos ornatus , 217, 219, 230, 234 Shamanism , 198 Troll, Carl , 85, 86, 195 Sibinacocha (lake) , 3 Tryptamine , 191, 192 Sicuani (town) , 4, 6–9, 11, 15, 18, 23, 24, Tschudi, J.J. , 221, 229 28, 35, 44, 56, 61, 62, 79, 103, Tucker, Herman , 46, 249, 254 178, 211 Tupac Yupanqui (Inca) , 137, 298, 302 Sillque (hda) , 145–147, 150 Sirialo (town) , 282, 313, 321, 323 Sklar, Harald , 87 U Sociedad geográfi ca de Lima , 5, 79, 249, 251 Ucayali (river) , 3, 8, 10, 56, 59, 302, 313, 316, Solanum curtilobum , 85, 96 325, 327 Solanum juzepczuki , 85, 96 Uhle, Max , 194, 250 Solanum phureja , 93 Ukuku , 219, 231 Solanum tuberosum , 96 Uncucha (Xanthosoma sp) , 101, 102, 283, 304 Solimán , 113 Urco (hda) , 6, 8, 11, 23, 24, 28, 44, 59, 62, Spartium junceum . See Retama 103, 142, 160, 178, 257 Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus ) , Urpihuata (hda) , 152, 171 217, 219–227, 229, 231–234, 335 Urubamba Spruce, Richard , 191 canalization , 139 Squier, E.G. , 19, 57, 58, 132, 141 climate of , 308 Stavig, Ward , 15, 68, 108 concept of place , 338–339 Sugar cane , 41–44, 84, 87, 120, 121, 132, 144, cordillera , 8, 133, 134, 169 228, 276, 284, 286, 290, 309, 310, fl ooding , 139 316, 334 landforms of , 9 Summer Institute of Linguistics , 318 pollution , 177, 178 354 Index

Urubamba (cont.) Vilcabamba la Nueva , 275, 279 population , 17, 109, 121, 218 Vilcabamba la Vieja , 39, 111, 116, 201, 252, province , 6, 14, 18, 163, 165, 166, 171 281, 288, 289, 291–293, 335 as region , 6, 23–24, 153, 273–293 Vilcachina , 209 research in , 68, 338 Vilcaconga (site) , 197, 210 river , 3, 9, 20, 59, 90, 133, 145, 146, 152, Vilcamayo (river) , 4, 5, 189, 198 159, 161, 162, 169, 177, 179, 181, Vilcanota 203, 247, 249, 255, 266, 281, 282, cordillera , 8, 169 286, 298, 301, 306, 319, 327 river , 4, 5 settlement , 15, 18, 60, 114 Villanueva Urteaga, H. , 109, 138, 149, 269, town , 5, 19, 100, 132, 135, 139, 149, 159, 309 245, 288 Viracocha uses Inca , 56, 137, 176 changes in , 318–328 site , 56, 61 valley , 1, 3, 8–10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, Von Hagen, V. , 138, 280, 288 22–24, 27, 35, 36, 40, 46, 55, 56, 60–62, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 76, 78, 79, 85, 88, 89, 97–101, 103, 104, W 109, 123, 124, 132, 134, 138, 139, Wanarpo (Jatropha) , 304 148, 154, 170, 183, 218, 240, 242, Waqawillca (mt.) , 133 243, 245, 246, 248, 252, 257, 269, Wari , 15, 67, 68, 103, 114, 136–138, 140, 142, 282, 297, 299, 301, 306, 318, 322, 155, 194–196, 201, 203, 211, 212, 323, 334, 335 289, 302 Weeds , 149, 152, 153, 167, 205 Wheat , 18, 35, 55, 61, 73, 84, 85, 89, 102, V 136, 147, 149, 150, 157, 158, 160, Vampire bat , 283, 304 166, 167, 321, 334 van den Berghe, Pierre , 45 White, Stuart , 276, 278–280 Vanilla , 313 Wiener, Charles , 60, 245, 256, 258 Vargas, Cesar , 72–76, 198, 269 Wright, Ronald , 54, 138 Vargas Machuca , 207, 220 Vargas, Mariano , 41, 310 Vazquez de Espinosa, A. , 144, 209, 221 Y Vega, Bartolome , 109, 111, 112, 115 Yale University , 243–259, 268 Velasco regime , 321 Yanacona , 42, 147, 148, 150, 152 Verónica (mt.) , 133, 134 Yanama (valley) , 277, 290, 293 Verticality , 83–125, 334, 339 Yanatile (river) , 5, 7, 9, 59, 99, 112, 160, 218, Vicia faba , 92, 94, 124, 166 276, 300, 301, 305, 308, 311, 319, Vilca (Anadenanthera colubrina ) 322, 326–328 under cultivation , 198–201 Yáñez Pinzón, V. , 266 entheogen , 190, 197, 209 Yaravilca (hda) , 171 purgative , 209–210 Yavero (river) , 218 seeds , 190, 193, 194, 204, 207, 210, 211 Yellow fever , 60, 108, 120 wood , 200 Yine. See Piro Vilcabamba Yucay cordillera , 8, 9, 61, 134, 247, 261, 276, town , 145 308, 335 valley , 56, 63, 132 deﬁ nitions , 207, 276 Yurac Rumi. See Chuquipalta mining history , 278 river , 134, 189, 280, 285 site , 202, 274, 275 Z town , 276, 278 Zarate , 220 zone , 42, 116 Zimmerer, Karl , 84, 86, 88, 107, 142