Glossary (Q=Quechua; S=Spanish; E=English) Adobe (S) Sundried brick made of a mixture of mud and straw. Acculturation (E) Trend over time of indigenous people losing some or all of their indigenous ways. Aluvión (S) Debris fl ow consisting of water, mud and rock propelled by gravity and covering everything in its path. Antis (Q) Collective name used by the Incas and during the colonial period for people of forest tribes. Antisuyo (Q) Name used by the Incas for the northeastern quarter of the Inca Empire, which included forested lowlands. Apu (Q) Mountain spirits comparable to deities who control water fl ow. Ayllu (Q) Basic social unit of Andean society bound together by kinship. Cabildo (S) Town council. Cacique (S) Indian chief. Cal y canto (S) Refers to a Spanish colonial type of bridge supported by an arch made of stones held together by mortar with lime. Cañari (Q) Ethnic group of Indians from Ecuador, some of whom the Incas moved to the Urubamba. Capac ñan (Q) Name for the Inca highway system, including that part which ran through the upper Urubamba from Cusco to Titicaca. Camelid (E) Member of the camel family: alpaca and llama (both domesticated) and vicuña and guanaco (both wild). Camino de herradura (S) Trail or road used by mule trains. Campesino (S) Peasant. Ceja de la montaña (S) Literally “eyebrow of the mountain,” it refers to a vegeta- tion type found in the humid zone of the Urubamba between 2300 and 1800 m asl consisting of a dense elfi n forest laden with epiphytes and tree ferns. Sometimes abbreviated to “ceja.” Cervecería (S) Brewery. Chacra (Q) Cultivated fi eld or small farm belonging to a smallholder. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 341 D.W. Gade, Spell of the Urubamba, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20849-7 342 Glossary (Q=Quechua; S=Spanish; E=English) Chaquitaclla (Q) Tool (like a spade) used to prepare an agricultural plot and to harvest root crops. Chaupiyunga (Q) Zone at elevations between ca. 1500 and 2400 m asl sharing some climatic characteristics of the yungas but not so hot. Chicha (S) Maize beer. Cholo (S) Person (woman: chola) of indigenous racial background but who has acculturated to Spanish ways to a greater or lesser degree. Chuncho (Q/S) Highland term for a person belonging to a forest tribe. Chuño (Q) Dehydrated potato. Cocacamayoc (Q) Worker in a coca fi eld during the Inca and colonial periods. Cocal (S) Coca fi eld. Controlled appellation of origin (E) Label that indicates that an agricultural product is from a specifi c region. Corregimiento (S) A colonial administrative unit corresponding to a province. Creole (E) or Criollo (S) Person of Spanish blood born in the New World. Cultivar (E) Vernacular variety of crop plant that is distinctive in character but is not so variable as a landrace. Cuy (Q) Guinea pig. Denuncio (S) A lease of jungle land to an individual from the government. Encomienda (S) Royal grant of Indian labor to a Spanish settler. Entheogen (E) Substance, usually from a plant, having psychoactive properties. Flour maize (E) Corn with high starch content, characteristic of most maize grown in the upper Urubamba Valley. Geltung (E) Psychological term referring to the human propensity to cultivate appearances and enhance one’s reputation. Germplasm (E) The genetic element of a crop plant used to breed new varieties. Hacienda (S) Privately owned estate consisting of a dwelling and land. Hanan (Q) A subdivision of an Inca town; (word literally means “upper”). Huaca (guaca; wak’a) (Q) Animistic spirits inhabiting a natural feature such as mountain peaks, caves, or rocks. Huaquero (Q/S) Person who loots ancient sites. Huayno (Q) Mountain music of the Central Andes played with a guitar and sung in high-pitched tones. Hurin (Q) A subdivision of an Inca town; (word literally means “lower”). Killke (Q) Early Inca ceramic style. Kuraka (curaca) (Q) Local hereditary nobility, used in both the Inca and colonial periods. Indian (E) In the Central Andes, a name applied to a person who has indigenous cultural traits, though is not necessarily racially Amerindian. Land race (E) A highly variable folk variety of a crop plant. Llacta (Q) Town or settlement. Llamero (Q/S) Indian who leads llama trains. Lower Urubamba (E) The part of the valley below 2200 m asl, having a semi- tropical and tropical climate. Glossary (Q=Quechua; S=Spanish; E=English) 343 Macrothermal (E) Adjective referring to high temperatures, i.e. a tropical climate. Masato (S/E) Manioc beer. Mestizo (S) Person of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry. Microthermal (E) Adjective referring to low temperatures; in the Urubamba corresponding to the cold zone above 3500 m asl. Middle Horizon (E) In Andean culture history, the period 400 to 1000 AD . See Wari. Mita (mi’ta) (Q) System of periodic forced labor. Mitayo (S) Indian performing or paying his tribute (mita). Mitmaqkuna (Q) People taken by the Incas from their place of origin and sent to do specifi c tasks, often in environments roughly similar to their place of origin. Mitimaes (S) Hispanicized form of mitmaqkuna. Onccoy (Q) Disease. Originario (S) Adult male Indian who is offi cially a member of a community and who has access to community land. Oroya (S) Basket, used to carry people or goods, pulled across a stream by a rope. Peasant (E) Person who farms the land for both subsistence and trade or to sell to others. Pishtaco (Q) In highland folklore, an evil foreigner who steals and kills children. Piso del valle (S) Valley fl oor (fl oodplain). Plaza (S) A square in a town a town or city; sometimes also refers to a market. Puna (Q) The high-altitude zone, mostly grass-covered, of the Central Andes. In the Urubamba, corresponds to land above 3900 m asl. Quebrada (S) Valley with steep sides; in the Urubamba, name often given to the main Urubamba Valley above 2400 m asl to refer to the depression. Quechua (S/E) a) Lingua franca of the Inca Empire still spoken by ca. 6 million people in the Andes. Called runasimi by those who speak it; b) by extension, also used to refer to the people who speak it; and c) the temperate environmental zone where maize growing dominates. Quepiri (Q) Person who carried coca on his back from its production zone to the highlands where the leaf was marketed. Quipu (Q) Inca device made of knotted strings of various colors, tied together, used to encode information. Reducción (S) New colonial settlement where Spanish authorities forced native people to live in a nucleated community. Riego (S) Irrigation. Secano (S) Refers to agriculture that depends solely on rainfall. Serrano (S) Person from the highlands. Shaman (E) Non-institutionalized religious practitioner who personally contacts the supernatural. Snuff tray (E) A small fl at tray used to hold vilca or other hallucinogenic snuffs. Solimán (S) Substance used topically to heal wounds, of mineral or plant origin. Tambo (Q/S) Way station (inn) along the Inca road system; the term was also used in the colonial period. 344 Glossary (Q=Quechua; S=Spanish; E=English) Topo (Q) Inca measure of various land dimensions. Tribute (E) Tax on indigenous people during the colonial period. Ucumari (Q) Spectacled bear. Ukuku (Q) Masked dancer or guardian meant to evoke a spectacled bear. Upper Urubamba (E) The valley above 2200 m asl, having in most of its area a temperate climate. Usnu (Q) Platform, often artifi cially leveled, used for Inca ceremonies. Verticality (E) The condition of several environmental zones being telescoped over short distances, a prime characteristic of Andean ecology. By extension, description of the use of multiple altitude belts and the social means to guarantee that households and communities have access to land in several of them. Visita (S) Colonial census report of a particular community. Yanacona (Q) In Inca usage, a servant of the Inca; in the colonial period, Indian who left his community to avoid the mita. Yungas (Q/S) Hot country at elevations usually below 1600 m asl. Wari (Huari) (Q) The name of a pre-Inca culture centered in Ayacucho, but carried to other places, including to part of the Urubamba. Flourished between 550 and 1000 AD . Variations of Proper Names [Quechua spellings follow varying protocols. In the book, I have chosen those spellings that seem most common or otherwise appropriate]. Amaybamba (valley); also: Lucumayo; Huayopta Ccolpani (hacienda); also: Ccollpani, Colpani, Collpani Chinchero (town); also: Chincheros Choquequirao (site); also: Choqquequirao; Chokekiraw Cusco (city); also: Cuzco; Qosqo Echarati (town, district); also: Echarate Huayopata (valley); also: Amaybamba; Lucumayo Huiro (hacienda); also: Huyro Lucumayo (valley); also: Amaybamba; Huayopata Machu Picchu (site); also: Machupijchu Pachacutec (Inca king); also: Pachacuti; Pachacutic Pantiacolla (pass); also: Málaga Qolla (people of the Altiplano); also: Colla Quispicanchi (province); also: Quispicanchis Salcca (river); also: Salca Sillque (hacienda); also: Silque Taki Onccoy (millenarist movement); also: Taki Unquy, Taqui Ongo, Taqui Onqoy Tiwanaku (site); also: Tiahuanaco Vilcanota (river); also: Vilcamayo Vilcabamba (river); also: Vilcapampa; Wilcapampa, Waqawillca (mountain); also: Wequewillca, Willcawiqui, Wikaywillka, Verónica © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 345 D.W. Gade, Spell of the Urubamba, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20849-7 Index A Aranjuez (Spain) , 131, 144 Acculturation , 18–20, 39, 107, 148, 298, Arguedas, Jose Maria , 40, 46, 230 317–318, 334, 336 Arriaga, Pablo José , 197, 203, 208 Acosta, José , 7, 85, 197, 220 Arteaga, Melchor , 66, 246, 248,