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MEMÓRIA E SABER NOS PROCEDIMENTOS LEGAIS GREGOS: UMA PESQUISA SOBRE a MEMÓRIA E a ORALIDADE EM INSCRIÇÕES LEGAIS DO PRIMEIRO QUARTO DO SÉCULO V A.C

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MEMÓRIA E SABER NOS PROCEDIMENTOS LEGAIS GREGOS: UMA PESQUISA SOBRE a MEMÓRIA E a ORALIDADE EM INSCRIÇÕES LEGAIS DO PRIMEIRO QUARTO DO SÉCULO V A.C 1 LUIS FERNANDO TELLES D’AJELLO MEMÓRIA E SABER NOS PROCEDIMENTOS LEGAIS GREGOS: UMA PESQUISA SOBRE A MEMÓRIA E A ORALIDADE EM INSCRIÇÕES LEGAIS DO PRIMEIRO QUARTO DO SÉCULO V a.C. PORTO ALEGRE 2010 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA MEMÓRIA E SABER NOS PROCEDIMENTOS LEGAIS GREGOS: UMA PESQUISA SOBRE A MEMÓRIA E A ORALIDADE EM INSCRIÇÕES LEGAIS DO PRIMEIRO QUARTO DO SÉCULO V a.C LUIS FERNANDO TELLES D’AJELLO ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Anderson Zalewski Vargas Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. PORTO ALEGRE 2010 3 Ao meu pai, Paulo César, pela constante e incansável assistência na produção desta pesquisa. À minha vó, Maria Sinova, pelas diversas formas de me apoiar durante estes anos de voo para além do ninho. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, quero agradecer à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), que forneceu a bolsa CAPES-REUNI durante o período de minha pesquisa. Não sei se teria conseguido concluí-la de maneira satisfatória sem o apoio dessa instituição. O Programa de Pós-Graduação em História do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas tem minha gratidão por ser um local de estudos que possibilita o desenvolvimento dos pesquisadores que se dispõem a dedicar parte de sua vida à academia. Meu orientador, Anderson Zalewski Vargas, merece uma menção especial. Somos um tanto diferentes em formas de ser, caminhos de raciocínio e pontos de vista, e ainda assim sua forma de lidar comigo exigia de mim muita segurança para manter minhas opiniões e sugestões, ou muita reflexão para compreender o valor de um percurso diferente do que pretendia. Essa balança me ajudou muito a desenvolver minha iniciativa como pesquisador, minha paciência como aluno e minha atenção como mais uma pessoa interessada em temas da Antiguidade. Agradeço o máximo que posso ao meu pai, Paulo César, e ainda assim não será o bastante. Só ele sabe de todos os tropeços, caminhos, angústias e prazeres que esta pesquisa proporcionou, pois esteve lá em todos os momentos. Ajudou-me não só como um pai e amigo carinhoso, e duro em suas opiniões, como nas leituras e sugestões de reformulações em meu texto. Um físico que descobri ser também um ótimo escritor. Se um dia tiver o prazer de escrever algo a quatro mãos com ele, estou certo de que será um prazer fazê-lo, e será um aprendizado de resultados belos. Minha vó materna Maria Sinova. Anos me ajudando das mais diversas formas, acolhendo-me em sua casa, em sua loja como funcionário, apesar de minhas qualificações (um tanto nulas na área do comércio). Sempre me apoiou em minhas empreitadas, e, aos 70 anos, chegou a viajar comigo para a Grécia, ajudando-me a chegar à Escola Britânica em Atenas para fazer um curso sobre meu tema. Minha vó paterna Maria do Carmo. Não conheço uma pessoa com uma alma tão boa. Quando perdido em meus momentos de obscuro pessimismo a lembrança 5 dela me traz a certeza de que as pessoas podem ser tão benevolentes e serenas a ponto de me fazer acreditar que a vida não é nem justa, nem injusta, apenas é. Aos amigos que desenvolvi desde que comecei a morar em Porto Alegre, Valdez, Cruz, Chico e Tyu Rafa. Sempre dispostos a ouvirem minhas ideias confusas sobre um tema tão específico e explicitar sinceramente quando não compreendiam o que eu queria dizer. Essa sinceridade me obrigou a explicar meus objetivos a mim mesmo antes de poder compartilhar com eles e, consequentemente, poder ter maior clareza de meu caminho. Não posso deixar de agradecer a duas pessoas que formam, junto comigo, um trio muito agradável e curiosamente eficiente, Jocelito Zalla e Ana Lúcia Liberato Tettamanzy. Os debates na disciplina da Ana e, posteriormente, durante a organização do evento sobre literatura, história e oralidade, sempre criaram ambientes férteis para a germinação de boas ideias. Por fim, gostaria de agradecer muito ao professor Robert Pitt, que, como vice- diretor da British School at Athens (BSA), intercedeu junto à International Epigraphy Society para pagar os custos de minha permanência no curso de epigrafia grega. O período que passei na BSA foi de grande aprendizado e extremamente rico para minha pesquisa. 6 Sob a história, a memória e o esquecimento. Sob a memória e o esquecimento, a vida. Mas escrever a vida é outra história. Paul Ricoeur 7 RESUMO Nesta dissertação, estudo questões relacionadas a oralidade, cultura escrita e suas inter-relações. Através de um estudo semântico e histórico de termos e funções sociais, foco minha pesquisa no conceito de memória. Faço-o trabalhando com fontes epigráficas, constituídas em inscrições em pedra e bronze, datadas do primeiro quarto do século V a.C. A performance legal que transparece nas leis presentes nessas inscrições é o instrumento mais favorável para se perceber as relações entre oralidade e escrita no período, e mais ainda para entender os papéis da memória como constituinte da Tradição Oral entre os helenos. O cargo, a figura, o personagem que permeia todas as inscrições que analisei é o de mnemon , literalmente lembrador . Através de suas funções e relações com outros magistrados e formas de atuação, desdobro minha pesquisa, dedicando-me à análise das influências e funções da memória em uma sociedade que principiava a transição de uma cultura marcada pela oralidade para outra que passava, gradativamente, a se escorar sobre a escrita e o letramento. Palavras-chave: Memória. Oralidade. Leis gregas. Tradição oral. 8 ABSTRACT In my research I study issues relating to orality, literacy and their interrelationships. Through a semantic and historical study of concepts and social functions I focus my research on the concepts of memory. I do it working with epigraphic sources, bronze and stone inscriptions dating from the first quarter of the fifth century BC. The legal performance that transpires in the present laws, in these inscriptions, are the most conducive instrument to understanding the relationship between orality and literacy in the period, and even more to understand the roles of memory, a constituent of the Oral Tradition among the Hellenes. The job, the figure, the character, which pervades all the entries I examined, is the mnemon , literally Remembrancer. Through their roles and connections with judges and other forms of performance, my research unfolds. I devoted myself to the analysis of the influences and functions of memory in a society that was beginning a transition from a culture marked by orality, to another, gradually supported by writing and literacy. Keywords: Memory. Orality. Greek laws. Oral tradition. 9 SUMÁRIO 1 – INTRODUÇÃO……………………………………………......………...…...………...10 2 – TRADIÇÃO, ORALIDADE E OUTROS CONCEITOS.........................................19 2.1 Sobre o que versam os pesquisadores em relação ao mnemon ?............23 2.2 Verdades e memórias em torno deste “lembrador” ..................................30 2.3 Mnemon segundo os antigos: um cargo, uma palavra, linguagem..........39 3 – O SIGNIFICANTE E SEUS SIGNIFICADOS: CONCEITOS E PALAVRAS NO UNIVERSO DO MNEMON ..............................45 3.1 Tradição Oral como uma categoria de análise............................................45 3.1.1 Epistemologia histórica...........................................................................47 3.1.2 Linguagem..............................................................................................51 3.1.3 Verdade..................................................................................................54 3.1.4 Memória..................................................................................................57 3.1.5 Performance ...........................................................................................60 3.2 Conformação de um campo semântico. Memória e esquecimento..........64 3.2.1 Poetas e filósofos...................................................................................66 3.2.2 Drama.....................................................................................................74 3.2.3 Oradores e logógrafos............................................................................79 3.3 Entre memória e escrita................................................................................84 3.3.1 Heródoto e Tucídides, duas gerações de um século.............................85 3.3.2 As mensagens escritas e duas compreensões sobre a fala..................87 4 – “O QUE O MNEMON SABE DEVE PREVALECER”..........................................93 4.1 Gortina e seu grande código........................................................................95 4.1.1 Inscrições gortinianas.............................................................................99 4.2 Halicarnasso e a proeminência do saber do mnemon .............................112 4.2.1 Memória e memoriais no rol de conhecimentos do mnemon ...............114 4.3 Creta, genitora do poinikastas que lembra ( mnamoneuwein)...............122 4.3.1 Quando escrever e lembrar se entrelaçam em um homem só.............123 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.....................................................................................129 REFERÊNCIAS........................................................................................................136 ANEXO 1 – LEI DO POINIKASTAS ........................................................................145
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