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F'ef ...Dccumenf ATION L l 11"> 1.9.1.., ·- . I • .;,,._-- -...-----� �f'ef ...DCCUMENf ATION l. REPORT NO. 2. ,. _· :,.1', ijf1GE ! 1 � and Sut:::ci.; �l ,·. I Archaeoloc:nal /Reconnaissance survey of Kii and Punamano Wetland A ril 1981 Refuge Units , · 'Kahuku, Oahu Island Author(s) erformlna: Oriianlzation Rep!. No. Aki Sinoto )Performing O,xanization N•m• and Addr ..ss 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Dept. of Anthropology �ntract(C) or Granl(G) No. ?.0. Box 19000-A (C) fonolulu, HI 96819 CG) )spo nsoring Organization Nam" and Address ype of Report & Period Covered J. S. Fish and Wildli,fe Service Archaeology. >.O. Box 50167 lonolulu, HI 9-6850 14. 1 ::;;supplementary Notes None ✓, bslracl (Limit: 200 words) The Kii Unit bas been extensively altered through dredging and fi·lling.. M oat of. the land urrounding the pond has: been built up by.the deposition _of dredged materials. Grasses dominat he banks, dikes·, and other dryland .portions·, wi·th Bulrushes and sedges wi_thin the pond and ch nnel reas. No surface cultural· features were located within the Kii Unit. The his-toric railroad rade passes through the central portion of this unit. The :Punamano Unit is densely vegetated t present with koa haole and wilelaiki as dominate cover. The- area appea?!s to have been .. :...,1. xtensively altered, with ·evidnece of buldoz.ing, remnants· of structural :foundations-, and sever 1 oncrete bunkers indicating military activitity in the area.. No survace cultural features-· wer .· (1.· ::>cated with ·this unit. Site 50.-oa-F4.-7 is- situated .near the southern Boundary , and the hist ric " 3.ilroad grade runs along the northern boundary on· the unit�- Document Analysis a. Descriptors b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms Kii, Punamano, Kahuku, Oahu :. COSATI Field/Group ,vailability Statemen: J9. Security Class (This Report) o. of Pages release unlimited unclassified 3 20. Security Class (This Page) 22. Price unclassied NA .NSI-Z39.18) See ln•tructlon, on R�ver•• OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-7n IFnrm1trlv NTl'-�lli\ ' ' ., l - Ms. 040281 A Report on ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCc SU�VEY OF KI'I AND PUNAMANO WETLAND REFUGE UNITS KAHUKU, 0' AJ-iU ISLAND by Aki Sinotu A bRIEF HISTORY or KAHUKU b.)' Barry Nakamtn-a Prepared for Fish & Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior Honolulu, Hawai'i Department of Anthropology BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM Honolulu, Hawai' i April 1981 �, }. ··� -1- ., - - ,..,• ARCIIAEOLOGlCAL SURVEY by Aki Sinoto An archaeological reconnaissance survey was requested by the National Fish and Wildlife Service for two wetland refuge uni ts in Kahuku, 0 'ahu · Island. The purpose of this survey �as to determine if any cultural resources would be affected by the proposed installation of electric pumps and the con­ struction of additional dikes. This survey was conducted on September 11, 1980, by the author and Mr. Owen Narikawa from the Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. The two uni ts, Ki' i Pond (104. 5 acres) and Punamano Pond (37. 5 acres), are located in the District of Ko'olauloa, Kahuku ahupua'a. Both units are surrounded by land formerly cultivated in sugarcane; at present aquaculture ponds front Ki'i Pond and seed-corn fields are located along the southern bound­ ary of Punamano Pond. The survey entailed a systematic walk-through, with particular emphasis on areas proposed for construction, to locate and identify significant surface cultural remains. Two previously documented sites occur within or are closely associated to the areas surveyed: Punamano Unit SO-Oa-F4-7. Punamano Spring (see Appendix for two 1 egends associated with this spring) . Ki'i ·Unit SO-Oa-F4-10/ll. Kaauhelemoa/Kahuku/Ki'i Fishpond. Formerly a swamp; according to McAllist�r•s informant, never used as a fish­ pond� Dredged and converted to an irrigation reservoir during sugarcane cultivation. SURVEY RESULTS Ki'i Unit The Ki'i Uriit has been extensively altered through dredging and filling. Most of the land surrounding the pond has been built up by the deposition of fl ,. .• -2- ..., - 4 dredged materials. Grasses dominate the banks, dikes, and other dryland por­ tions with bulrushes and sedges within the pond and channel areas. No sur­ face cultural features were locat�d within the Ki'i Unit. The historic rail­ road grade p�e-•- throush the central portion of this unit (Fig. I). Punamano Unit This unit is densely vegetated at present with koa hao"le (Leucaena. g"lauca) and wi"le"laiki (Schinus terebinthifo"lius) as dominant cover. The area appears to have beeri extensively altered, wi\h evidence of bulldozing, remnants of structural foundations, and several c'oncrete- bunkers indicating military activ- ity in the area. No surface cultural features were located within this unit. Site 50-0a-F4-7 is situated near the southern boundary,and the historic rail­ road grad� runs along the northern boundary of the unit (Fig. 1). RECOMMENDATIONS In view of the negative results of the surface survey, no further archaeol­ ogical·work is necessary, and both units are cleared for construction. How­ ever, during any development activity involving excavation, monitoring procedures are recommended. This is largely because of two considerations indicating poten­ tial for archaeological and/or paleontological resources: (1) In both uni ts surveyed;· surface alteration has been extensive. Thus the only possibility of encountering cultural remains would be during sub­ surface excavations. In the event that any cultural resources such as artifacts, burials, or subsurface structural features are exposed duiing development activ­ ities, a qualified archaeologist should be contacted to monitor further work. (2) The flat, coastal portion of Kahuku is a karstic plain, much like the larger 'Ewa Plain on the southwestern coast of O'ahu. At Barbers Point on 'Ewa Plain; skeletal remains of fossil birds (extinct, as well as previously unknown) were discovered from sinkholes in excellent preservation in the lime­ stone environment (Sinoto 1976). At Kahuku, over the years, natural erosion and agricultural activities have probably deposited a great deal of soil over the original surface. Excavation may expose the original substratum; if a situation similar to the 'Ewa Plain exists in Kahuku, the potential for signi- . ficant paleontological resources should not be overlooked. ,. ,, 1._•' . • -3- � -- -- .. ' . REFERENCES McAllister, J. Gilbert 1933 A.rana.eotogy of Oahu� B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 104. Sinoto, Aki 1976 A Report on Cultural Resources Survey at Barbers Point, Island of Oahu. ·Ms. on file in Dept. Anthropology, B. P. Bishop Mus. Sterling, Elspeth P., and Catherine C. Summers (Compilers) 1978 Sites of Oahu. Depts. Anthropology & Education, B. P. Bishop_Mus. University of Hawaii, Dept.· of Geography 1973 Atlas of Hawa.ii. University Press of Hawai' L -4- • � I. - A BRIEF HISTORY OF KAHUKU by Barry Nakamura I ntroduction This brief history of.Kahuku, O'ahu, is divided into five sections: the first covers the years from 1779 to about 1850, a period in which the population of Hawai'i suffered a drastic decline in numbers; the second sec- tion concerns the period from about i8SO to 1889, and includes the effects of private ownership of property and the use of Kahuku for cattle and sheep ranching; the third section covers 1889 to 1935, and deals primarily with the establishment of the suga·r industry at Kahuku and the railroad that serviced it; various archaeological and historical studies done since 1930 are reviewed in the fourth section; and recent hotel�resort developments, the sugar indus­ try, the 1977 establishment of a wildlife refuge, and agriculture and aqua­ culture at Kahuku are covered in the final section. Early Descriptions, 1779-1838 In 1779 H.M.S. Resolution passed along the north side of the island of O'ahu. Lieutenant James King wrote: It [O' ahu] is by far the finest island of the whole group. Nothing can exceed the verdure of the hills, the variety of wood and lawn, and the rich cultivated valleys, which the whole face of the country displayed [McAllister 1933:153]. Kahuku, on the north tip of O'ahu, was sighted by the crew of the Resolution on February 28, 1779. Captain Charles Clerke, who had taken command of the ship after Captain James Cook's death at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, noted: Run round the Noern [Northern] Extreme of the Isle [O'ahu] which terminates in a low Point rather projecting [Kahuku Point]; off it lay a ledge of rocks extending a full Mile into the Sea, many of them abo_ve the surface of the Water; the Country in this neighbourhood is exceedingly fine and fertile; here is a large Village, in the _midst of it is run up a high Pyramid doubtlessly part of a Morai [Beagle­ hole 1967:572]. , I'•. ..I - -5- In 1794, British Captain George Vancouver noted his sighting of Kahuku. He wrote: ... In every other respect our examination confirmed the remarks of Captain King; excepting, that in point of cultivation or fertility, the country did not ap­ pear in so flourishing a state, nor to be so numerously inhabited, as he represented it to have been at that time, occasioned most probably by the constant hos­ tilities that had existed since that period (Vancouver 1798 (3): 71] Between 1778, when the Cook expydition first visited Hawai'i, and 1823, when the first missionaries had compiled estimates of the number of inhabitants on each island, the population of Hawaiian people declined drastically. In 1778, an estimated 300,000 people lived in Hawai'i (Schmitt 1968:10); in 1823, the missionaries counted 134,925 persons ·(Ibid.), less than one-half the pre­ vious number. This population decline had severe repercussions. In 1838, E. 0. Hall wrote of the Ko'olauloa district of O'ahu, of which Kahuku is a part: "Much taro land lies waste, because the diminished population of the district does not require its cultivation" (quoted in McAllister 1933:153).
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