l 11"> 1.9.1.., ·- . . I • .;,,._-- -...-----� �f'ef ...DCCUMENf ATION l. REPORT NO. 2. ,. . _· :,.1', ijf1GE ! 1 � and Sut:::ci.; �l ,·. I Archaeoloc:nal /Reconnaissance survey of Kii and Punamano Wetland A ril 1981 Refuge Units , · 'Kahuku, Oahu Island
Author(s) erformlna: Oriianlzation Rep!. No. Aki Sinoto )Performing O,xanization N•m• and Addr ..ss 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. Bernice P. Bishop Museum
Dept. of Anthropology �ntract(C) or Granl(G) No.
?.0. Box 19000-A (C) fonolulu, HI 96819 CG)
)spo nsoring Organization Nam" and Address ype of Report & Period Covered J. S. Fish and Wildli,fe Service Archaeology. >.O. Box 50167 lonolulu, HI 9-6850 14.
1 ::;;supplementary Notes None
✓, bslracl (Limit: 200 words) The Kii Unit bas been extensively altered through dredging and fi·lling.. M oat of. the land urrounding the pond has: been built up by.the deposition _of dredged materials. Grasses dominat he banks, dikes·, and other dryland .portions·, wi·th Bulrushes and sedges wi_thin the pond and ch nnel reas. No surface cultural· features were located within the Kii Unit. The his-toric railroad rade passes through the central portion of this unit. The :Punamano Unit is densely vegetated t present with koa haole and wilelaiki as dominate cover. The- area appea?!s to have been .. :...,1. xtensively altered, with ·evidnece of buldoz.ing, remnants· of structural :foundations-, and sever 1 oncrete bunkers indicating military activitity in the area.. No survace cultural features-· wer .· (1.· ::>cated with ·this unit. Site 50.-oa-F4.-7 is- situated .near the southern Boundary , and the hist ric " 3.ilroad grade runs along the northern boundary on· the unit�-
Document Analysis a. Descriptors
b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms Kii, Punamano, Kahuku, Oahu
:. COSATI Field/Group
,vailability Statemen: J9. Security Class (This Report) o. of Pages release unlimited unclassified 3 20. Security Class (This Page) 22. Price unclassied NA .NSI-Z39.18) See ln•tructlon, on R�ver•• OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-7n IFnrm1trlv NTl'-�lli\ ' '
., l -
Ms. 040281
A Report on ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCc SU�VEY OF KI'I AND PUNAMANO WETLAND REFUGE UNITS
KAHUKU, 0' AJ-iU ISLAND
by
Aki Sinotu
A bRIEF HISTORY or KAHUKU
b.)'
Barry Nakamtn-a
Prepared for Fish & Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior Honolulu, Hawai'i
Department of Anthropology BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM Honolulu, Hawai' i
April 1981 �, }. ··� -1-
., - - ,..,• ARCIIAEOLOGlCAL SURVEY
by Aki Sinoto
An archaeological reconnaissance survey was requested by the National Fish and Wildlife Service for two wetland refuge uni ts in Kahuku, 0 'ahu · Island. The purpose of this survey �as to determine if any cultural resources would be affected by the proposed installation of electric pumps and the con struction of additional dikes. This survey was conducted on September 11, 1980, by the author and Mr. Owen Narikawa from the Department of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. The two uni ts, Ki' i Pond (104. 5 acres) and Punamano Pond (37. 5 acres), are located in the District of Ko'olauloa, Kahuku ahupua'a. Both units are surrounded by land formerly cultivated in sugarcane; at present aquaculture ponds front Ki'i Pond and seed-corn fields are located along the southern bound ary of Punamano Pond. The survey entailed a systematic walk-through, with particular emphasis on areas proposed for construction, to locate and identify significant surface cultural remains. Two previously documented sites occur within or are closely associated to the areas surveyed: Punamano Unit SO-Oa-F4-7. Punamano Spring (see Appendix for two 1 egends associated with this spring) . Ki'i ·Unit SO-Oa-F4-10/ll. Kaauhelemoa/Kahuku/Ki'i Fishpond. Formerly a swamp; according to McAllist�r•s informant, never used as a fish pond� Dredged and converted to an irrigation reservoir during sugarcane cultivation.
SURVEY RESULTS
Ki'i Unit The Ki'i Uriit has been extensively altered through dredging and filling. Most of the land surrounding the pond has been built up by the deposition of fl ,. .• -2- ..., - 4 dredged materials. Grasses dominate the banks, dikes, and other dryland por tions with bulrushes and sedges within the pond and channel areas. No sur face cultural features were locat�d within the Ki'i Unit. The historic rail road grade p�e-•- throush the central portion of this unit (Fig. I).
Punamano Unit This unit is densely vegetated at present with koa hao"le (Leucaena. g"lauca) and wi"le"laiki (Schinus terebinthifo"lius) as dominant cover. The area appears to have beeri extensively altered, wi\h evidence of bulldozing, remnants of structural foundations, and several c'oncrete- bunkers indicating military activ- ity in the area. No surface cultural features were located within this unit. Site 50-0a-F4-7 is situated near the southern boundary,and the historic rail road grad� runs along the northern boundary of the unit (Fig. 1).
RECOMMENDATIONS In view of the negative results of the surface survey, no further archaeol ogical·work is necessary, and both units are cleared for construction. How ever, during any development activity involving excavation, monitoring procedures are recommended. This is largely because of two considerations indicating poten tial for archaeological and/or paleontological resources: (1) In both uni ts surveyed;· surface alteration has been extensive. Thus the only possibility of encountering cultural remains would be during sub surface excavations. In the event that any cultural resources such as artifacts, burials, or subsurface structural features are exposed duiing development activ ities, a qualified archaeologist should be contacted to monitor further work. (2) The flat, coastal portion of Kahuku is a karstic plain, much like the larger 'Ewa Plain on the southwestern coast of O'ahu. At Barbers Point on 'Ewa Plain; skeletal remains of fossil birds (extinct, as well as previously unknown) were discovered from sinkholes in excellent preservation in the lime stone environment (Sinoto 1976). At Kahuku, over the years, natural erosion and agricultural activities have probably deposited a great deal of soil over the original surface. Excavation may expose the original substratum; if a situation similar to the 'Ewa Plain exists in Kahuku, the potential for signi- . ficant paleontological resources should not be overlooked. ,. ,, 1._•' . • -3-
� -- -- .. ' . REFERENCES
McAllister, J. Gilbert 1933 A.rana.eotogy of Oahu� B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 104.
Sinoto, Aki 1976 A Report on Cultural Resources Survey at Barbers Point, Island of Oahu. ·Ms. on file in Dept. Anthropology, B. P. Bishop Mus. Sterling, Elspeth P., and Catherine C. Summers (Compilers) 1978 Sites of Oahu. Depts. Anthropology & Education, B. P. Bishop_Mus.
University of Hawaii, Dept.· of Geography 1973 Atlas of Hawa.ii. University Press of Hawai' L -4-
• � I. -
A BRIEF HISTORY OF KAHUKU by Barry Nakamura
I ntroduction This brief history of.Kahuku, O'ahu, is divided into five sections: the first covers the years from 1779 to about 1850, a period in which the population of Hawai'i suffered a drastic decline in numbers; the second sec- tion concerns the period from about i8SO to 1889, and includes the effects of private ownership of property and the use of Kahuku for cattle and sheep ranching; the third section covers 1889 to 1935, and deals primarily with the establishment of the suga·r industry at Kahuku and the railroad that serviced it; various archaeological and historical studies done since 1930 are reviewed in the fourth section; and recent hotel�resort developments, the sugar indus try, the 1977 establishment of a wildlife refuge, and agriculture and aqua culture at Kahuku are covered in the final section.
Early Descriptions, 1779-1838
In 1779 H.M.S. Resolution passed along the north side of the island of O'ahu. Lieutenant James King wrote: It [O' ahu] is by far the finest island of the whole group. Nothing can exceed the verdure of the hills, the variety of wood and lawn, and the rich cultivated valleys, which the whole face of the country displayed [McAllister 1933:153]. Kahuku, on the north tip of O'ahu, was sighted by the crew of the Resolution on February 28, 1779. Captain Charles Clerke, who had taken command of the ship after Captain James Cook's death at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, noted: Run round the Noern [Northern] Extreme of the Isle [O'ahu] which terminates in a low Point rather projecting [Kahuku Point]; off it lay a ledge of rocks extending a full Mile into the Sea, many of them abo_ve the surface of the Water; the Country in this neighbourhood is exceedingly fine and fertile; here is a large Village, in the _midst of it is run up a high Pyramid doubtlessly part of a Morai [Beagle hole 1967:572]. , I'•. ..I - -5-
In 1794, British Captain George Vancouver noted his sighting of Kahuku. He wrote: ... In every other respect our examination confirmed the remarks of Captain King; excepting, that in point of cultivation or fertility, the country did not ap pear in so flourishing a state, nor to be so numerously inhabited, as he represented it to have been at that time, occasioned most probably by the constant hos tilities that had existed since that period (Vancouver 1798 (3): 71]
Between 1778, when the Cook expydition first visited Hawai'i, and 1823, when the first missionaries had compiled estimates of the number of inhabitants on each island, the population of Hawaiian people declined drastically. In 1778, an estimated 300,000 people lived in Hawai'i (Schmitt 1968:10); in 1823, the missionaries counted 134,925 persons ·(Ibid.), less than one-half the pre vious number. This population decline had severe repercussions. In 1838, E. 0. Hall wrote of the Ko'olauloa district of O'ahu, of which Kahuku is a part: "Much taro land lies waste, because the diminished population of the district does not require its cultivation" (quoted in McAllister 1933:153).
Land Alienation and Ranching at Kahuku Between 1846 and 1855, the system of land tenure in Hawai'i changed from. use rights to private ownership of property. Kuykendall wrote: The old feudal arrangement of joint and undivided ownership had given place to the system of indi vidual allodial tenures, and aliens had been ad mitted to the enjoyment of the same rights as Hawaiian subjects in the ownership and use of land [Kuykendall 1968:298]. This division of land in Hawai'i during the mid-19th .century has been commonly known as the period of the Great Mahele. According to Kelly, 'I11c results of the division of land un Government lands 1,495,000 II Lands granted to 9,337 commoners 28,000 Total 4,126,000 Acres (Kelly 1965:321-322]. 1., t.. 4 , • .• - -6- In 1848 the ahupua 'a (or land di vision) of Kahuku, ·extending from the top of the Ko' olau Mountain range to the sea, was declared to be part of the 984,000 acres of Crown Lands of King Kamehameha III (Indiaes 1929:27). Within the ahupua'a of Kahuku were 68Land Commission Awards, ranging in size from 0.09 acres to 2.57 acres (Ibid.:366-369). The ahupua 'a of Kahuku was purchased from Kamehameha I II in 1850 to 1851 by Charles Gordon Hopkins. Hopkins also purchased several other ahupua'a on the north shore of O'ahu, including Kawela and Milaekihana, and established a cattle and sheep ranch known as the Kahuku Ranch (Korn 1958:211-212). A writer for the Pacific Commercial, Advertiser once dubbed Hopkins "the Duke of Kahuku" (quoted in Korn 1958:223). Hopkins had been involved in the land matters of Kamehameha III as early as 1849 (Kuykendall 1968:292). Hopkins, who was a naturalized citizen of English birth (Ihid.:414), became the agent for thci rental and sale of Kamehameha Ill's Crown Lan J\rounJ 1870, the Kahuku Ranch was sold by Moffitt to James Campbell (Anon. 1880:40). Campbell had arrived in Hawai'i in 1849 and settled on the island of Maui, becoming involved in the sugar industry. After making the Pioneer Mill Company of Lahaina a prosperous sugar enterprise, Campbell sold his interests there, moved to Oahu, and purchased large tracts of land at Honouliuli west of Pearl Harbor, and at Kahuku around th� northern end of the island, on which he established livestock ranches (Kuykendall 1967:67]. Sugar Industry and Railroad at Kahuku, 1889-1935 In 1889, the Kahuku and Honouliuli lands were leased by Campbell to Benjamin Franklin Dillingha� for a term of fifty years at an annual rental of $50,000 (Kuykendall 1967:69). The lands were part of a scheme that Dillingham had developed involving land settlement and a railroad on O'ahu (Ibid.:68). Dillingham's "Great Land Colonization Scheme," as it was called (Dillingham 1886:73-80),ptimarily involved the development of sugarcane plantations at Honouliuli and Kahuku, which would be watered by artesian well water. In 1886, Dillingham had written: The Kahuku Ranch. Consists of 20,000 acres in fee simple and 5,000 acres Government leasehold .... On the �state is a level tract of land at an ele vation of from 10 to 25 feet above sea level.... This tract is pronounced by competent judges to be excellent Sugar cane land. There are already flowing artesian wells on either side of this level tract, while near the middle is an unfailing spring in which the water rises to within 2-1/2 feet of the surface, in a column of at least one foot in diameter, and flows thence to the sea. This proves that an ample supply may be found for irrigation [see Schuyler & Allardt 1889]. There have been offered by Rice growers to the present owners $10,000 a year for 400 acres of this land, water for cultivation being furnished. A con tract has been made to bore five additional artesian wells to comply with this requirement [Dillingham 1886:76]. -8- # - Dillingham commissioned a stu In 1888-1889, Dillingham was granted a franchise and tharter by the ) Hawaiian government to construct a railroad on O'ahu (Kuykendall ·1967:68 . Cons·truction of the railroad by the Oahu Railway and Land Company began in March 1889 (Ibid.). Kahuku was eventually reached by the railroad, which opened for traffic on January 1, 1899 (Ibid.:100; fig '. 2). On December 10, 1889_, a large portion of the Kahuku tract was sub- ) leased by Dillingham to James B. Castle (Ibid. :69 . Castle promoted the Kahuku Plantation Company, which received its charter from the Hawaiian government on January 30, 1890 (Ibid.). The Kahuku Plantation Company relied, at the beginning, on pumped spring water, stream water, and rain to irrigate the sugarcane, but these sources were found to be insufficient. Thereafter, the company resorted to artesian wells, which came to be the main sourc-e of supply (Ibid.:70). A history of the Kahuku Plantation Company is presented in the October 19, 1935, issue of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. *Cattle in Hawai'i have played a destructive role: "Since the coming of the whites there have been many causes ... that have been at work bringing about a change in the natural conditions. Chief among the disturbing elements, how ever, have been the cattle. As early as 1815 they were recognized as a seri ous menace to the native forests.. Roaming at will through ttie forests they and other animals, as goats and pigs, have done untold damage, and brought :ibout conditions that have been most.serious in many places ... [Bryan 1915:· ,6-227] . 1• -� .•... , -9- \- , - - Stu Kukio pond, a natural basin filled with brackish water, located about 300 feet from the sea, Kahuku Point. The pond was formerly much larger and contained many kinds of fish. It is said to have been surround ed by a large Hawaiian settlement. Mrs. John Kaleo is probably the only survivor and her former friends and relatives have been buried in shallow graves in the sand between the pond and the sea. She remembers the time when trees, now found only on the mountains, cov ered the Kahuku plain, now a rather desolate, windswept area. It hardly seems possible that this barren region could have been otherwise. .. [McAllister 1933: 153; see .also Sterling & Summers 1978:148-153]. In 1940, E. S. Craighill Handy's study of Hawaiian agriculture was published. Handy noted that although taro was cultivated at Kahuku (1940:75), sweet potato was the main staple crop: On the north side of the island sweet potatoes were planted on the kul.a lands of the districts all the way from Mokuleia to Kahuku, and although there was a little taro ·grown here and there, especially in Waimea, Kahuku, and Mokuleia, sweet potato was the primary food in most of the districts.of this section... [1940:156; see also Handy & Handy 1972:46 2-463]. Recent Developments at Kahuku In the post-World War II period, the tourist industry in Hawai 'i ex perienced steady growth (Schmitt 1977:165). In 1955, seeing a definite trend, the Campbell Estate announced plans for major resort development at Kahuku involving 15,000 acres (Star Bulletin 9/20/55; Advertiser 9/21/55). Most of Kahuku is owned by the James Campbell Estate. In 1967, the Campbell Estate was listed as the seventh largest private landowner in the State of Hawai'i, with 81,641 acres (Horwitz & Finn 1967:19). Larger owners of land were the State of Hawai'i (1,590,532 acres), the Federal Government 4 ,, . ...' -10- • ,, - (401,482.31 acres), and six private landowners with acreage ranging from 369,699.68 to 122,788.41 acres (Ibid. :19, 27}. In the post-World Wnr it period, ~uanr hAd experienced fluctuations in value of sales (Schmitt 1977:165), and in 1968 the Kahuku Plantation Company announced plans to close operations by 1971 (Star>-BuUetin 4/2/68). In November 1971, the plantation officially closed (Star>-BuZZetin 12/1/71). In 1972, the Kuilima Hotel opened for business (Adver>tiser 5/3/72). The Kuilima Hotel was developed on land leased from the Campbell. Estate by . the Del E. Webb Corporation and the Prudential' Insurance Company of America. · In 1974, developer Clarence Ching of Honolulu signed an option to buy the Ku_ilima Hotel for $55 million (Adver>tiser> 3/16/74; Star>-BuUetin 3/16/74). This deal was never con·summated. In 1976, the Del E. Webb Corporation sold all of its interests .in the Kuilima llotcl to the Prudential Insurance Company (Star>-Bulletin 6/16/76). Hyatt Hotels was hired to manage the hotel and the name was changed to the Kuilima Hyatt Hotel (Advertiser 6/24/76). Also in 1976, the Kahuku Sugar Mill, having undergone renovation, opened as a tot1rist attraction (Advertiser 3/9/76). Wildlife Refuge at Kahuku, 1977 In 1977, a wetlands refuge for wildlife was established at Kahuku by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The USF&WS became interested in possible acqui sition of.wetlands at Kahuku for refuge status as early as 1969. After several years of negotiation and modification of plans, the James Campbell Na tional Wildlife Refuge was established in early 1977, by lease of lands from the Campbell Estate. The re fuge contains two uni ts: Kii Pond (104. 5 acres) and Punamano Pond (37. 5 acres) [Shallenberger 1977: 245; see Fig. 1]. · Agriculture and Aquaculture at Kahuku At the present time (1981), land at Kahuku is being used for agricul- ture, pasturage and aquaculture (pers. comm., S. Keala, Campbell Estate). Approxi mately 2,300 acres are in agriculture, of which Lowe Farms, Inc., leases·about 1,280 acres, the Kahuku Farmers Association leases 490 acres, the Kahuku Agricultural L '': . . -11- .. I . • • - Co., leases 500 acres, and various small farmers lease from 12 to 25 acres each. Lowe Farms., Inc., produces feed corn for cattle, while the other farm operations raise such crops as banana, guava, papaya, Zilikoi, corn, and water melon. Various dairies lease approximately 800 acres for pasturage. Aquaculture is increasing in Kahuku. Three farms are engaged in aquacul ture there, with several more producers ready to begin operations. The oldest is Systemculture Corporation's Kahuku Sea Food Plantation, founded by Taylor "Tap" Pryor in 1976 (Advertiser 2/3/76). Kahuku Sea Food Plantation leases about 60 acres, while two other aquarulture operators have 100 acres and 50 acre.s. Water used by the operators is either fresh or salt depending upon the sea food raised. . 1..,... l1,.. . : . . • • -12- REFERENCES · Anonymous 1880 "Game Laws and Game of the Hawaiian Islands." (A.C.S.) IN Thos. G. Thrum, ed., Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1881~ pp. 39-40. Honolulu: Gazette Print. Beaglehole, J. C., ed. 1967 The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery: The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery., 1776-1780. Vol. III, .Part l, of 4 vols. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society. Bryan, William A. 1915 Natural History of Hawa,ii. Honqlulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co. Cleghorn, A. S. 1901 "Club Life in Honolulu." IN Thos. G. Thrum, ed·. Hawa.iian Almanac and Annual for 1902, pp. 128-132. Honolulu. Dillingham, Benjamin F. 1886 "Great Land Colonization Scheme." IN Thos. G. Thrum, ed., Ha1»aiian Almanac and Annual for 1886, pp. 73-80. Honolulu: Press Publishing. Handy, E. S. Craighilf 1940 The Hawa.iian Planter. 6. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 161. Honolulu. Handy, E. S. Craighill, and Elizabeth Green Handy 1972 Native Plante.rs in Old Hawaii. Honolulu: Bishop Mus. · Press. Horwitz, Robert H.,and Judith B. Finn 1967 "Public Land Policy in Hawaii: Major Landowners. Report No. 3, 1967. Legislative Reference Bureau, University of Hawaii. Indices ... 1929 Indices of Awards Made by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawa,iian Islands. Honolulu: Commissioner of Public Lands, Territory of Hawaii. Ke 11 y, Marion 1965 "Comments on Chapter 7, 'The History of Land Ownership in Hawaii' . " IN E. S. Craighill Handy et al. , Ancient Hawaiian Civilization, pp. 321~322. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. ' ·• l ~.. • -13- . • - • • • Korn, Alfons L. 1958 The Victorian Visitors. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ~~y~cnlall, Ralphs...... uyKe1,1. .· k'.· •.. . 1 o 7 The Hawaiian Kingdom: 1874-1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty.. Vol. III. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1968 The Hawaiian Kingdom: 1778-1854, Foundation and Trans- formation. . Vol. I. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1938; reprint ed., Honolulu: University of Hawaii . Press. lvfcAl lister, J .. Gifbert 1 1933 · Archaeology of Oahu.1 B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. ]04. llono- lulu. Schmitt, Robert C. 1968 Demographic Statistics of Hawaii, 1778-1965.· Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press; 1977 H-istorical Statistics of Hawai-i. Honolulu: The Uni vcrsi ty Press of Hawaii. Schuyler, Jas. D., and G. F. Allardt 1889 ''Report on Water Supply for Irrigation on the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands." Paradise of the Pacific 111(9) (Sept.): 1~3. Shallenberger, Robert J. 1977 An Ornithological Survey of Hawaiian Wetlands. Vol. 2. Honolulu: Ahuimanu Production (for U.S. Army Engin.eer District, Honolulu). Sterling, Elspeth P., and Catherine C. Summers, compilers 1978 Sites of Oahu. Honolulu. Depts. Anthropology & Education, B. P. Bishop Mus. Vancouver, George 1798 A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World ..• Performed in the Years 1790-1795. Vol. 3. London: G. G. - & J. Robinson. , .. • • • • • ,,,--.-----~\ ' PA C!FIC ------'.-Project Location 0 20ml. ·.--· •": - y----- \ ,::: · - --~. ·\ C.:. S! •.- '. ------... -,-f- - - - • ------\ • t:'-:.. ·,.-.... : ~-:.~ ;' ✓ ::;-----=-- E<~i•:cc,> P'..."•'=-· . - ✓,..,,,. 19,. u , ,, ,, I , 1, , I ,, / ,, '1 ,/ _// ...;\ I I ,- I I I , ' .."~--,, , ,' • I, ,,,.: ✓ PUNAMANO t:: ~~':....., t.:.:itM[~.; \\ ''\ PROJECT LOCATION K.D.HUKU. O'AHU ISLANC SEPTEMBER 1980 Fig.1 Map showing the project area / .. • - • • • p ---~ A C I F I C 0 C E A N ------·---·~------11:IJ (iJTF"t..Ll C:iC.H KIi PONO ,, /!1 SITE 50-Oa-F4-10/11 / ,., / / .. .- -,,-··------.- -. ------: : : : :: == :-, /// '[:'· .:. ·.:.'- : ~:,... -- ~::----- £ :. ~ £ ... :.. ~. '!' ",, ",, ,, 1 : :.:cr:-s ,,,. ,- C."-SE:•.•E~.:T 11·" / ~ i " I f ( . \ /', ,, y \ K A~'E H:. ','E HA :: \ \ . _____·:.:.-..:_...:_·_ .. - . ---~ :·-=--.@-· ------···-~'.~:::.:_----~~ ~ PROJECT LOCATION \ KAHUKU, O'AHU ISLAND , EXH;SIT A SEPTEMBER 1980 "-N JAYES :Av~er_L [!T~T! LA~~5 o: ~~~ .""·, JA'-.'~S ~:.1,•:£i..L •,:.,.,~.•.AL -,. .L~._,,Cf .;;:r ·. C£ 1 Map showing the project area /' ...... _ . 'i ~'.. ~. -15- .. .. ·• • ~ 0 /) Cl) I .µ z0 ,,-4"' •.-4 • . ro . ..-, ro3: ...... - :i:: ::..: ...... ro o t) i::: ,,-4 r: bJ) !:: 0 r: ...... i::: 0 ;:::l Cl) c... c.:::> i::::.,.... O co •r-i .;:: .µ .c I--< bJ) 0 . ..., 0.. .c ------~ -----·.