Index Index

Aeroflot 47 108, 109, 110, 124, 125, 128, 131, African Charter on Human and Peoples’ 133, 148, 151, 154, 163, 168, 173, Rights 195, 201, 203 179, 185, 193, 196, 216, 223, 247, African Human Rights Commission 195, 249, 255, 260 196, 205, 209 Australian Council of Trade Unions 127 African Union 39 Australian Department of Defence aid 23–24, 40, 45,51, 53, 54, 55, 96– Cooperation Program 45 100, 135, 156 Australian Department of Defence White Aitutaki Declaration 63, 161 Paper 2000 52 Amnesty International 193, 204, 207, Australian dollarisation 152–56, 158, 230 159 anti-dumping 110 Australian Foreign Affairs, Defence and APEC 39, 95, 243, 247, 249, 252–53 Trade References Parliamentary Bogor goals 134, 252 Committee Report, A Pacific Engaged ASEAN 19, 246, 247, 253 3, 4, 9, 10, 100, 125, 129, 141, 151, ASEAN Plus Three 39, 253 246, 262, 268 ASEAN Regional Forum 40, 247 Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Asia-Europe summit 39 Downer 48, 49, 50, 131, 164, 168, Asian Monetary Fund 39 175, 176 Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Australian Foreign Minister Bill Hayden Rights Institutions 40, 197, 220 48 associate membership 249 Australian Foreign Minister Gareth Evans Auckland Declaration 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 68, 48, 151, 196 81, 100, 194, 261, 262, 268 Australian Minister for Pacific Island 2, 11, 13, 19, 26, 27, 28, 44– Affairs Gordon Bilney 48 56, 59, 70, 71, 72, 73, 97, 104, 106, Australia-Pacific relations 46–54

315 Pacific Regional Order

Phase one: Colonial period 46–47, 55 164, 165, 174–179, 185 Phase two: Strategic denial 47–48, 55 raskol gangs 26, 27, 171 Phase three: Constructive Republic of Me’ekamui 26, 164 commitment 48–49, 55 Transition Team 165 Phase four: Cooperative intervention Truce Monitoring Group 55, 163, 49–50, 55, 166 164, 174 New phase: Regional integration 50–51 Valentines Day Massacre 27 Australia-Papua New Guinea Joint Care Centres 27 Declaration of Principles Brain drain 129 Guiding Relations 52 Brunei 247 Australian Prime Minister 65 Business Skills Development Program Australian Prime Minister John Howard 6, 129–130, 135 48, 49, 50, 51, 166, 260 Australian Prime Minister Cairns Group 255–256 203 Caribbean 25, 68–69 Australian Prime Minister Caribbean Community and Common 48, 59 Market (CARICOM) 4, 5, 8, 11, 33, Australian Strategic Policy Institute 39, 58, 68–69, 77, 102, 195, 215, (ASPI) 49, 50, 51 216, 221, 254, 255, 261, Caribbean Assembly 231, 234 Banking (offshore) 31 Caribbean Court of Justice 216, 218, BHP 21 227 Big Brother 75 central banks 140, 141, 151, 153–55, Biketawa Declaration 9, 63, 64, 66, 67, 157, 158 81, 95, 161, 162, 166, 169, 197, 261 central bank governors 140, 141 Boomerang aid 130 Chiang Mai Agreement 39 Bougainville 2, 18, 21, 26–27, 63, 67, China 53 117, 170, 177, 181, 186, 193, 194, civil society 230 206 civil wars 2 Bougainville Copper Limited 21, 26 Closer Economic Relations Agreement Bougainville Peace Agreement 165 (CER) 71, 104, 107, 110, 135 Bougainville Revolutionary Army 18, common currency (including ‘Oceania 26, 28, 163 common currency’) 140, 144, 145– Bougainville Resistance Force 27, 46, 152–56, 158, 262 163 common market (including ‘Oceania Burnham Agreement 163, 164, 175 common market’) 9, 11, 68, 91, 92, civilian monitors 163, 175 99, 102–36, 148, 159, 231, 246 currency 45 competition 110, 221, 227 Kabui, Joseph 165 communal land 40, 63, 118, 119–21, Liason Team Buka 175 123, 128, 135, 268 Lincoln Agreement 163, 164, 175 Compact Agreements 18, 129 Ok Tedi Mine 21 comparative advantage 19 Ona, Francis 26, 164, 178 confederation 10, 267 Panguna Mine/no-go zone 18, 21, constitutional issues 92 26, 164 Cook Islands 2, 23, 38, 45, 55, 59, 128, Peace Monitoring Group 2, 45, 163, 129, 130, 144, 166, 235, 236

316 Index corporate welfare 123, 135, 136 European Union 4–7, 10, 11, 18, 19, 39, corruption 30, 123 53, 54, 70–73, 77, 81–100, 102, OECD Guidelines on Corruption and 128, 140, 147, 148, 150, 217, 222, Bribery 123 243, 244, 249, 251, 252–54, 256, Cotonou Agreement 18 261, 262, 264, 266 Council of Europe 196, 253 Central and Eastern European Council of Regional Organisations of the Candidate Countries 85, 86, 90, 91, Pacific (CROP) 60 99, 249, 266 coups 2, 163, 179, 194 Copenhagen Criteria 86, 89, 266 Cuba 28, 39 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 196 cultural relativism 198 European Central Bank 157 Customs Union 109 European Court of Justice 87, 92, 196, 215, 216–17, 225, 227 European Monetary System 142–3, 146 democracy 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 36– European Parliament 196, 230, 39, 48, 55, 65–66, 81, 86, 87–89, 232–33, 236, 237, 238, 241 91, 186, 211, 227, 229–41, 244, exclusive economic zones 65, 95, 122 256, 259, 260, 262, 265 chiefs and traditional authority 38 Executives Meeting of East Asia Pacific transnational democracy 89 Central Banks (EMEAP) 39 Westminster democracy 36, 40 distant-water fishing nations failed, failing states 1, 2, 3, 29–30, 50, see ‘Fisheries’ 51, 183, 259 domestic law 34–36, 40, 121 Federated States of Micronesia 2, 15, drug trafficking 31, 64 18, 29, 37, 38, 45, 129, 159 Dutch Disease 23 Fiji 2, 15, 117, 125, 128, 130, 133, 144, 163, 167, 173, 175, 193, 196, 198, duties 203–4 206, 218, 235, 236, 237 communal land tenure 21, 38 East Asia Community 39 coups 2, 18, 34, 63, 65, 67, 218 e-commerce 19, 111, 113–15, 135, 202 democracy 36–38 Eminent Persons Group 63 Deuba Accords 35 Enhanced Cooperation Program (ECP) 50 domestic law 34 environmental issues 59 garment industry 19, 111 Convention for the Protection of George Speight 35 Natural Resources and Environment of Great Council of Chiefs 35, 37, 38 the South Pacific Region 65, 223–24 National Bank of Fiji 157 environmental refugees 128 Native Land Trust Board 21–22, 119 environmental standards 121 Qarase Government Blueprint for the South Pacific Regional Environment Protection of Fijian and Rotuman Programme 60, 96 Rights and Interests 23 Waigani Convention 65, 223, 224 Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry 35 European Convention on Human Rights Prime Minister (also Chief Minister, and Fundamental Freedoms 195 President) Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara European Court of Human Rights 204 34, 35, 36, 66, 124 European Human Rights Commission Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka 23, 195, 205, 209 28, 34, 35

317 Pacific Regional Order

Reserve Bank of Fiji 145, 146 human rights 5, 12, 81, 89, 91, 135, South Pacific Forum Membership 59 161, 184, 193–212, 218, 259, 262, WTO trade commitments 33 265, 266, 267 Finland 84 Asia Pacific Forum of National Human fiscal transfers 150, 156 Rights Institutions 40, 197, 220 fisheries 1, 15, 59 margin of appreciation 204–5, 220 Convention for the Prohibition of humanitarian law 168, 170–72, 184, 202 Fishing with Long Driftnets in the South Pacific 65 import substitution 18 Convention on the Conservation and Indonesia 31, 244, 247, 252, Management of Highly Migratory Fish Indonesian President Wahid 247 Stocks in the Western and Pacific inflation 24–25, 84, 91–92, 140, 158 Ocean 65 inflation targeting 99, 140, 143, distant-water fishing nations 17, 65 152, 158, 264 Forum Fisheries Agency 96 integration (with the wider region) 2, 7, Kiribati / Soviet Union Fishing 10, 12, 50–51, 55, 66–68, 89–90, Agreement 47 243–56, 259 South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency Inter-American Human Rights 60 Commission 195, 205, 207, 209, Treaty of Niue 65 210 Forum Economic Ministers’ Meeting Inter-American Human Rights Court 198, (FEMM) 62, 70, 141, 158 219, 220 Forum island countries (FICS) 13, 15, International Court of Justice (ICJ) 47 21, 27, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, International Criminal Court 170, 171 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 61, 62, 70, 72, International Labour Organization (ILO) 73, 74, 75, 76, 96, 104, 114, 116, 94, 122, 135, 202, 211 118, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, International Monetary Fund (IMF) 39, 131, 133, 134, 135, 145, 149, 154, 158 156, 176, 185, 216, 222, 227, 230, International Peace Monitoring Team 231, 236, 237, 253, 255, 259, 261, (IPMT) 165–66, 174 262 International Standards Organization free trade 11, 82, 102–36, 248 (ISO) 122 French Polynesia 235–36 investment 8, 19–21, 69, 72, 84, 94, 102, 115–24, 135, 148, 264 Geneva Conventions 170, 171, 172, 186, Australian Foreign Investment Review 206, 211, 265 Board 118 Germany 85 Investment and Communal land 21– good governance 9, 64, 165, 194 22 goods 69, 102, 104, 110, 135, 264 Investment and Corporate Welfare Governance for Livelihoods and 22–23 Development in the Pacific (GOLD) 195 Investment Priority Zones 120, 130 New Zealand Overseas Investment hard power 89–90 Commission 119 HIV/AIDS 1, 17 OECD Multilateral Agreement on Honiara Declaration on Law Enforcement Investment 116 Cooperation 8, 62, 63, 64, 162, 173 Ireland 83

318 Index

Japan 152, 243, 244, 248–49, 252, 266 non-government organisations 226 joint ventures 116, 117 non-state actors 31, 86, 95 Nordic Council 229, 231, 233–34, 235, Kiribati 2, 5, 15, 45, 47, 125, 144, 218, 236, 238, 240, 241, 254, 256 236 nuclear testing, France 58, 59 labour mobility 3, 5, 69, 94, 99, 102, Oceania Community 11, 23, 77, 82, 90– 120, 124–33, 135, 150, 152, 262, 100, 259–68 264, 267, 268 Oceania Court 215–27, 241, 265, 267 labour standards 121, 135, 202 common market chamber 221–23, Lae Rebellion 59 227 leadership 44, 48 constitutional chamber 225, 227 legally binding commitments 92, 100 environmental chamber 223–25, 227 Libya 47 human rights chamber 219–21, 227 logging 1, 15, 122 standing 225 Lomé Agreement 18 Oceania Human Rights Commission 12, 67, 91, 92, 193–212, 237, 265–67 Madang Action Plan 8, 48, 141 Oceania Human Rights Charter 92, Marshall Islands 2, 17, 18, 45, 129, 159 93,193, 194, 199–205, 265 Mauritius 19 Oceania Monetary Fund 140, 157–58 Melanesia 1, 19, 29, 168, 175 Oceania Parliament 229–41, 249, 265, monetary integration 3, 11, 45, 69, 82, 266, 267 84, 85, 91, 140–59, 231, 264 Oceania Peace Fund 169 money laundering 40, 52, 64, 163 Oceania Peace Monitoring Group 91, Moore, Mike 3, 55, 67, 230, 235, 241, 174–79, 186, 265, 267 264 Oceania Security Centre 91, 168–73, 186 moral hazard 156–58 Oceania Single Undertaking Treaty 92, mutual defence 161, 185 93, 114, 159, 161, 186, 194, 204, 215, 256, 262–63, 265 NAFTA 39, 127, 225 OECD Multilateral Agreement on Nasonini Declaration on Regional Investment 116 Security 63, 64, 162, 173 optimal currency area 140, 147–52 Nauru 2, 45, 47, 59, 144 Organisation of American States 4, 39, phosphate mining 47 219 New Caledonia 235–36, 246 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States New Zealand 2, 13, 15, 19, 51, 69 27, 45, 47, 54–55, 59, 70, 71, 72, 73, East Caribbean Supreme Court 218 92, 97, 104, 106, 109, 110, 118, Organisation for Security and 124, 125, 126, 128, 131, 133, 143– Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 168 44, 145, 151, 152, 154, 163, 167, 168, 173, 174, 179, 185, 207, 235, Pacific 2010 1 247, 249, 252, 255, 260 Pacific Closer Economic Relations Reserve Bank of New Zealand 24, Agreement–Pacific Islands Country 153, 154 Trade Agreement Framework (PACER– Niue 2, 45, 55, 126, 128, 144 PICTA) 9, 11, 48, 51, 58, 62, 66, 69–

319 Pacific Regional Order

76, 102, 103–4, 110, 131, 134, 135, West Papua Independence Movement 208, 216, 244, 261 31, 244 Pacific Common Market 9 WTO trade commitments 33, 114 Pacific Community 60 Papua New Guinea-Australia Trade and Pacific economic and political Commercial Relations Agreement community 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 55, 125, (PATCRA) 21, 61 262 peace enforcement 161, 184–85, 186 Pacific Islands Forum 2, 11, 13, 44, 58– peacekeeping 163, 179–84, 186 77, 96, 162, 166, 168, 180, people smuggling 31, 64 194,195, 231, 246, 247, 255 Philippines 244, 247, 252 Forum Regional Security Committee pollution 1 59 Polynesia 15, 29 Forum Secretariat 59, 60, 70, 71, 72, population growth 17, 40 73, 76, 81, 97, 104, 128 poverty of opportunity 18 Forum Secretary-General 59, 63, 67, preventive diplomacy 168–69 161 Forum countries free trade agreement quarantine 106, 110, 136 71–72 Post-Forum Dialogue 243–244, 248, Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon 249 Islands (RAMSI) 2, 9, 46, 64, 67, 77, Pacific Parliament 3, 12, 67, 93, 229, 235 95, 162, 165, 167, 180, 181, 182, Pacific paradox 23 183, 260, 261 Pacific Patrol Boat Program 26, 45, 65, remittances 124, 129, 133, 154 171, 185, 186 Pacific Way, the 36, 67, 68, 94, 216, 227 Reserve Bank of Australia 152, 157 Palau 2, 18, 38, 45, 129, 159 rule of law 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 32– Papua New Guinea 2, 13, 17, 18, 29–30, 36, 48, 55, 64–65, 67, 81, 86–87, 47, 50, 51, 62, 63, 125, 128, 133, 91, 186, 211, 215–27, 242, 244, 144, 169, 173, 181, 183, 185, 193, 256, 259, 262, 265 235, 236, 247, 252 aid 99 supranational law 32–33 Central Highlands 30 rules of origin 106–9, 135, 264 Enhanced Cooperation Program (ECP) 50 Samoa 2, 15, 38, 59, 62, 125, 128, 144, foreign direct investment 19 235, 236 Foreign Minister Sir Rabbie Namaliu security 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 26–31, 52 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, Minister for Bougainville Affairs Moi 59, 62–64, 67, 81, 85–86, 91, 92, Avei 164, 176 159, 161–86, 211, 231, 241, 244, Papua New Guinea Defence Force 256, 259, 262 (PNGDF) 26, 171, 176 seigniorage 155 Prime Minister Julius Chan 163, 179 services 19, 69, 102, 111–15, 135, Prime Minister Mekere Morauta 30, 149, 151, 154, 264, 265 62 shared sovereignty 7, 8, 10, 58, 64, 81, Sandline Affair 30, 163, 179 95–96, 100, 261

320 Index

Singapore 247, 252 taxation 98 skills development 124, 264 double taxation agreement 123, 135 soft power 89–90, 91, 266 progressive taxation 98 Solomon Islands 2, 3, 15, 17, 24, 26, regional taxation 98–100 27–29, 47, 49, 51, 52, 63, 144, 162, value-added taxes 106 165, 167, 169, 171, 180, 181, 182, technical assistance 106, 135 183, 184, 185, 186, 206, 235, 236 technology transfer 121 democracy 38, 66 telecommunications 19, 93, 114, 124, Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army/ 135 Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM) terrorism / terrorists 31, 50, 51, 52, 64, 27–28 95, 162, 168, 185, 244, 265 Honiara 28 Bali bombings 31, 162 Malaitia 27 combating terrorism 172–73 Malaitian Eagle Force (MEF) 28, 29 Timor-Leste/East Timor 246, 247, 252 Peacekeeping operation (RAMSI) 2, 9, Tokelau 55, 128, 246 46, 50, 51, 64, 67, 77, 95 Tonga 2, 38, 59, 66, 73, 124, 128, 144, Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa’alu 163, 166, 167, 193, 209, 235, 236 28, 29, 165 tourism 22, 25, 111, 112, 114, 130, Prime Minister Sir Allan Kemakeza 166 146, 154, 264 Townsville Agreement 165, 174–75 Tourism Council of the South Pacific WTO trade commitments 33 60 South Pacific Applied Geoscience trade 18–19 Commission 60, 96 free trade agreements 39, 54, 71, 94 South Pacific Commission 46, 58, 67, non-reciprocal trade agreements 18 100 Transboundary Movement of Radioactive South Pacific Forum Waste 65 see ‘Pacific Islands Forum’ Waigani Convention 65, 223, 224 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone 65 Transnational Corporations 21, 22, 115, Treaty of Rarotonga 65, 223, 224 121, 123, 135, 226 South Pacific Regional Environment United Nations Draft Code of Conduct Programme (SPREP) 60, 96 on Transnational Corporations 116 South Pacific Regional Trade and Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangements 126, Economic Cooperation Agreement 131 (SPARTECA) 18, 47, 61–62, 73, 75, Treaty of Niue 65 107, 108, 109, 131, 135 Treaty of Rarotonga 65 Soviet Union 47 Turkey 86 strategic vision 2, 7, 75, 134, 252, 259, Tuvalu 2, 15, 45, 144 261–68 subsidiarity 10 United Kingdom 47 sustainable economic development 2, 7, United Nations (UN) 9, 15, 90, 94, 122, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15–25, 48, 55, 61– 161, 162, 164, 165, 183, 184, 186, 62, 76, 81, 82–85, 91, 102, 136, 194, 198, 199, 243, 256, 265 140, 145, 186, 211, 241, 244, 256, United Nations Commission on 259, 264 International Trade Law’s Model Law tariffs 73 on Electronic Transmissions 114–15

321 Pacific Regional Order

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 15, 17, 18 Human Development Index 15 Regional Rights Resource Team 195 United Nations Law of the Sea 64, 95 United Nations Security Council 164, 181 United States 15, 19, 31, 47, 53, 65, 66, 72, 118, 147, 150, 227, 243, 246, 252 United States dollar 45, 154 University of the South Pacific 60

Vanuatu 2, 15, 17, 38, 47, 62, 117, 144, 163, 175, 177, 235, 236, 238 weapons disposal 166, 176, 178 West Pacific Dialogue/Forum 247, 248, 266 working holiday visas 126 World Bank 23 World Trade Organization (WTO) 9, 62, 74, 94, 135, 227, 243, 252, 254, 255, 256, 264 CARICOM engagement 69, 72 enabling clause 72 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 72, 74, 94, 109, 133 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 33, 94, 111, 114, 115, 127, 134 regional trade agreements 39 Uruguay Round 33, 115, 127

Yugoslavia, former 86, 89

322