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The Forgotten Holocaust to Total Pillage of Their Infrastructure THE SARMATIAN REVIEW September 2014 The two key phrases of Demshuk’s study are but he does cite it because it is found in the “Heimat of memory” and “Heimat expellees’ reports made when, in search of a transformed.” The former refers to an idealized dreamland, they discovered devastation. image created on the basis of selective memories It is therefore worth adding at least one fact. that made the lost territories into a paradise lost. A Soviet “Trophy Army” followed on the heels The latter refers to the shocking reality of the of the Red Army when it entered the territory of places that the Germans left behind. News about Silesia in 1945. That plague erased everything the devastation of war, depopulation, and Polish from the earth that had made up the expellees’ settlers taking over what was left had first Heimat. On Stalin’s order issued ten days after reached the expellees by letters from the few Yalta (Order No. 7558, paragraph 6b of who had not fled. Tourist travel became February 20, 1945) all German lands that were possible after 1956, to which the expellees to be transferred to Poland were subject to total engaged en masse. Hundreds of thousands of pillage of their entire infrastructure. Over three Germans could then compare with their own years, the entire area was completely eyes their “Heimat of memory” with the deindustrialized. When the Soviet Trophy Army “Heimat transformed.” Demshuk argues was finished, all that was left for the Poles were convincingly that the extreme contrast between bare walls and the ground. their dreamland built on selective memories and Like the expellees, Demshuk apparently the postwar communist reality of Soviet- knows nothing about the organized looting by occupied Poland was the main factor that the Soviets of the lands granted to Poland. He enabled the expellees to accept the fact that the shows unintentionally how that ignorance can be “German East” had irrevocably become the the source of anti-Polish prejudice among “Polish West.” Germans even today. The irrepressibility of that --- prejudice surprises Demshuk, and while he ostensibly opposes it he remains unable to On Stalin’s order issued ten days after repudiate it on the basis of historical facts. ∆ Yalta (Order No. 7558, paragraph 6b of February 20, 1945), all German lands that were to be transferred to Poland were subject The Forgotten Holocaust to total pillage of their infrastructure. Over The Poles under German Occupation three years, the former German areas were 1939-1944 completely deindustrialized. --- By Richard C. Lukas. Foreword by Norman This book focuses on the German point of Davies. New York: Hippocrene Books view, as amply indicated by its lack of balance. (hippocrenebooks.com), 2012. xviii + 358 We learn how and why this fairytale “Heimat of pages. ISBN 978-0-7818-1302-0. Paper. $19.95. memory” arose, but we do not learn why the “transformed Heimat” was so degraded. The Farrah Madanay destruction of war? Communist administration? The fact that the Soviet military was stationed in ichard C. Lukas’s third edition of his Poland throughout the communist period (1945– seminal The Forgotten Holocaust includes 1991)? Demshuk mentions (in one sentence!) R four new features: a preface by Lukas, a the fact that the Soviet soldiers removed foreword by Norman Davies, a short history of “machinery” from the region. He gets close to Żegota [the Polish Catholic underground an important discovery, but never follows his organization whose goal was to help Jews], and trail. He is more interested in how Germans an annotated list of Poles executed by the reacted to the reality they encountered than what Germans for attempting to save Jews. These made that reality arise. The Bismarckian myth additions reinforce one of Lukas’s theses that of “polnische Wirtschaft” recurs over and over Poles, from the officials of the government-in- in the book, a German slur against Poles. exile to the families who hid Jews in their Demshuk cites it with premonitory comments, homes, tried to aid Poland’s Jewish citizenry. 1867 September 2014 THE SARMATIAN REVIEW Davies’ God’s Playground: A History of Poland, Devoting two chapters to the Polish-Jewish is cited in several footnotes and Davies also adds relationship, Lukas qualifies that if Poles his thoughts in the new foreword. Although he expressed any anti-Semitism at all, it was concedes the book’s shortcomings, he applauds grounded in economic rather than racial The Forgotten Holocaust for forging the path to prejudice. Despite this economic anti-Semitism, a healthier discussion of World War II issues. ethnic Poles united in defiance against the Nazis The Forgotten Holocaust’s goal is to show the and in sympathy for the Jews. Lukas best slaughter of Poles by German Nazis, which in demonstrates the erroneous negative image of turn is meant to invalidate Western stereotypes Poles, instilled by Joseph Goebbels’ propaganda of Poles and Eastern Europeans as doing nothing and reinforced by American and British while Jews were being murdered. Lukas tries to newspapers, in his two new appendices “Żegota: reconcile Jewish and non-Jewish narratives in A Conspiracy of Good” and “They Were Killed one Polish history, a reasonable goal considering for the Help They Gave.” At the national level, the fact that the ratio of Jewish to non-Jewish Żegota represented Poland’s philo-Semitism, deaths in Poland during the war was nearly one since it was the only government-funded to one (that is, the number of Polish Christians organization in occupied Europe specifically and Polish Jews that perished was roughly the dedicated to saving Jews. At the individual level, same). the incomplete annotated list of 704 Poles killed In the new preface Lukas lays out his two- for attempting to save Jews represents the zenith pronged argument for the book: to point out that of courage and humanity. This list is particularly the German Nazi war against Poland concerned notable in light of the fact that Poland was the not only Jews but also Christian Poles, and to only country in which Nazis imposed the death debunk the crude perception of all Gentiles as penalty on anyone who was caught helping anti-Semites. The book archives the memory of Jews. Lukas cites a common maxim among trauma that Poles faced, particularly in the first Polish activists during the war: “For one Jew, half of the war when, Lukas asserts, Polish you lose your head; for several Jews, it’s the Christians rather than Polish Jews were Hitler’s same head” (295). The maxim reflects the main targets of annihilation. Lukas further humor, rationale, and indomitable spirit of the speculates that had the Final Solution succeeded thousands of Poles who aided Jews during the and the war been prolonged, Polish Christians war. would have been exterminated next (5). In the chapter “Poles and Jews,” Richard To vindicate Poles of their anti-Semitic Lukas quotes Polish-Jewish Żegota member caricature, The Forgotten Holocaust Adolf Berman: “The flotsam and jetsam on the recontextualizes the German occupation in surface of a turbulent river is more visible than Poland. Lukas turns his attention particularly to the pure stream running deep underneath, but the dual resistance of the Polish government that stream existed” (141). Within a chapter that exiled in London, and the underground Home directly confronts the Polish-Jewish relationship Army and Żegota in Poland. Through anecdotal surrounding World War II, Berman’s quote aptly evidence and Polish records, Lukas convincingly sums up the premise of Lukas’s The Forgotten demonstrates how Poles both passively and Holocaust: The Poles under German actively resisted the Nazis, as well as provided Occupation 1939–1944. While the Polish aid and shelter to Jews. Lukas coherently collaborators, blackmailers and denouncers did explains the broad scope of the Polish exist, a sizable contingent of Polish resistors and Underground, from the key pro-Semitic generals rescuers more accurately characterized the Rowecki and Sikorski to the role of the Polish German--occupied country. press. However, Lukas’ writing truly excels In a field dominated by Jewish historians, when he describes the spirit of the Poles through Lukas differentiates himself as a scholar whose short anecdotes, such as the witty Polish foremost interpretation of the Holocaust is rewritings of German propaganda posters and through a Polish historical lens. While he seeks courier Jan Karski’s clandestine trips between to restore balance to Holocaust history, his own the Warsaw Ghetto and London. bias is apparent throughout the book. Although 1868 THE SARMATIAN REVIEW September 2014 he professes contributing a broader and more MORE BOOKS objective view of the Holocaust, his title reveals a primary interest in Polish victimization, which The Clash of Civilizations or Civil War, by indeed is reflected in his overly positive, philo- Zbigniew Stawrowski. Kraków: The Tischner Semitic Polish history of World War II and Institute (www.tischner.org.pl), 2013. 127 Polish-Jewish relations. In addition to his pages. Index, bibliography. ISBN 978-83- criticism of Jewish historians for subsuming or 60911-14-3. Paper. trivializing the tragedies of non-Jewish Poles to his is one of those essential books that the Jewish Holocaust, Lukas makes sweeping T everyone should have in his/her library. generalizations regarding Jews in twentieth- Professor Stawrowski takes on the fundamental century Poland. These generalizations, which concepts of our civilization: democracy, Lukas uses to explain Polish anti-Semitic freedom, religious tolerance, community, ethics, sentiments, include deficient Jewish and morality, and shows by means of a Socratic assimilation, Jewish Polonophobia, and Jewish argument how many inconsistencies are built collaboration with the Soviets. Lukas’s work into the popular understanding of these terms. lacks references to Hebrew and Yiddish He intimates that these inconsistencies may literature and testimonies, relying excessively eventually lead to the collapse of such ill- and almost exclusively on Emanuel defined projects as the European Union or any Ringelblum’s diary testimonies for a Jewish foil.
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