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A Antártida No Espaço Geopolítico Do Atlântico Sul Vanessa Luís

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A Antártida No Espaço Geopolítico Do Atlântico Sul Vanessa Luís Escola de Sociologia e Políticas Públicas Departamento de História A Antártida no Espaço Geopolítico do Atlântico Sul Vanessa Luís Rei Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em História, Estudos de Segurança e Defesa Orientador: Doutor Carlos Manuel Mendes Dias, Coronel Academia Militar (Lisboa) Coorientador: Doutor Luís Nuno Valdez Faria Rodrigues, Professor Associado ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Junho de 2018 Escola de Sociologia e Políticas Públicas Departamento de História A Antártida no Espaço Geopolítico do Atlântico Sul Vanessa Luís Rei Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em História, Estudos de Segurança e Defesa Júri: Doutor Luís Miguel Carolino, Diretor do Departamento de História do ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Doutor João Luís Rodrigues Leal, Tenente-Coronel de Infantaria da Academia Militar Doutora Sandra Maria Rodrigues Balão, Professora Associada do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor Luís José Rodrigues Leitão Tomé, Professor Associado do Departamento de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa Doutor Luís Nuno Valdez Faria Rodrigues, Professor Associado do ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Doutor Carlos Manuel Mendes Dias, Coronel da Academia Militar Junho de 2018 A Antártida no Espaço Geopolítico do Atlântico Sul Agradecimentos Foram muitas as pessoas que se cruzaram comigo ao longo destes últimos cinco anos e que tornaram este desafio possível, contribuindo para que hoje apresentasse aqui o resultado final. Desde a ideia inicial, passando pelo projeto desenvolvido na Antártida, as entrevistas realizadas no IGOT Lisboa e no SPRI em Cambridge e culminando no apoio moral constante, plasmado no “vais conseguir… coragem… está quase...”, todos os contributos foram preciosos. Não quero assim correr o risco de esquecer alguém, por isso, como sei que quem me apoiou e/ou contribuiu para este desiderato vai ler pelo menos esta parte, não vou referir nenhum nome em particular, deixando sim o meu sincero agradecimento por todo o vosso apoio e pela vossa disponibilidade. i A Antártida no Espaço Geopolítico do Atlântico Sul Resumo Muito antes de ser oficialmente descoberta, a Antártida já alimentava a imaginação das nações e dos seus marinheiros, pelas riquezas naturais que possuiria. Em 1959 foi assinado o Tratado da Antártida com o intuito de refrear a conflitualidade crescente em torno das reivindicações territoriais naquele continente. Congelaram-se as existentes, proibiram-se novas, mas não se acomodou a questão da exploração de recursos minerais, à data, inviável. O Atlântico Sul, entendido como o espaço localizado entre a América do Sul e África, encerra um corredor de elevado valor geoestratégico e possui três importantes bacias oceânicas intercomunicantes, i) o choke point Natal/Dakar; ii) a passagem do Cabo da Boa Esperança; e iii) a Passagem de Drake e os estreitos de Beagle e Magalhães, ligações naturais diretas entre Atlântico e Pacífico. Consideramos assim que Antártida e Atlântico Sul não podem analiticamente ser dissociados, mas qual a importância da Antártida naquele espaço geopolítico? Para além da localização estratégica, ambos encerram recursos naturais importantes, especialmente os recursos antárticos. Com o intuito de impedir a exploração dos recursos naturais na Antártida e a consequente destruição daquele habitat, foi assinado em 1991 o Protocolo de Madrid, no entanto cientistas que têm lutado pela preservação do “continente gelado” acreditam que os interesses comerciais poderão colocar em risco aquele Protocolo. Porém, a pressão para o consenso é muito elevada no âmbito do Sistema do Tratado da Antártida, sobretudo devido à adesão de novos membros, que ao não terem efetuado reivindicações territoriais defendem o estatuto de Reserva da Humanidade. Palavras-chave Antártida, Atlântico Sul, espaço geopolítico, história, cooperação, reivindicações territoriais, Tratado da Antártida ii A Antártida no Espaço Geopolítico do Atlântico Sul Abstract Long before its official discovery, Antarctica was already in the imagination of the nations and their sailors, for its believed natural assets. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 to curb the growing conflict over territorial claims in that continent. Existing claims were frozen and new ones were forbidden, but the possibility of exploitation of mineral resources was not addressed, once it was not feasible at the time. South Atlantic, which can be understood as the space between South America and Africa, comprises a corridor of high geostrategic value and has three important intercommunicating ocean basins, choke point Natal/Dakar, Cape of Good Hope, Drake Passage and the straits of Beagle and Magellan, direct natural links between the Atlantic and the Pacific. We thus consider that Antarctica and the South Atlantic cannot be analytically dissociated, so how important is Antarctica in that geopolitical space? In addition to their strategic location, both contain important natural resources, especially Antarctica. In 1991 the Protocol on Environmental Protection was signed in order to prevent the exploitation of natural resources in Antarctica and the consequent destruction of that habitat, but scientists who have been fighting for the preservation of the "icy continent" believe that commercial pressure could jeopardize the Protocol. Notwithstanding, the pressure for consensus is very high in the scope of the Antarctic Treaty System, mainly due to new members that cannot make any territorial claims and therefore stand for Antarctica’s statute as Reserve of Humanity. Key words Antarctica, South Atlantic, geopolitical space, history, cooperation, territorial claims, Antarctic Treaty iii A Antártida no Espaço Geopolítico do Atlântico Sul Índice Índice de Quadros ...................................................................................................................... vi Índice de Figuras ....................................................................................................................... vi Glossário de siglas ..................................................................................................................... ix CAPÍTULO 1 ................................................................................................................................. 9 ESTADO DA ARTE E ENQUADRAMENTO TEÓRICO ........................................................................ 9 1. Poder ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2. Soberania .............................................................................................................................. 16 3. Geopolítica ........................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Fatores geopolíticos ............................................................................................................ 24 3.1.1 O fator físico .................................................................................................................... 27 3.1.2 O fator recursos naturais .................................................................................................. 30 3.1.3 O fator circulação ............................................................................................................ 30 3.2 Perspetivas do Pensamento Geopolítico ............................................................................. 31 3.2.1 Poder Terrestre ................................................................................................................ 31 3.2.2 Poder Marítimo ................................................................................................................ 46 3.2.3 Poder Aéreo ..................................................................................................................... 53 3.2.4 Poderes Conjugados ........................................................................................................ 61 4. A Teoria da Defrontação ...................................................................................................... 70 CAPÍTULO 2 ............................................................................................................................... 75 O ESPAÇO GEOPOLÍTICO DO ATLÂNTICO SUL ........................................................................... 75 1. O Atlântico Sul ..................................................................................................................... 75 1.1 Os fatores físico, recursos naturais e circulação ............................................................... 78 2. Evolução histórica do espaço geopolítico do Atlântico Sul ................................................. 90 2.1 Dos Descobrimentos ao final da Guerra Fria ..................................................................... 90 2.2 Do final da Guerra Fria à atualidade – Alianças regionais: a Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul e a Comissão do Golfo da Guiné. ..................................................................... 100 2.2.1 A Zona de Paz e Cooperação do Atlântico Sul – ZOPACAS ....................................... 100 2.2.2 A Comissão do Golfo da Guiné (CGG) ........................................................................ 108 iv A Antártida no Espaço Geopolítico do Atlântico Sul 3. A Convenção de Montego Bay e a
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