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Universidad De Guayaquil Facultad De Ciencias Quimicas Modalidad: Investigación Tema: Autores: Tutor: Co-Tutor UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS MODALIDAD: INVESTIGACIÓN TEMA: CARACTERIZACIÓN FÍSICO-QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DEL ACEITE OBTENIDO DE LAS SEMILLAS DEL FRUTO DEL MATE (Crescentia cujete L.). TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN PRESENTADO COMO REQUISITO PREVIO PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE QUÍMICO Y FARMACÉUTICO AUTORES: LOURIDO SALAZAR LUIGGI RAFAEL PALADINES SANTACRUZ GEOVANNA LISSETTE TUTOR: PHD. ADONIS BELLO ALARCÓN CO-TUTOR: Q.F ZORAIDA BURBANO GOMEZ Msc. GUAYAQUIL-ECUADOR 2017 i APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR En calidad de tutor /a del Trabajo de Titulación, Certifico: Que he asesorado, guiado y revisado el trabajo de titulación en la modalidad de investigación, cuyo título es “Caracterización físico-química y actividad antioxidante del aceite obtenido de las semillas del fruto del mate (Crescentia cujete L.)”, presentado por LUIGGI RAFAEL LOURIDO SALAZAR, con cédula de ciudadanía N° 0920028396 y GEOVANNA LISSETTE PALADINES SANTACRUZ, con cédula de ciudadanía N° 0925641797, previo a la obtención del título de Químico y Farmacéutico. Este trabajo ha sido aprobado en su totalidad y se adjunta el informe de Antiplagio del programa URKUND. Lo Certifico. - Guayaquil, 21 de Marzo del 2017 FIRMA TUTOR DE TESIS ii iii CERTIFICADO DEL TRIBUNAL El Tribunal de Sustentación del Trabajo de Titulación del Sr. Luiggi Rafael Lourido Salazar y la Srta. Geovanna Lissette Paladines Santacruz, después de ser examinados en su presentación, memoria científica y defensa oral, da por aprobado el Trabajo de Titulación. DR. JULIO RODRIGUEZ ZURITA MsC PRESIDENTE - MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL Q.F. FERNANDA VÉLEZ LEÓN MsC DRA. AMALIA SUAREZ MsC DOCENTE–MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL DOCENTE–MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL ING. NANCY VIVAR CÁCERES SECRETARIA ENCARGADA iv CARTA DE AUTORIA DE TITULACIÓN Fecha Guayaquil, 21 de Marzo del 2017 Nosotros, LUIGGI RAFAEL LOURIDO SALAZAR Y GEOVANNA LISSETTE PALADINES SANTACRUZ, autores de este trabajo declaro ante las autoridades de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad de Guayaquil, que la responsabilidad del contenido de este TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN, nos corresponde a nosotros exclusivamente; y el patrimonio intelectual de la misma a la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad de Guayaquil. Declaro también es de nuestra autoría, que todo el material escrito, salvo el que está debidamente referenciado en el texto. Además, ratifico que este trabajo no ha sido parcial ni totalmente presentado para la obtención de un título, ni en una Universidad Nacional, ni una Extranjera. LUIGGI RAFAEL LOURIDO SALAZAR NOMBRES DEL AUTOR C.I. 0920028396 GEOVANNA LISSETTE PALADINES SANTACRUZ NOMBRES DEL AUTOR C.I. 0925641797 v AGRADECIMIENTO En primer lugar agradezco a Dios por haberme dado sabiduría y salud para poder culminar esta etapa en mi vida y sobre todo a mis padres por brindarme su apoyo incondicional y aconsejándome en cada paso en esta etapa de mi vida. Agradezco al apoyo incondicional de mi familia, tanto a mi padre como a mi madre por haberme sabido guiar en toda mi vida, me ayudaron a formarme con buenos sentimientos, hábitos y valores, lo cual me ha ayudado a salir adelante en los momentos más difíciles. Agradezco a mi compañera, amiga y más, Geovanna Paladines para poder culminar este trabajo, ya que gracias a su curiosidad se pudo salir adelante con esta investigación y estoy muy orgulloso de ti, Dios permitió poder realizar este trabajo junto y nos ayudó a forjarnos como profesionales. Agradezco a mi tutor de tesis el Lcdo. Adonis Bellos Alarcón PhD. y Co-Tutora Q.F. Zoraida Burbano Gómez Msc. Por haberme brindado la oportunidad de recurrir a su capacidad y conocimiento científico y a su vez poder guiarme en este largo camino durante el desarrollo de mi tesis. Mi agradecimiento también va dirigido al Gerente Propietario de la Empresa GUSTAFF S.A., el Ing. Gustavo Argüello por haberme permitido poder dar mis primeros pasos en su prestigiosa empresa y formarme como profesional. Para finalizar, agradezco de igual manera a todas las personas que fueron mis compañeros y amigos más cercanos de clase durante todos los niveles de Universidad, que siempre estuvieron apoyando y aconsejando formando así un gran vinculo duradero, ya que gracias al compañerismo, amistad y apoyo han aportado a mis ganas de seguir adelante en mi carrera profesional. Luiggi Rafael Lourido Salazar vi AGRADECIMIENTO Gracias Dios por todo lo que me has dado, gracias por no soltar mi mano y mantenerme a tu lado contra vientos y mareas. Gracias Dios por haber caminado junto a nosotros , dándonos tu ayuda ,fortaleza, sabiduría y paz , para permitirnos alcanzar una más de nuestras metas de vida. Agradezco a mi hermosa familia, que me ha dado su total apoyo incondicional, desde mis primeros pasos, ya que con su amor, cariño y valores me han dado la motivación para escalar en mi vida y no desfallecer en el camino .Han sido y serán siempre mi pilar fundamental, gracias a ellos he podido forjarme como persona, y ser la persona que ahora soy con sus virtudes y defectos de noble corazón. Cada uno que aporto de una forma maravillosa para que logre conseguir mi meta, ya sea con ayuda, regaño, consejo, sonrisa o un abrazo, me hicieron saber que siempre van a estar ahí y aunque los tiempos estén difíciles, harán que el día sea alegre. Por eso y más siempre les estaré eternamente agradecida. Agradezco a nuestro tutor el Dr. Adonis Bello Alarcón y Co-Tutora Q.F. Zoraida Burbano Gómez Msc, que con su paciencia y sabiduría nos guiaron con excelencia y disposición durante toda la etapa de desarrollo de la tesis. Agradezco a las personas que conocí durante mi etapa Universitaria, que de alguna manera aportaron en mí de forma positiva en mi camino hacia la meta. Agradezco a mis compañeros, con los cuáles pasamos muchos obstáculos y vivimos muchas aventuras y a los que hoy puedo llamar amigos. A su vez a mis amigos más cercanos, que siempre estuvieron ahí, alentando y apoyando en toda esta etapa. Agradezco a los docentes que me formaron como profesional e inculcaron en mí la curiosidad de investigar. Agradezco de manera especial a mi compañero de tesis, por haberme dado su apoyo, soporte y entusiasmo, para seguir adelante, y estoy muy orgullosa y feliz de decir que lo logramos y que esta meta lograda, es un paso más que nos acerca a la meta final de lograr el éxito profesional, personal y de vida. Geovanna Paladines Santacruz vii INDICE GENERAL Pág. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 3 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA 3 HIPÓTESIS 3 VARIABLE VARIABLE DEPENDIENTE 4 VARIABLE INDEPENDIENTE 4 OBJETIVOS OBJETIVO GENERAL 4 OBJETIVO ESPECÍFICOS 4 CAPITULO I. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA I.1. Antecedentes del trabajo 5 I.2. Mate, jícaro o totumo 5 I.2.1. Origen y distribución 5 I.2.2. División taxonómica 6 I.2.3. Denominaciones o sinonimias 6 I.2.4. Sinonimia botánica 6 I.2.5. Descripción botánica 7 I.3. Composición química 7 I.3.1. Ácidos grasos 8 I.3.2. Análisis fisicoquímico para aceites vegetales 11 I.4. Actividad biológica 11 I.4.1. Uso medicinal 11 I.4.2. Actividad antioxidante 12 I.4.3. Determinación de la actividad antioxidante in vitro por el método DPPH 13 viii I.5. Caracterización fisicoquímica para aceites comestibles 15 I.5.1. Densidad relativa 15 I.5.2. Perdida por calentamiento 15 I.5.3. Índice de Yodo 15 I.5.4. Índice de Peróxido 16 I.5.5. Acidez 16 I.5.6. Índice de acidez 17 I.5.7. Índice de saponificación 17 I.6. Cromatógrafo de gases acoplada a espectrómetro de masas 17 CAPITULO II. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS II.1. Metodología 19 II.2. Extracción de aceite 19 II.3. Análisis fisicoquímicos 20 II.3.1. Densidad relativa 20 II.3.2. Pérdida por calentamiento 20 II.3.3. Índice de Yodo 21 II.3.4. Índice de peróxido 21 II.3.5. Acidez 22 II.3.6. Índice de refracción 22 II.3.7. Índice de saponificación 22 II.3.8. Contenido de ácidos grasos 23 II.4. Determinación de la actividad antioxidante in vitro por el método del DPPH 24 Capítulo III. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN III.1. Extracción de aceite 25 III.2. Análisis Fisicoquímicos de los aceites 25 III.2.1. Densidad relativa 25 III.2.2. Pérdida por calentamiento 25 III.2.3. Índice de refracción 25 ix III.2.4. Índice de saponificación 26 III.2.5. Acidez 26 III.2.6. Índice de peróxido 26 III.2.7. índice de Yodo 27 III.2.8. Contenido de ácidos grasos 27 III.3. Ensayo DPPH 29 CONCLUSIONES 32 RECOMENDACIONES 33 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 34 ANEXOS 40 x ÍNDICE DE TABLAS TABLA N° Pág. TABLA N° I. Compuestos obtenidos en la hoja 8 TABLA N° II. Ácidos grasos saturados 9 TABLA N° III. Ácidos grasos monoinsaturados 10 TABLA N° IV. Ácidos grasos poliinsaturados 10 TABLA N° V. Composición de ácidos grasos del aceite 28 TABLA N° VI. Relación entre la conc. del blanco estandarizado Trolox y la absorbancia 29 TABLA N° VII. Datos de la absorbancia del blanco y la muestra 30 ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICAS FIGURA N° Pág. FIGURA N° 1. Estructura del DPPH antes y después de reacción antioxidante 14 FIGURA N° 2. Curva de regresión lineal obtenida del Trolox 29 ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ANEXO Nº Pág. ANEXO Nº 1. Herbario guay, descripción taxonómica del mate 40 ANEXO Nº 2. Fotografías de la fase experimental 41 ANEXO Nº 3. Gráficas del GC-MS 47 ANEXO Nº 4. Decoloración de solución DPPH 48 ANEXO Nº 5. Certificado de presentación de tema en II Congreso Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología 49 ANEXO N° 6 Certificado de análisis del Laboratorio PROGECA 50 xi RESUMEN El interés científico por el empleo de los aceites vegetales muestra una tendencia ascendente.
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