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Calabashes and Bottle Gourds from Suriname Calabashes and bottle gourds from Suriname A comparative research between Maroons and Amerindians, with a case-study in Konomerume, a Kari’na village Irene R.M.M. Meulenberg Cover: calabash cups between the dishes in Konomerume (photo by Meulenberg). Calabashes and bottle gourds from Suriname A comparative research between Maroons and Amerindians, with a case-study in Konomerume, a Kari’na village Irene R.M.M. Meulenberg Master Thesis (ARCH 1044WY) Studentnumber: 0516848 Supervisor: Dr. Alice V.M. Samson Archaeology of the Caribbean and Amazonia University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, December 2011 Contents List of figures .................................................................................................................... vii List of maps ........................................................................................................................ xi List of tables ...................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research motivation ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Aims and research questions ..................................................................................... 3 1.3 Methodologies and approach .................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2 Natural setting of bottle gourds and calabashes ................................................. 7 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Bottle gourds ............................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Calabashes .............................................................................................................. 10 2.4 The collections dataset ............................................................................................ 14 2.5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 3 Suriname from prehistory till history ............................................................... 18 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Suriname in Guiana ................................................................................................ 20 3.3 Paleo Indians as the first inhabitants of Suriname .................................................. 21 3.4 Meso Indians in neighbouring areas ....................................................................... 22 3.5 The Neo Indian period and its characteristics ......................................................... 23 3.5.1 The Saladoid Tradition .................................................................................... 24 3.5.1.1 Kaurikreek, the first ceramic settlement .................................................. 24 3.5.1.2 Wonotobo and its Martime Saladoid component ..................................... 25 3.5.2 The Barrancoid tradition ................................................................................. 26 3.5.2.1 Wonotobo and its Barrancoid component ................................................ 26 3.5.3 Raised mounds on the coast ............................................................................ 26 3.5.3.1 Buckleburg ............................................................................................... 27 3.5.4 The Arauquinoid tradition ............................................................................... 27 iii 3.5.4.1 The Hertenrits culture .............................................................................. 28 3.5.4.2 The Peruvia culture .................................................................................. 29 3.5.4.3 The Kwatta culture ................................................................................... 30 3.5.4.4 The Barbakoeba culture ........................................................................... 31 3.5.5 Cultures of the interior .................................................................................... 32 3.5.5.1 The Koriabo culture ................................................................................. 32 3.5.5.2 The Brownsberg culture ........................................................................... 32 3.5.5.3 The Pondokreek culture ........................................................................... 33 3.6 Suriname from discovery to colony ........................................................................ 33 3.7 The Amerindian and Maroon wars ......................................................................... 35 3.8 From emancipation till civil war ............................................................................. 37 3.9 Summary ................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 4 Maroon calabashes and gourds ......................................................................... 40 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 40 4.2 Maroon society ....................................................................................................... 40 4.3 The preparation of calabashes ................................................................................. 45 4.4 Object categories..................................................................................................... 45 4.4.1 Containers ........................................................................................................ 47 4.4.2 Bowls ............................................................................................................... 48 4.4.3 Spoons, ladles, and rice mounders .................................................................. 49 4.4.4 Musical instruments ........................................................................................ 50 4.4.5 Other purposes ................................................................................................. 52 4.5 The bottle gourd ...................................................................................................... 62 4.5.1 Containers ........................................................................................................ 63 4.5.2 Musical instruments ........................................................................................ 64 4.5.3 Other purposes ................................................................................................. 65 4.6 Decoration ............................................................................................................... 66 4.6.1 Decoration developments ................................................................................ 68 4.6.2 Decoration designs .......................................................................................... 73 iv 4.7 Summary ................................................................................................................. 76 Chapter 5 The Amerindian calabashes and gourds ........................................................... 80 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 80 5.2 Amerindians ............................................................................................................ 82 5.2.1 Konomerume ................................................................................................... 82 5.3 Calabash use in Konomerume ................................................................................ 85 5.3.1 Growing and preparation ................................................................................. 86 5.3.2 Calabash variants ............................................................................................. 86 5.3.3 Calabash bowls ................................................................................................ 87 5.3.4 Calabash spoons .............................................................................................. 91 5.3.5 Calabash containers ......................................................................................... 93 5.3.6 Spindles ........................................................................................................... 95 5.3.7 Modelling tool ................................................................................................. 98 5.3.8 The maraca.................................................................................................... 100 5.3.9 Other musical instruments ............................................................................. 105 5.3.10 Suction device ............................................................................................. 107 5.3.11 Other purposes ............................................................................................. 108 5.4 Gourd use in Konomerume ................................................................................... 109 5.4.1 Waterbottles..................................................................................................
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