THE Official Magazine of the OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

THE Official Magazine of the OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY OceThe OFFiciala MaganZineog OF the Oceanographyra Spocietyhy CITATION Rudnick, D.L., S. Jan, L. Centurioni, C.M. Lee, R.-C. Lien, J. Wang, D.-K. Lee, R.-S. Tseng, Y.Y. Kim, and C.-S. Chern. 2011. Seasonal and mesoscale variability of the Kuroshio near its origin. Oceanography 24(4):52–63, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2011.94. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2011.94 COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 24, Number 4, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2011 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. downloaded From http://www.tos.org/oceanography SPECIAL IssUE ON THE OCEANOGRAPHY OF TAIWAN Seasonal and Mesoscale Variability of the Kuroshio Near Its Origin BY DANIEL L. RUdnICK, SEN JAN, LUCA CENTURIONI, CRAIG M. LEE, REN-CHIEH LIEN, JOE WANG, DONG-KYU LEE, RUO-SHAN TsENG, YOO YIN KIM, And CHING-SHENG CHERN Underwater photo of a glider taken off Palau just before recovery. Note the barnacle growth on the glider, fish underneath, and the twin hulls of a catamaran used for recovery in the distance. Photo credit: Robert Todd 52 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.4 AbsTRACT. The Kuroshio is the most important current in the North Pacific. Here, we present historical data and recent observations of the Kuroshio off the coasts of Taiwan and the Philippine Archipelago, with a focus on its origins. Seasonal climatologies from shipboard hydrographic and velocity measurements, and from surface drifters, demonstrate changes in the Kuroshio caused by the monsoon. In particular, seasonal monsoon forcing affects the degree of penetration of the Kuroshio through Luzon Strait. Data from surface drifters and underwater gliders describe its mesoscale variability. Velocities derived from drifters make clear the mesoscale variability associated with the Subtropical Countercurrent east of the Kuroshio. Underwater gliders document mesoscale structure prominent in salinity extrema associated with water masses. The evolution of these water masses as they progress northward near the Kuroshio indicates strong mixing in the region. InTRODUCTION Kuroshio passes between Taiwan and the Three major currents dominate the Ryukyu Islands, it is a strong, coherent general circulation in the western Pacific current with a mean transport of 21 Sv offshore of Taiwan and the Philippines (1 Sv = 106 m3 s–1) (Johns et al., 2001). (Figure 1): the North Equatorial Current The NEC supplies the western (NEC) flows westward, runs into the boundary with two distinct water Philippine coast, and bifurcates into the masses marked by salinity extrema. northward-flowing Kuroshio and the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW) southward-flowing Mindanao Current. is marked by high salinity near 200 m As the terminus of the NEC, and the depth, while North Pacific Intermediate origin of the Kuroshio and Mindanao Water (NPIW) is well known as a Current, this bifurcation region is glob- salinity minimum near 500 m depth. ally important. Of these three currents, On the basis of chlorofluorocarbon the Kuroshio has probably received the observations, Fine et al. (1994) conclude most study through observation, theory, that NPTW was in contact with the and modeling. Here, we review some of atmosphere less than three years before this work and present new findings, with reaching the western boundary, while a focus on variability. NPIW is less than 20 years old. As The Kuroshio starts as a relatively the water proceeds northward in the poorly defined current flowing from Kuroshio, the modification of these the bifurcation region (Figure 1). The water masses is evident. current flows northward to the northern The Kuroshio’s origin is marked by tip of Luzon Island, where it veers strong mesoscale variability, so strong, westward through Luzon Strait into the in fact, that it can overwhelm the mean South China Sea (SCS). The Kuroshio flow offshore of Luzon. The mesoscale generally does not penetrate very far variability is due to at least two sources: into the SCS, but penetrating incursions (1) the instability of the Kuroshio itself, happen occasionally. The Kuroshio and (2) westward-propagating eddies becomes well established as it flows arriving at the western boundary. northeastward out of Luzon Strait along The eastward-flowing Subtropical the east coast of Taiwan. By the time the Countercurrent (STCC) is a region of Oceanography | December 2011 53 0 observations of variability in the 24°N Taiwan Kuroshio and environs from recent 1000 22°N observational campaigns. Shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) Kuroshio 20°N 2000 and surface drifter data reveal variability in currents. Autonomous underwater 18°N 3000 Luzon gliders are used to quantify variations in 16°N hydrographic properties. A special focus North Equatorial Current 4000 is the passage of the Kuroshio across the 14°N Depth (m) mouth of Luzon Strait. Mindanao Curr 5000 12°N BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY 10°N 6000 The seafloor surrounding Taiwan has complicated topography (Figure 2). East 8°N en t Palau 7000 of Taiwan, tectonic processes related indanao M to the flipping of subduction direction 6°N 8000 lead to great seafloor roughness. The 120°E 125°E 130°E 135°E Philippine Sea Plate subducts beneath Figure 1. Schematic diagram of currents in the western Pacific off Taiwan and the Philippines. The North Equatorial Current (NEC) flows westward where the Eurasia Plate along the Ryukyu it runs into the Philippine coast. The end of the NEC is the beginning of the Trench. However, the Luzon Island Arc northward Kuroshio and the southward Mindanao Current. The Kuroshio starts that belongs to the Philippine Sea Plate as a weak, unorganized current, and strengthens as it flows northward. thrusts over the Eurasia continental margin (Liu et al., 1998). As a result, the topography east of Taiwan can be sepa- enhanced eddy activity centered at about source, the region offshore of Taiwan has rated into three parts. The northern part 22°N (Qiu and Chen, 2010), presumably the second strongest mesoscale eddies in is comprised of the northwest-southeast because of instability in the STCC. Qiu the entire North Pacific. The only region trending Okinawa Trough adjacent to and Chen (2010) also find interannual of stronger mesoscale variability in the the east-west trending Ryukyu Island changes in the strength of mesoscale North Pacific is the Kuroshio Extension Arc to the south. The middle part, variability related to vertical shear in offshore of Japan. roughly between 23°N and 24.5°N, is both STCC and NEC. Regardless of In the following, we summarize a 4,000–6,000 m deep basin called the Huatung Basin. Located south of the Daniel L. Rudnick ([email protected]) is Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, east-west trending Yaeyama Ridge, the La Jolla, CA, USA. Sen Jan is Associate Professor, Institute of Oceanography, National Ryukyu Trench, with its maximal depth Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Luca Centurioni is Associate Project Scientist, Scripps over 6,200 m, becomes shallow toward Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA. Craig M. Lee is Principal Oceanographer, the west and loses its topographic char- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Ren-Chieh Lien is acter west of 122.5°E. In the southern Principal Oceanographer and Affiliate Professor, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of part, the north-south trending Luzon Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Joe Wang is Professor, Institute of Oceanography, National Island Arc, which is the southern bound Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Dong-Kyu Lee is Visiting Researcher, Scripps Institution of the Huatung Basin, connects to the of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA. Ruo-Shan Tseng is Professor, Department of Marine Coastal Mountain Range in south- Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Yoo Yin Kim is Senior eastern Taiwan. Green Island and Lanyu Statistician, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA. Ching-Sheng Chern is Island lie on the Luzon Island Arc off Professor, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. southeastern Taiwan. 54 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.4 WInds search/rescue, and general education. both hydrographic and velocity data Winds measured by satellite remote To update the climatology of the in each grid are interpolated to the sensing as well as at island weather Kuroshio east of Taiwan after Liang center of the grid and then vertically stations off eastern Taiwan suggest that et al. (2003), we analyze hydrography interpolated at 10 m depth intervals. The the East Asia monsoon dominates the and current velocity data from the corresponding climatological mean of change of wind, which is southwesterly Ocean Data Bank collected before 2009. hydrography and velocity are calculated to southerly in summer and northeast- The shipboard ADCP ocean current at each grid when the data number erly in winter. The winter northeasterly velocity is blended with wind-driven is greater than three for hydrography monsoon commences in mid-September, and tidal components fluctuating at and 30 for velocity data in each grid. prevails from October to January, periods from a half-day to seasons. The It is natural to separate data collected and weakens continuously thereafter. barotropic tidal currents computed in summer and winter because of the The summer southwesterly monsoon, by a two-dimensional numerical tidal distinct monsoonal wind forcing. prevailing from June to August, is much model described in Hu et al. (2010) are Accordingly, summer is defined as from weaker than the winter monsoon, in subtracted from the ADCP velocity data.
Recommended publications
  • JULY, 1926 a Full-Fledged Hurricane Raged up the Mexican West by Rev
    306 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW JULY,1926 In the American tropics a small cyclone was encountered way place for its occurrence, namely, in 19' N., 125' to on the 21st,.near 19' N., 131' W., by the American 130' W. steamer Oak Park. The lowest pressure observed by the TYPHOONS AND DEPRESSlONS vessel was 29.49 inches, highest wind-force, 8. Nothing further is known of the movements of the cyclone. FOUR TYPHOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES IN JULY, 1926 A full-fledged hurricane raged up the Mexican west By Rev. Josk CORONAE,S. J. coast from the 5th until the 9th. It probably originated [Weather Bureau, Manila, P. I.] near 10' N., 97' W., moved northwestward, and was last heard from near 19' N., 110' W. Several vessels There were four typhoons in the Philippines during met this storm, but most of them encountered moderate t,he last month of July, one having passed between Luzon gales and depressions only. Two steamers, the British and the Visayas, another across northern Luzon, and the M. S. Reginolite, Capt. F. A. Germain, master and ot,her two across the Balint'ang Channel. observer, from San Pedro to Balboa, and the American The first one was an intense but very small typhoon, tank steamer Coalingga, Capt. N. E. Larson, Mr. S. wihh a radius of no more than 30 miles. It entered Samar Lindholm, second officer, Iquique to Los Angeles, during the night of the 3d to the 4th; traversed Masbate experienced heavier winds and seas, and the Coctlingn in the morning of the same day, and Romblon in the battled for hours in a full hurricane, lowest observed aft'ernoon.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems for Food Security in a Changing Climate in Batanes, Philippines
    Journal of Developments in Sustainable Agriculture 9: 111-119 (2014) Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems for Food Security in a Changing Climate in Batanes, Philippines Lucille Elna P. de Guzman1, Oscar B. Zamora1, 2,JoanPaulineP.Talubo3* and Cesar Doroteo V. Hostallero4 1 Crop Science Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños 2 Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Academic Affairs, University of the Philippines Los Baños 3 Department of Community and Environmental Resource Planning, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños 4 Office of the Provincial Agriculturist, Basco, Batanes, Philippines Climate change could have significant impacts in the Philippines on large sections of the population who are poor and vulnerable, especially those who live in areas prone to coastal storms, drought and sea level rise. The sectors mostly affected by climate change are agriculture and food security because of the risk of low productivity due to increasing temperature, drought, and increasing frequency and intensity of rainfall that brings about floods and land- slides. Located in the northernmost tip of the country, the Batanes group of islands lies on the country’s typhoon belt. Because of vulnerability and isolation from the rest of the archipelago, the Ivatans have developed self-sufficient, organic and climate-resilient crop production systems. This paper presents the indigenous crop production systems that have made the Ivatans food self-sufficient despite vulnerability of their agroecosystem. A typical Ivatan farmer owns 3-7 parcels of land. Each parcel has an average size of 300-500 m2.Farmers practice a rootcrop-based multiple cropping system with specific spatial arrangements of corn (Zea mays), gabi (Colocasia esculenta), yam (Dioscorea alata) and tugui (Dioscorea esculenta), using corn stover, hardwood trees or a local reed called viyawu (Miscanthus sp.) as trellis.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    37741 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 37741 The World Bank Group GEOGRAPHY ECONOMY / SOCIETY 1818 H Street, N. W. Country Of ce Manila Area: Total ..................................... 300,000 sq. km GDP (2005) .................................................. 5,379 B Washington D. C. 20433, U.S.A. 23rd Floor, The Taipan Place Land ..................................... 298,170 sq. km GDP growth rate (2005) ..................................5.1% Tel: 202-473-1000 F. Ortigas Jr. Ave. (formerly Emerald Ave.) Water ....................................... 1,830 sq. km GDP – composition by sector: Fax:202-477-6391 Ortigas Center, Pasig City, Philippines Boundaries: Agriculture ................................................14% www.worldbank.org Tel: 63-2-637-5855 to 64 North: Balintang Channel Industry .....................................................33% Fax:63-2-637-5870; 917-3050 South: Sulu and Celebes Seas Services ......................................................53% www.worldbank.org.ph East: Philippine Sea/Pacific Ocean Unemployment rate (2005): ..........................10.3% West: South China Sea Gross Domestic Investment/GDP: ..............15.7% December 2005 Coastline: .............................................. 36,289 km Exports of goods and services/GDP: ...........46.4% Maritime claims: Gross domestic savings/GDP: .....................20.1% Total territorial water area incl. Gross national savings/GDP: .......................18.2%
    [Show full text]
  • Ivatan Indigenous Knowledge, Classificatory Systems, and Risk Reduction Practices
    Journal of Nature Studies 18(1): 76-96 Online ISSN: 2244-5226 IVATAN INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE, CLASSIFICATORY SYSTEMS, AND RISK REDUCTION PRACTICES Rolando C. Esteban1* and Edwin A. Valientes1 1 University of the Philippines Diliman *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT – The paper aims to offer an emic perspective of Ivatan indigenous knowledge, classificatory systems, and risk reduction practices. It is based on primary data gathered through fieldwork in Basco and Ivana in Batan Island and in Chavayan in Sabtang Island in 2011-13 and 2017. Classificatory systems are ways of recognizing, differentiating, understanding, and categorizing ideas, objects, and practices. Ivatan classificatory systems are ecological and agrometeorological in nature. The distinction that they make between good and bad weather and good and bad times manifest binary, oppositional logic. Notions of bad weather and bad times are emphasized more than the good ones because of the risks involved. They are products of observations and experiences evolved over time in an environment that is prone to disasters because of its geomorphology, location, and practices. They are used in everyday life and during disasters, and always adapted to new knowledge and practices for survival. Keywords: classificatory system, disaster, emic perspective, indigenous knowledge, risk reduction practices INTRODUCTION Knowledge is either modem or indigenous. Modern denotes ‘scientific’ based on Western epistemology (Collins, 1983), while indigenous denotes ‘traditional’, ‘local’, and ‘environmental’ (Anuradha, 1998; Briggs and Sharp, 2004; Chesterfield and Ruddle, 1979; Morris, 2010; Tong, 2010). Thus, indigenous knowledge (IK) is synonymous with traditional knowledge (Anuradha, 1998; Brodt, 2001; Doxtater, 2004; Ellen and Harris, 1997; Sillitoe, 1998), local knowledge (Morris, 2010; Palmer and Wadley, 2007), and environmental knowledge (Ellen and Harris, 1997; Hunn et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Taiwan Earthquake Fiber Cuts: a Service Provider View
    Taiwan Earthquake Fiber Cuts: a Service Provider View Sylvie LaPerrière, Director Peering & Commercial Operations nanog39 – Toronto, Canada – 2007/02/05 www.vsnlinternational.com Taiwan Earthquake fiber cuts: a service provider view Building a backbone from USA to Asia 2006 Asian Backbone | The reconstruction year Earthquake off Taiwan on Dec 26, 2006 The damage(s) Repairing subsea cables Current Situation Lessons for the future www.vsnlinternational.com Page 2 USA to Asia Backbones | Transpac & Intra Asia Cable Systems China-US | Japan-US | PC-1 | TGN-P Combined with Source Flag 2006 APCN-2 C2C EAC FNAL www.vsnlinternational.com Page 3 2006 Spotlight on Asia | Expansion Add Geographies Singapore (2 sites) Tokyo Consolidate presence Hong Kong Upgrade Bandwidth on all Segments Manila Sydney Planning and Design Musts Subsea cables diversity Always favour low latency (RTD …) Improve POP meshing intra-Asia www.vsnlinternational.com Page 4 AS6453 Asia Backbone | Physical Routes Diversity TransPac: C-US | J-US | TGN-P TOKYO Intra-Asia: EAC FNAL | APCN | APCN-2 FLAG FNAL | EAC | SMW-3 Shima EAC J-US HONG KONG EAC LONDON APCN-2 TGN-P APCN-2 Pusan MUMBAI SMW-4 J-US Chongming KUALA APCN-2 PALO ALTO LUMPUR Fangshan MUMBAI CH-US APCN-2 SMW-3 Shantou TIC APCN SMW-3 CH-US LOS ANGELES EAC SINGAPORE APCN-2 EAC LEGEND EXISTING MANILLA IN PROGRESS www.vsnlinternational.com As of December 26 th , 2006 Page 5 South East Asia Cable Systems – FNAL & APCN-2 TOKYO EAC FLAG FNAL Shima EAC J-US HONG KONG EAC LONDON APCN-2 TGN-P APCN-2 Pusan MUMBAI
    [Show full text]
  • Bullet Train of Non-Linear Internal Waves from Luzon Strait C
    BULLET TRAIN OF NON-LINEAR INTERNAL WAVES FROM LUZON STRAIT C-T Liu, R. Pinkel, M-K Hsu, R-S Tseng, Y-H Wang, J.M. Klymak, H-W Chen, C. Villanoy, L. David, Y. Yang, C-H Nan, Y-J Chyou, C-W Lee and Antony K. Liu In the northeastern South China Sea, a series of fast moving (about 2.9 m/s) non-linear internal waves (NLIWs) emanated westward from the Luzon Strait. Their propagation speed is faster than NLIWs previously observed in the world oceans, their amplitude reached 140 m or more, and are the largest free propagating NLIWs so far observed in the interior ocean. These NLIWs energized the top 1500 m of the water column, heaving it up and down in 20 min. Their associated energy density and energy flux are the largest observed to date. The exact source of these giant NLIWs is still under study and to be determined. BACKGROUND: Non-Linear Internal Waves (NLIWs) are often found in shelf regions. They are typically thought to be generated by tidal currents over steep topography (sill, seamount, shelf break, etc.) or sometimes by the instability of current shears. An ERS-1 SAR image of a non-linear internal waves (NLIW) near Luzon Strait (LS) in 1995/6/16 (http://sol.oc.ntu.edu.tw/IW/1995/ERS1.htm) showed quite different features than NLIW images nearer Taiwan (Liu et al., 1994). Existing theories and experience were insufficient to explain the location, shape and size of NLIW in that SAR image. To the west of LS, the HengChun Ridge (HCR) connects the southern tip of Taiwan to the continental shelf north of Luzon Island; Batan Islands and Babuyan Islands spread east of HCR.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf (Accessed Department of Environment and Natural September 1, 2010)
    OceanTEFFH O icial MAGAZINEog OF the OCEANOGRAPHYraphy SOCIETY CITATION May, P.W., J.D. Doyle, J.D. Pullen, and L.T. David. 2011. Two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean modeling of the PhilEx Intensive Observational Periods. Oceanography 24(1):48–57, doi:10.5670/ oceanog.2011.03. COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 24, Number 1, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2011 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. downloaded FROM www.tos.org/oceanography PHILIppINE STRAITS DYNAMICS EXPERIMENT BY PAUL W. MAY, JAMES D. DOYLE, JULIE D. PULLEN, And LAURA T. DAVID Two-Way Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Modeling of the PhilEx Intensive Observational Periods ABSTRACT. High-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations of the primarily controlled by topography and Philippines show the regional and local nature of atmospheric patterns and ocean geometry, and they act to complicate response during Intensive Observational Period cruises in January–February 2008 and obscure an emerging understanding (IOP-08) and February–March 2009 (IOP-09) for the Philippine Straits Dynamics of the interisland circulation. Exploring Experiment. Winds were stronger and more variable during IOP-08 because the time the 10–100 km circulation patterns period covered was near the peak of the northeast monsoon season.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans Seasonal Surface Ocean
    Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 47 (2009) 114–137 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dynatmoce Seasonal surface ocean circulation and dynamics in the Philippine Archipelago region during 2004–2008 Weiqing Han a,∗, Andrew M. Moore b, Julia Levin c, Bin Zhang c, Hernan G. Arango c, Enrique Curchitser c, Emanuele Di Lorenzo d, Arnold L. Gordon e, Jialin Lin f a Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, UCB 311, Boulder, CO 80309, USA b Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA c IMCS, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA d EAS, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA e Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA f Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA article info abstract Article history: The dynamics of the seasonal surface circulation in the Philippine Available online 3 December 2008 Archipelago (117◦E–128◦E, 0◦N–14◦N) are investigated using a high- resolution configuration of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) for the period of January 2004–March 2008. Three experi- Keywords: ments were performed to estimate the relative importance of local, Philippine Archipelago remote and tidal forcing. On the annual mean, the circulation in the Straits Sulu Sea shows inflow from the South China Sea at the Mindoro and Circulation and dynamics Balabac Straits, outflow into the Sulawesi Sea at the Sibutu Passage, Transport and cyclonic circulation in the southern basin. A strong jet with a maximum speed exceeding 100 cm s−1 forms in the northeast Sulu Sea where currents from the Mindoro and Tablas Straits converge.
    [Show full text]
  • CAGAYAN VALLEY: the Philippine’S Prime Cereal Producer and Northern Gateway
    CAGAYAN VALLEY: The Philippine’s Prime Cereal Producer and Northern Gateway REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL 2 Tuguegarao City June 2010 Regional Development Agenda 2010-2020 Cagayan Valley: The Philippine’s Prime Cereal Producer and Northern Gateway Notes on the Cover: 1. Port Irene, courtesy of the Cagayan Economic Zone Authority 2. Sierra Madre, courtesy of Conservation 1 International Philippines 6 2 3. Magat Dam, courtesy of the Department 7 of Tourism RO2 5 3 4. Rice Harvest 4 5. Cagayan River, courtesy of the Department of Tourism RO2 6. Callao Caves, courtesy of the Department of Tourism RO2 7. Rafflesia leonardi, photo taken by Dr. Julie Barcelona PREFACE The Regional Development Agenda (RDA) CY 2010-2020 was formulated to guide the next Regional Development Council 2 in the crafting of the successor Regional Development Plan. The document has undergone a series of consultation participated in by line agencies, local government units, NGOs and HEIs. The Cagayan Valley RDA is among the legacies of the officials and members of the Regional Development Council 2 (RDC2) CY 2007-2010 under the able leadership of his Eminence Bishop Ramon B. Villena. As such, the document will provide the next Council with a starting document that would guide them in formulation of the successor Regional Development Plan. The RDA takes off from existing planning documents such as the Regional Development Plan CY 2004-2010, the Regional Physical Framework Plan, the Regional Investments Priority Plan, and the Regional Action Agenda for Productivity and Quality. The RDA articulates the region’s highest priorities and the essential ingredients needed to achieve the desired development scenario.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archipelagic States Concept and Regional Stability in Southeast Asia Charlotte Ku [email protected]
    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 23 | Issue 3 1991 The Archipelagic States Concept and Regional Stability in Southeast Asia Charlotte Ku [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Charlotte Ku, The Archipelagic States Concept and Regional Stability in Southeast Asia, 23 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 463 (1991) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol23/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. The Archipelagic States Concept and Regional Stability in Southeast Asia Charlotte Ku* I. THE PROBLEM OF ARCHIPELAGIC STATES For the Philippines and Indonesia, adoption by the Third Law of the Sea Conference in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (1982 LOS Convention) of Articles 46-54 on "Archipelagic States," marked the cap- stone of the two countries' efforts to win international recognition for the archipelagic principle.' For both, acceptance by the international com- munity of this principle was an important step in their political develop- ment from a colony to a sovereign state. Their success symbolized independence from colonial status and their role in the shaping of the international community in which they live. It was made possible by their efforts, in the years before 1982, to negotiate a regional consensus on the need for the archipelagic principle, a consensus that eventually united the states of Southeast Asia at the Third Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS III).
    [Show full text]
  • Observations of Inflow of Philippine Sea Surface Water Into the South
    JANUARY 2004 CENTURIONI ET AL. 113 Observations of In¯ow of Philippine Sea Surface Water into the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait LUCA R. CENTURIONI AND PEARN P. N IILER Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California DONG-KYU LEE Busan National University, Busan, South Korea (Manuscript received 19 February 2003, in ®nal form 12 June 2003) ABSTRACT Velocity observations near the surface made with Argos satellite-tracked drifters between 1989 and 2002 provide evidence of seasonal currents entering the South China Sea from the Philippine Sea through the Luzon Strait. The drifters cross the strait and reach the interior of the South China Sea only between October and January, with ensemble mean speeds of 0.7 6 0.4ms21 and daily mean westward speeds that can exceed 1.65 ms21. The majority of the drifters that continued to reside in the South China Sea made the entry within a westward current system located at ;208N that crossed the prevailing northward Kuroshio path. In other seasons, the drifters looped across the strait within the Kuroshio and exited along the south coast of Taiwan. During one intrusion event, satellite altimeters indicated that, directly west of the strait, anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies resided, respectively, north and south of the entering drifter track. The surface currents measured by the crossing drifters were much larger than the Ekman currents that would be produced by an 8±10 m s 21 northeast monsoon, suggesting that a deeper westward current system, as seen in historical watermass analyses, was present. 1. Introduction latitude can be successfully computed from the wind- This work describes observations of velocity made at driven vorticity dynamics of linear and nonlinear re- a nominal depth of 15 m with satellite-tracked drifters duced-gravity circulation models.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation of the South China Sea from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Isolation of the South China Sea from the North Pacifc Subtropical Gyre since the latest Miocene due to formation of the Luzon Strait Shaoru Yin1*, F. Javier Hernández‑Molina2, Lin Lin3, Jiangxin Chen4,5*, Weifeng Ding1 & Jiabiao Li1 The North Pacifc subtropical gyre (NPSG) plays a major role in present global ocean circulation. At times, the gyre has coursed through the South China Sea, but its role in the evolutionary development of that Sea remains uncertain. This work systematically describes a major shift in NPSG paleo‑ circulation evident from sedimentary features observed in seismic and bathymetric data. These data outline two contourite depositional systems—a buried one formed in the late Miocene, and a latest Miocene to present‑day system. The two are divided by a prominent regional discontinuity that represents a major shift in paleo‑circulation during the latest Miocene (~ 6.5 Ma). The shift coincides with the further restriction of the South China Sea with respect to the North Pacifc due to the formation of the Luzon Strait as a consequence of further northwest movement of the Philippine Sea plate. Before that restriction, data indicate vigorous NPSG circulation in the South China Sea. Semi‑ closure, however, established a new oceanographic circulation regime in the latest Miocene. This work demonstrates the signifcant role of recent plate tectonics, gateway development, and marginal seas in the establishment of modern global ocean circulation. In the Pacifc Ocean, the North Pacifc subtropical gyre (NPSG) represents a surface level water mass that advects warm water from the tropics to central and higher-latitude areas of the North Pacifc basin.
    [Show full text]