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RUDIMENTS

CHINESE LANGUAGE,

WITH

DIALOGUES, EXERCISES, AND A VOCABULARY.

REV. JAMES SUMMERS,

PROFESSOR OF CHINESE IN KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON.

LONDON: BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY. 1864.

W. M. WATTS, CROWN" COURT, TEMPLE BAR. PREFACE.

The following little Manual is intended to supply a want, which it is believed that many feel, who leave this country to visit China for the first time. No small work having issued from the press that would at once acquaint a person with the nature of the Chinese language, and would also enable him to make a start in the acquisition of it, Mr. Quaritch deter mined on publishing this present little book to supply the deficiency, and in sequel to his other similar pub lications on Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and other lan guages. The Author hopes that Chinese scholars will excuse the defects which have occasionally crept in through the scarcity of Chinese type in this country, and the difficulty attending the compositor's work in such p language; and as this is an attempt to put Chinese into a European dress by the use of Roman type, the paucity of Chinese characters in the work will be of little consequence. Sufficient, however, has been given to enable the beginner to make himself master of the rudiments of the language, and, as he 11 PREFACE. proceeds, he will find other works of a more complete character necessary, where he will meet with the signs which may he here dispensed with. The Vocabulary at the end of the book consists of many most valuable words and phrases, which have been drawn from the work of the Rev. Joseph Edkins, entitled " Progressive Lessons in Chinese" and which the Author here takes the opportunity to recommend to students of Chinese.

Hitchin, Herts, Feb. 10, 1864. INTRODUCTION.

1. The Chinese language, with its numerous dialects, has no alphabet. It is written by means of cha racters, each of which represents an entire syllable. These syllables are simple, and are easily pro nounced. They consist either of one vowel, — of a consonant and a vowel, — or of a consonant, a vowel, and a final consonant. There are no difficult com binations of consonants, as in the European tongues, nor accumulations of vowels as in some languages. The initial sounds, ch, sh, ts, and the final sound ng, may not be regarded as exceptions to this re mark. 2. The Chinese characters are formed of very simple elementary figures or symbols. Their first i rudiments are simple strokes or lines, and the point A" or dot. An infinite variety of forms is produced by the perpendicular, the horizontal, the oblique dash to the right, the oblique sweep to the left, and the large point like a comma. All the strokes required in writing are to be seen in the characters yung? and ib.

" ** * '* 6 2 INTRODUCTION.

3- When a number of simple forms, as k'eu* 'mouth,' jin, 'man,' jt," 'the sun,' hwitf, 'an enclo sure,' are produced ; they may become the elements of complex characters. Thus &e«ia 'mouth/ after the addition of hu,e becomes hit,1 'to call out;' jin, ' man,' by the addition of #r,g ' you,' becomes nl, 'you;' andjeV'the sun, with yu,1 'the moon,' beside it, makes ming* ' bright,' and hwui,i ' an enclosure,' with wdng,1 ' a, king,' placed within it, makes kwd, 'a kingdom,' the same as kwo.m 4. From this it will be seen that a Chinese cha racter may consist of two parts, and that but one syllable is needed to express a complex character. These two parts are a "radical" and a "pho netic," the former conveys a fundamental notion to the whole character, and thelatter indicates the sound by which it is expressed. But although it may be stated that the radical generally conveys something of its own meaning to the compound, and that the remaining part of the character is phonetic, this is not a constant rule. These facts only help the me-

kBJ '£ "B INTRODUCTION. 3 mory when they take place, and we cannot say more for them : experience will shew their use. In the above examples, hw" is phonetic in hii, and &rg was formerly called ni, and is therefore pho netic in ni. The ' sun' and ' moon' unite to form bright or 'brightness'; but here is no phonetic: botli parts are radicals. 5. The number of different characters in Chinese is upwards of 40,000, but many thousands of these are ancient forms, and therefore obsolete. Thousands more are simply curious variations of characters which are in use, but which are not wanted. Not more than 10,000, it is believed, enter into ordinary use, and 5000 are quite sufficient for the general purposes of literary composition. 6. Every character stands for an idea, and is ex pressed by a syllable. In as far, therefore, as it is seen written, it may constitute a word ; but when its name is uttered — that is, when the syllable which expresses that character is spoken — the syllable means nothing. This may seem paradoxical, but it is nevertheless true, as will be found when prac tical explanation is given further on. 7. To express 40,000 characters, the Chinese have but about 500 syllables, which, when modified 4 INTRODUCTION.

in pronunciation, do not amount to more than 1200 or 1300 distinguishable syllables. Hence there must be, on an average, thirty characters to one syllable. And even if the number of characters be reduced to 5000, still it is clear that several cha racters must have a common name ; and how is it possible to know what is intended when the same monosyllable has several meanings ? It is im possible, unless the hearer is cognisant of the cir cumstances under which the monosyllable is spoken, and therefore readily divines the meaning thereof; or unless the monosyllable form a direct reply, as, shi, 'yes,' pu, 'not,' — 'no,' for then it is clear. Chinese is commonly called a monosyllabic tongue, although it is quite impossible to make one's self intelligible in China by monosyllables. Let the best Chinese scholar try to translate the following line, without reference to the written cha racter, and unless he can guess what the signifi cation is, or obtain it by a sort of exhaustive pro cess, he will fail : Chi kwei chi ma chi yung, or ming fu mung chin tau chau. The meaning does not appear, and is not conveyed, by these syllables themselves, apart from their proper connexion. If tne characters for which they stand were known, INTRODUCTION. 5 or the connexion and the relation of each syllable to its neighbour were indicated, the sense of the whole would be manifest. But the Chinese only utter sounds — the doubtful expressions for characters — and they employ no inflexions to show the mutual relations of words : if, therefore, Chinese syllables do not cohere to form words and phrases, and to make polysyllables, Chinese is no language at all, — and this amounts to a reductio ad absurdum. Monosyllables in Chinese are meaningless ; therefore Chinese is not a monosyllabic language (if indeed there exists such anywhere), and we are compelled to acknowledge that English is far more of such a character than Chinese. English may be spoken in monosyllables — Chinese cannot. Thus: 'He went to the wood and shot a hare, which he brought home in a bag, and ate in a pie that night.' The truth is, that all languages had only monosyllables to begin with. All Hebrew roots are monosyllables, and all San skrit roots are monosyllables. The difference be tween Chinese and these ancient languages in this re spect is this, that Chinese has, by its written symbols, preserved the syllables of which it is composed dis tinct from each other, and has kept their meanings also distinct generally. For nearly all Chinese 6 INTRODUCTION. syllables have a distinct meaning still attaching to them, while some other languages contain many syllables, the meaning of which is lost, and which serve now for terminations, formatives, and par ticles, in those languages. 7. There are, however, means existing by which these monosyllabic representatives of the characters are wrought into intelligible language. They may be so connected with each other, and so intoned or accented, that we find some cohering, some nearly vanishing, others making themselves heard more clearly, and conforming themselves to the laws of euphony and the conditions of all human speech ; and to such a degree does this cohesion, intonation, and accentuation of syllables take place, that, if the mother tongue of any Chinese were written down from his mouth, with appropriate signs, marking the emphasis and intonation which he produced, and mak ing those syllables coalesce (or nearly so) which he uttered rapidly together, we should find that our production was a polysyllabic tongue — yea, very- polysyllabic. Every thing depends on accent and emphasis to make a language polysyllabic. With out accent and emphasis, polysyllables become mono syllables. For instance, the passage, "/ re mem ber INTKODUCTION. 7

Sir with a me Ian cho ly plea sure the si tu a tion of the ho nou ra ble gen tie man " (Burke), would, when thus dissected, read as Chinese is supposed to be read, with each syllable isolated and apart from the others. 8. But, by a process similar to that in use in all languages — by a natural arrangement, and of ne cessity — Chinese syllables cohere, and form poly syllables. Nouns, verbs, and particles are formed by the juxta-position and cohesion of syllables, all of which are sometimes significant. Sometimes one of the syllables is merely formative, like er in butcher, ed in wounded, ing in singing, or ly in truly. 9. With 5000 significant syllables, it may easily be conceived that many tens of thousands of words of two and three syllables are formed. The Chinese language is inexhaustible in its power of develop ment in this way, and compound words are formed with great facility. 10. Of great importance is it, in the first place, to understand clearly the system of orthography for these Chinese syllables, and the qualities of the in tonations which are attached to them : and in the next place, to learn a good many words of two syllables, independent of the characters which they express. 8 INTRODUCTION. 11. The Syntax of the Chinese language is simple and natural ; but the proper adornment of the sen tence by particles is more difficult. All that the reader of this little book may expect to find here is, directions how to acquire the spoken language, — common, more or less, to all China, — which is commonly called the Mandarin Dialect. The author's object has been to make this a stepping-stone to further efforts and a practical grammar of the first principles of Chinese Etymology and Syntax. 12. Only a few Chinese characters have been used here, not because it is unimportant to acquire a know ledge of them, but in order to leave the student at liberty to acquire the colloquial style, without, in the first instance, being kept back by having to attend to the characters which belong to each expression. 13. The author recommends the student to learn thoroughly the Radicals, as a first step. Until this is done he will labour unprofitably at complex cha racters. After the Radicals he will do well to master the Formatives, the Appositives, and the Auxiliary Verbs. ( 9 )

CHAPTER I.

ETYMOLOGY.

Section I.— ANGLO-CHINESE ORTHOGRAPHY. 1. The Roman alphabet will be employed in this -work to express the Chinese syllables and words. The simple vowels employed are a, i, w, which are pronounced ah, ee, oo, as the vowels in father, feet, rule. Their simple combinations are, (l) ai, au; (2) ia, iu; (3) ua, ui. Ai and au are modified into e and 0, pronounced ay and 0, as in hay and note. Ia and iu may be spelt ya and yu ; and ua and ui may be spelt wa and vti. Other modi fications of ai and au may be indicated by q and 0, for the sounds of a 'in organ and 0 in order. 0, when not final, or when affected by the short tone, does riot need the dot, but must be pronounced as if it were written with the dot — q. Iu or yu may be modified by being pronounced as the French u : it will then be represented by u. 10 ETYMOLOGY.

Unions of these vowels may take place ; thus, we may have iai, iau, uai, uau, eu, ei, ea, oi, ou, ui, iia, but all these are not required in the Mandarin. The short vowels always correspond in form to the long vowels, from which they are distinguished by the usual mark, thus : a, i, u, e, o, u. The consonants are to be pronounced as in English, with the exception of the letter j, which will follow the French, and w will occasionally stand for the v.

2. Synopsis of Orthography, with illustrative words. Each letter has but one sound.

I. VOWELS AND THEIE COMBINATIONS. a, a, father, fa*. ia, id, yard, Yankee. i, i, machine, bit. io, id, York, yonder. u, u, rule, bull iu, iii, you, juchhe (Ger.) e. e, they, bet. ai, aisle. o, 6, no, not. au, cow (broad.) a, $, organ, but. ei, pie.

Q, 0, order, not. eu, e + u = eou (Fr.) u, ii, lu, peut-etre (Fr.) oi, voice. 0, Gothe (Ger.) ui, ruin. ie, ie: , yea, yesterday. ui, feuille (Fr.) THE CHINESE " TONES." 1 1

II. CONSONANTAL C OMBINATIONS. ch, church. ng, anger. chw, hatchway. nw, inward. j, jaune (Fr.) ny, can you. dj, gin, James. sh, shine. ju or jw, jouir (Fr.) shw, rash wish. hi or hy, nearly=sAi. ts, wits, tsz=t + sz, hu, nearly =shu tw, twist. ki or ky, nearly =chi=ci (Ital. tsw, Cotswold. and Pol.) kti, nearly =chil. s, kiss. lew queen. z, squeeze. lw bulwark. sz, s + z.

Section II.— THE CHINESE "TONES." 3. Every Chinese syllable is distinguished by one of four or five intonations. The pronunciation of a character is called by a native its shing-yin,3 shing& meaning the tone, and yin the syllable. The syllables may be formed and represented by the Roman letters, and the tones may be shewn by the following accents : v ' „", with the addition of 12 ETYMOLOGY.

dots, thus :"'"', ti where more than five tones are found. 4. There are in the Mandarin dialect five tones : — 1st, pmg-shing* 'even tone.' 2d, shang-shing, ' rising tone.' 8d, k'u-shing? 'departing tone.' 4th, ji-shlng? ' entering tone.' 5th, hid-ping-shing?* ' lower even tone.' They are commonly called by the Chinese, ping* shhng, ku," ji, and in some dialects there are two series, shang,h ' upper,' and hid," ' lower.' The Chinese do not generally indicate the "tones" in writing ; but whenever they wish to mark the tone of a character, they affix a slight curve or hook to the corner of it. Each character is supposed to stand in a square, and the left-hand corner below is considered the first; the left-hand above, the second ; the right above, the third ; and the right- hand below, the fourth corner. These places cor respond to the places for marking the tones. 5. These Chinese tones are simple modulations of the voice, such as are common to all languages ; f b± c£ dA eT THE CHINESE " TONES." 13 the difference being, that in Chinese they are de fined and fixed to certain words, while in other lan guages they vary with the feelings of the speaker, or the circumstances under which he speaks. Thus, the sound or tone of voice in which Richard the Third may be supposed to have shouted, " A horse ! a horse !" or as one would cry, " Fire ! fire !" or a master simply calling his servant, "John," corre sponds with the first tone (p ing-shing) of the Chinese. 6. The fifth tone corresponds to the tone of a categorical reply, ("yes," or "no,") as uttered by a criminal at the bar, when answering, without surprise or indignation, on being asked a question. This limitation is necessary; for, if he replied "yes," with surprise, as if he meant further, " certainly, but what then?" it would exemplify the second "or rising tone" (shang-shing), while the former " yes " of simple assent, exemplifies the fifth or "lower even tone" (hid-p ing-shing). 7. The third or ' departing tone , (k'u-shing) is the tone of dramatic scorn or reproach, " Hence !" "away!" "avaunt!" "what!" a tone of nonchalance, or of forlorn hope, as in "No! all is lost!" 8. The following passage will, it is believed, aid 14 ETYMOLOGY. the student in realizing what the Chinese tones are : —

Portia. Come? merchant? have you any thing to say?z Antonio. But little;* I am armed* and well prepared.5 Give me your hand,1 Bassanio ; s fare you well / 3 Merchant of Venice, Act iv. Sc. J..*

It should he particularly remembered that the ping (") is a " calling " or " exclaiming " tone ; the shang (') is a " questioning " tone ; the k'u ( ') is a " despairing " tone ; and the hid-p'ing (A) an " assenting " tone ; the ji-shing is an abrupt stop. 9. Twenty-five changes or permutations in the relative positions of the five tones are possible, and the student should accustom himself to read syl lables, or words of two syllables, which have the same tones, or the same tones consecutively. The following list of words will do for practice in reading the tones. Observe that four examples are given of the sequences in tone ; thus : — - -, -,, -/, - -, --, &c.

* The numerals affixed refer to the tones. THE CHINE8E " TONES." 15

1. wei-fung, 'dignity.' kung-fu, 'work.' chung-sin, 'center.' ko-ko, 'elder brother.'

2. gqn-tihn, ' favour.' shan-k' eu, 'a mountain pass.' tung-nu, 'a virgin.' ch'wang-k'eu, 'a window.'

3. sung-shu, 'a fir-tree.' kung-heu, 'a nobleman.' sdng-i, 'trade, business.' yiu-mqn, ' sorrow.' 4. ying-sM, 'limestone.' l-fu, 'clothes.' sang-ji, 'birth-day.' kln-ji, 'to-day.'

5. sin-ch dng, ' the heart.' fi-ltiau, 'a drawbridge.' chau-p ai, 'a sign-board.' kung-lau, ' merit.'

6. ma-fu, 'a groom.' kiau-Ar, 'a waiter, a valet.' siau-sln, ' attention.' liang-sln, ' conscience.'

7. chang-tsz, 'the eldest son.' chu-tsz, 'the master.' k iau-sheu, ' an adept.' shwui-sheu, ' a sailor.'

8. sib-tsz, 'to write.' (Gen.) paiching, 'to arrange.' tseushdng, ' to walk up.' pau-tsin, ' to walk in.' 9. kl-te, ' to remember.' kiai-fd, ' explanation.' niu-ju, ' beef.' 10. kiu&njin, 'to advise people.' nudr, 'a girl.' tihn-dr, 'a little.' chi-teu, 'a finger.' 16 ETYMOLOGT.

11. iked hung, ' a painter.' leiaU-fu, 'sedan-bearer. heu-sang, 'a youth.' tiki-kid, 'a shopkeeper.'

12. chdu-k'i, 'to stand up.' kwd-tsz, 'a fruit.' pau-iheu, ' a gunner.' sheu-tsz, ' a fan.'

13. she-tsili, 'to pardon.' wqn-kien, 'to hear of.' Uau-chu, ' to rely upon.' k'ai-hu, ' beggars.'

14. shui-cho, 'to goto sleep,' td-me, 'wheat.' hien-shwo, ' gossip.* wqn-td, ' dialogue.'

15. hwd-dr, ' a word.' pau-jin, ' a reporter.' fu-jin, ' a woman.' td-hwdng, ' rhubarb.'

16. chu-sdng, 'domestic tii-shu, 'to read aloud.' animals.' kio-kan, ' the heel.' mu-hwa, ' wood-shavings.'

17. to-sheii, 'to snatch out tso-chu, 'to act as of the hand.' master.' te-sheu, 'to be successful.' ki-kwd, 'to bear fruit.'

18. shwo-ting, ' to decide.' kwo-tu, ' a kingdom.' k'e-k'i, ' etiquette.' fa-scm, ' to scatter.'

tso-ji, ' yesterday.' yu-fa, 'so much the more.' Ui-ke, 'immediately.' ki-yo, 'to take medicine.'

a^ /r THE CHINESE CHABACTEES. 17

20. hid-fdng, 'a school-room.' shwo-ming, 'to explain, to apologize.' te-lat, 'come on purpose.' sM-t'eu, 'the tongue.' 21. ts'ung-sin, ' afresh.' ju-kin, 'at present, now.' nihi-hjng, ' age ' (of a ndng-kan, * power.' person). 22. siuhi-chuin, 'to revolve.' ni-t'u, 'earth, soil, mud. ch'dng-twhn, ' length.' wdn-ll, ' style of good composition.' 23. ming-fqn, 'share, duty.' siii-piSn, 'as you please.' yung-i, ' easy.' yutn-shwai, ' commander- in-chief.' 24. Iw-mu, ' peace,' opp. ndn-te, ' hard to obtain.' ' war.' j&ng-u, 'a house.' wdnyo,'a. written contract.' 25. y$n-md, ' to grind.' siii-ts'ung, ' to follow.' kwui-lai, 'to return.' hing-ctiufrn,' to sail about.'

Section III'.— THE CHINESE CHABACTERS. 10. The elementary characters are the "Radicals," called by the Chinese ts£-pu. They are 214 in number, and stand to the Chinese language in the relation of an alphabet of forms, in place of an c 18 ETYMOLOGY. alphabet of sounds. They represent, too, the funda mental notions which must be conveyed by all human speech. The following list of their mean ings will show their generic character, and serve as a test- table for the student. 11. Classified synopsis of the meanings of the tsi-pu : — Parts of bodies. — Body, corpse, head, hair, down, whiskers, face, eye, ear, nose, mouth, teeth, tusk, tongue, hand, heart, foot, hide, leather, skin, wings, feathers, blood, flesh, talons, horn, bones. Zoological. — Man, woman, child ; horse, sheep, tiger, dog, ox, hog, hog's head, deer; tortoise, dragon, reptile, mouse, toad; birds, fowls; fish; insect. Botanical. — Herb, grain, rice, wheat, millet, hemp, leeks, melon, pulse, bamboo, sacrificial herbs ; wood, branch, sprout, petal. Mineral. — Metal, stone, gems, salt, earth. Meteorological. — Rain, wind, fire, water, icicle, vapour, sound ; sun, moon, evening, time. Utensils. — A chest, a measure, a mortar, spoon, knife, bench, couch, clothes, crockery, tiles, dishes, napkin, net, plough, vase, tripod, boat, carriage, THE CHINESE CHARACTERS. 19 pencil; bow, halberd, arrow, dart, axe, musical base, reed, drum, seal. Qualities. — Colour, black, white, yellow, azure, carnation, sombre-colour; high, long, sweet, square, large, small, slender, old, fragrant, acrid, perverse, base, opposed. Actions. — To enter, to follow, to walk slowly, to arrive at, to stride, to walk, to reach to, to touch, to stop, to fly, to overspread, to envelope, to en circle, to establish, to overshadow, to adjust, to distinguish, to divine, to see, to eat, to speak, to kill, to fight, to oppose, to stop, to embroider, to owe, to compare, to imitate, to bring forth, to use, to pro- mulge. Parts of the world and dwellings ; figures ; miscel laneous.— A desert, cave, field, den, mound, hill, valley, rivulet, cliff, retreat. A city, roof, gate, door, portico. One, two, eight, ten, eleven. An inch, a mile. Without, uot, false. A scholar, a statesman, letters ; art, wealth, motion ; self, my self, father; a point; wine; silk; joined hands; a long journey ; print of a bear's foot ; a surname, a piece of cloth. 20 ETYMOLGY.

12. LIST OF THE " BADICALS." Note.— The words in brackets (as left, below, various, &c.) are intended to show in what part of the complex character the radical may be looked for ; com. means that the radical is a common word in use ; obs. means that it is obsolete as a word ; an asterisk denotes that the radical as such is of fre quent use, and often found in complex characters. The radicals are arranged according to the number of strokes with which they are formed.

Radicals of One stroke. 1. — * yi, 'one,' 'the same' (various). 2. J kwqn, ' perpendicular ' (obs.) (through). 3. "* chu, ' a point ' (obs.) (top and within). 4. J pi, ' a curve ' (obs,) 5. ( t yi, 'a crooked line' 'one' in comp. f (obs.) (top and left, right and through.) C. J ku,'& hooked stroke ' (obs.) (through).

Radicals of Two strokes. 7. , qr, 'two' (com.) (encloses, above, below). CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 21

8. _L teu, (no sig. can be given of this (c-bs.) (above.) 9. /\_ jin* contr. \ 'a man' (com.) (above, left.) 10. J L fin, ' a man walking ' (obs.) (below.) 11. y\. ji, 'to enter' (com.) (above). 12. /^ ^>d, ' eight ' (com.) (below.) 13. jj kiiing, ' a desert ' (obs.) (encloses). 14. mi, 'to cover' (obs.) (above). 15. Jf ping* 'an icicle' (obs.) (left) = ^/JC 16. )[j ki, ' a table, a bench' (encloses, right, below.) 17. I I kdn, ' a receptacle ' (obs.) (encloses). 18. / J tail,* contr. IJ ' a knife * (com.) (below, right). 19. ~f] U* ' strength ' (com.) (below, right). 20. s] pau, ' to wrap up ' (obs.) (encloses).

21. r* pi, ' a spoon ' (obs.) (right). 22. L, fang, ' a chest ' (obs.) (encloses). 22 ETYMOLOGY.

23. j__ **. ' to hide ' (obs.) (encloses). 24. -|- «/«, ' ten ' (com.) (various, below). 25. p ^w, ' to divine ' (obs.) (above, right). 26. "p ioeor {? ' a seal' (obs.) (right). 27. j Aaw, ' a shelter ' (obs.) (hangs over). 28. i^ men, ' crooked ' (obs.) (above). 29. .X. V™' 'tne handj' 'again' (com.) (right, below).

Radicals of Three strokes. 30. 0 k'eu* 'a mouth' (com.) (left, below). 31. |_J hutt, ' an enclosure ' (obs.) (encloses). 32. J- fii* ' earth, soil ' (com.) (left, under). 33. j* si, ' a scholar * ' a statesman ' (com.) (above, right). 34. & cte, ' to follow ' (obs.) (above). 35. 2SZ. shui, ' to walk slowly ' (obs.) (below)- 36. ^x si, ' evening ' (com.) (various). 37. y^ ia* ' great ' (com.) (above or below). CHINESE CHAKACTEBS— RADICALS. 23

38. # nu* ' woman ' (com.) (left, below) ^ . 39. 3f~ tsh* ' a son ' (com.) (below, left). 40. *** mien,* 'a roof (obs.) (above). 41. "+ ts'&n, 'an inch' (com.) (right, below). 42. A* siaii, ' small ' (com.) (various). 43. "^L or 7C or yQ wdng or yiu, 'more' (obs.) (left). 44. J* shl, ' a corpse ' (com.) (above). 45. $* ch'e, ' a sprout ' (obs.) (above). 46. ijj shan, ' a mountain ' (com.) (left, above). 47. Nj or fit ctiuen, ' a stream ' (com.) (va rious). 48. X hang, ' work ' (com.) (various). 49. p B, ' self ' (com.) (below). 50. T|l ten,* ' a napkin ' (com.) (left, below). 51. -p kin, 'a shield' (com.) (various.) go. ">£ 2/aw, ' young ' (obs.) (left, doubled). 53. /** 2/ew,* ' a covering ' (obs.) (covers). 24 ETYMOLOGY. l

54. ^. yvng, 'a long journey' (obs.) (left). 65. 7| hung, ' folded hands ' (obs.) (below). 56. -^ yi, ' a dart ' (obs.) (right). 57. Fj hung* ' a bow ' (com.) (left, below). 58. 3. or J *e, 'a Pig'9 head' (o1js) (above). 59. ^ sAtfw, ' long hair ' (right). 60. ^ chi* ' to walk ' (obs.) (left).

Radicals of Four strokes.

61. J\> sin* contr. '[> 'the heart' (com.) (below). 62. ^ ko* ' a spear ' (com.) (right). 63. J=5 Aw, 'a one-leaved door/ 'a family' (com.) (above). 64. «£ *Aew,* contr. J ' the hand ' (com.) (left, below). 65. tV cM, ' a branch ' (com.) (right). 66. ^ pw,* contr. $[ , ' to touch ' (right). CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 25

67. 3c wQn> contr- \ > ' to paint letters * (com.) (below). 68. X" tew, ' a dry measure,' ' the North Star ' (com.) (right). 69. Fr* Mn, 'an axe,* 'a Chinese pound' (com.) (right). 70. ~hj fang, ' a square, a place ' (com.) (left). 71. yQ wu, in comp. %, 'wanting, not.' 72. Q ji* ' the sun,' ' a day ' (com.) (left, and elsewhere). 71. FJ yti* 'to speak' (com.) (below, and else where). 74. £J yu* ' the moon, a month ' (com.) (left). 75. 7K m^>* ' wo°d ' (com.) (left, below). 76. ^ k'ien,* ' to owe, to want ' (right). 77. j£ chl, ' to stop at a point ' (com.) various). 78. ~%? tal* ' a rotten bone,' ' bad, putrid ' (com.) (left). 79. 3£ «h"> ' t0 kil1 ' (right)- 26 ETYMOLOGY.

80. -ff£ m, ' not, without ' (com.) (below). 81. (^ pi, 'to compare' (com.) (various). 82. ^ mau* ' hair (not human), fur, feathers ' (com.) (left). 83. j£ ski, 'a family' (com.). 84. Yi 'Ki, ' vapour ' (obs.) (right, above). 85. 7J< shwul* contr. f , 'water' (com.) (left, below). 86. fc U* contr. «*>, 'fire' (com.) (below, left). 87. J^ chad, contr. "*** , 'claws' (com.) (above).

88. ^C /w, ' a father,' (com.) (above). 89. X h&u, ' to imitate ' (left). 90. 7) chwdng, ' a couch ' (obs.) (left). 91. AT pien, ' a splinter ' (left). 92. 2p yd, ' molar teeth ' (com.) (left). 93. ^ niu* contr. 2t/ , ' an ox ' (left, below). 94. ~jj^ k'iubn, contr. $ , ' a dog ' (com.) (left). CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 27

Radicals of Five strokes.

95. (Sheet I. 5) Mum, ' colour of the sky, dark ' (com.) (combined). 96. J^ yu* ' a jewel ' (com.) (left). 97. JJI kwd, 'fruit of the melon kind' (com.) (right or left). 98. ^, wa, ' tiles, bricks ' (com.) (right, below). 99. Tj kan, 'sweet' (com.). 100. ££ sang, 'to be born, to live' (com.). 101. J" yung, ' to use ' (com.) (combined).

102. ™ Sign, ' a field ' (com.) (left, below). 103. 7E p'u ' a piece of cloth ' ' a foot ' (com.) (below). 104. T~ ni* ' disease ' (obs.) (left). 105. y^ pu, ' to stride ' (above). 106. Q pe, ' white, clear ' (com.) (left, above). 107. pC pi, ' skin, bark ' (com.) (right, lef^ below). 28 ETYMOLOGY.

08. Jlfl. mlng, ' dishes ' (com.) (below). 09. 0 mu* ' the eye ' (com.) (left, or contr. above). 10. ^y meu, ' a barbed spear ' (left). 11. -^ ski, 'an arrow' (left). 12. ^F\ shi* ' stone, rock ' (com.) (left, below). 13. "JJf shi* contr. X. or ^K ' an omen from heaven ' (com.) (left, below). 14. rSj jeii, 'the print of an animal's foot, a trace ' (obs.) (below). 15. ^C h&* ' grain ' (com.) (left). 16. y\ Mu, ' a cave, a hole ' (com.) (above). 17. )J_^ li, 'to stand, to establish' (com.) (left).

Radicals of Six strokes. 18. /T>J" chu* contr. Art , ' bamboo ' (com.) (above). 19. ^ ml* ' rice (uncooked) ' (com.) (left). 20. ^ mi* also written ?j^ and ffi} , ' raw silk (threads) ' (com.) (left, below). CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 29

121. ffj* feu, 'an earthenware vase' (left). 122. vicing, contr. nxj , R^J, and H_, as in rp, ' a net ' (above.) (See sheet L 1.) 123. ^p t/dnjr, ' a sheep ' (com.) (left, above). 124. MR yu, ' wings ' (com.) (various : — above, below, right). 125. /£& lau, ' old ' (com.) (above) ; contr. into 1 2 in and 126. \fjj dr, 'whiskers;' 'and, yet' (com.). 127. ^ lui, 'a plough-handle' (left). 128. J=T hr* ' the ear ' (com.) (left, below).

129. || yu, ' a pencil ' (left and below). 130. )^J ju* contr. , 'flesh' (com.) (left, below).

131. |j5 chin, 'a subject; a statesman' (com.) (left). 132. ^J Ui, ' self ; from ' (com.) (various.) 133. ^ cM, ' to come to' (com.) (below, and else where).

1 k'au, ' aged,' com. ' to examine.' * che, ' this, he who,' &c. 30 ETYMOLOGY.

134. £j k'iu, ' a mortar ' (various). (Sheet I. 2) 136. £j *&& ' the tongue ' (com.) (left). 136. $$ chu'ln,' to turn the back on ' (obs.) 137. ■&> cheu, ' a boat ' (com.) (left).

138. . J^ hqn, ' disobedient ; limits ' (right). 139. Q si, 'colour; appearance ' (com.) (right). 140. «J»ljE» tsau, contr. +4«, 'grass; plants' (com.) (above). 141. j£ hii, 'a tiger' (obs.) (above). 142. j^ chung, ' an insect ; a reptile ' (com) (left, below). 143. Jul Mil, ' blood ' (com.) (left). 144. 'fj* hing, ' to walk ; to do ' (com.) (encloses). 145. ^ I* contr. y., 'clothing, covering' (com.) (left, below). 146. j]j] ya, also written jJEj 'to cover over' (obs.) (above).

1 properly pronounced si, ' the west.' CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 31

Radicals of Seven strokes,

147 J^ him* ' to see ' (com.) (right, below). 148. ffi Ho, ' a horn ; a corner' (com.) (left, below). 149. |=y yen, ' words ; to speak ' (com.) (left, below). 150. § M, > a valley ' (left). 151. ^ teii, ' a wooden sacrificial vessel ; beans ' (below, left). 152. lc chl, 'a pig' (left or below), 153. pj chl, ' reptiles ' (left). 154. M pe'i, ' a pearl shell ' (com.) (left, below). 155. yf chi, 'flesh colour' (com.) (left). 156. ^ tseu* ' to walk, to run ' (com.) (left) 157. /£ tsu* contr. Q. or jf , 'the foot, enough' (com) (left, below). 158. ^ shin, ' the body ; trunk ' (com.) (left). 159. Jjt. ku or che* ' a carriage ' (com.) (left). 160. ?p sin, ' bitter,' H.C (com.) (doubled, right). 32 ETYMOLOGY.

161* M shin, ' time ; an hour,' H.C. (com.) (va rious). 162. 5^ cho* contr. \_, 'motion' (obs.) (left). 163. §3, yi* contr. |5, 'a city' (com.) (right). 164. jlf 7/iw * ' new wine ' (com.) (left). 165. ^ pien, 'to distinguish' (left). 166. ffl H, ' a Chinese mile ; a village ' (com.) (below).

Radicals of Eight strokes.

167. ^ ton * ' gold, metal ' (com.) (left). 168. jS^ ctidng, contr. g , ' long, old ' (com.) 169. \ | mdra,* ' a door ' (com.) (encloses). 170. !p feu* contr. Ji, 'an artificial mound of earth (left). 171. j& tai, ' to reach to ' (right). 172. ^ chu},* ' short-tailed birds ' (right). 173. ]jjjj yu* ' rain ' (com.) (contr. form above). ! CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 33

174. pg tsing, ' azure, sky-blue ' (com.) (left). 175. ^Y fi, ' not so, false ' (com.).

Radicals of Nine strokes.

176. W mien, ' the face ' (com.) (left). 177. ]p yt ' untanned hide, without hair ' (com.) 178' £k we^l< ' tanned hide ' (left). 179. gg kifa ' leeks ' (various). 180- ^ yin> ' sound, tone ' (com.). 181* M y*>* 'the head' (com.) (right). 182- JUL fm9' ' wind ' (com-) (left)- 183. fj^/f, 'tofly' (com.). 184. ^ sfu* contr. p , 'to eat ' (com.) (contr. form on the left). 185. "|§* sheii, ' the head ; the chief ' (com.). 186. .-£> hiang, ' fragrance ' (com.).

Radicals of Ten strokes. 187. ,!§ fnh* ' a horse ' (com.) (left, below). D 34 ETYMOLOGY.

188. >jlj* kii, 'a bone' (com.) (left). 189. "^ kau, ' high ' (com.). 190. J|5 piaw, ' long hair ' (above). 191. [ j £ew, 'to fight' (obs.)' (encloses). 192. l||[ chdng, ' fragrant plants ' (below).

193. ^ U, 'a tripod with crooked feet' (left, below) 194. JP^ kwei, ' a departed spirit, a ghost ' (com.) (left). Radicals of Eleven strokes. 195. ^ yu, > a fish ' (com.) (left). 196. |§ niaii, ' a bird ' (com.) (right). 197. $\ M, 'salt' (left.) 198. $| Zw, ' a stag ' (com.) (above). 199. ^ me, ' wheat ' (com.) (left). 200. J^jjJ md, ' hemp ' (com.) (above).

Radicals of Twelve strokes. 201. j|r hwdng, ' yellow, colour of earth ' (com.) (left). CHINESE CHAEACTERS — RADICALS. 35

202. £ shu, 'millet' (com.) (left). 203. II he, 'black' (com.) (left, below). 204. |K* chl, ' to sew, to embroider ' (left).

Radicals of Thirteen strokes. 205- B| mung, ' a frog ' (com.) (below). 206. WA ting, ' a tripod ' (com.). 207. ot kii, ' a drum ' (com.) (above). 208. H^ shu a rat ' (com.) (left).

Radicals of Fourteen strokes.

209. §. pi, ' the nose ' (com.) (left). 210. 3§£ ts'i ' to adjust, to adorn ' (com.) (above).

Radical of Fifteen strokes. 211. -^ chl, 'front teeth' (com.) (left).

Radicals of Sixteen strokes.

212. Ifi, lung, 'a dragon' (com.). 213. Wat kioti, ' a tortoise ' (com.). 36 ETTMOLOGY.

Radical of Seventeen strokes. 214. tffl l/o 'a. flute with three holes ' (left). The student will do well to refer to the sheet of Radicals. 1 3. AN ALPHABETIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE RADI CALS, BY WHICH THE NUMBER OP EACH MAY BE READILY POUND. dr, 7, 126, 128. chwang, 90. hwiii, 31. ch'ang, 168, 192. fang, 22, 70. i, 145. chau, 87. feu, 121, 170. jeu, 114. che, 159. fi, 175, 183. ji, 11, 72 ch'e, 45. fu, 88. jin, 9, 10. cheu, 137. fung, 182. jw, 130. ch.%, 34, 65, 77, Aaw, 27. kan, 17, 51, 99. 133, 153, 204, he, 203. lean, 138. 211. H 23. kau, 189. cW, 60, 155. Uang, 186. £e, 177. cA«'w, 131. hlau, 89. &'eei, 30. cho, 162. A%, 144. &, 16, 49, 58, 84. chu, 3. hiu, 116, 143. fa'ew, 76, 147. chu, 118. /iiwera, 95. kin, 50, 69, 167. ch'uen, 47, 136. Ao, 86, 115. kid, 148. cAi«, 172. hu, 63, 141. £*«w, 134, 179. chang, 142. hwang, 201 k'iuen, 94. ALPHABETIC AEEANGEMENT OP RADICALS. 37 kiiing, 13. mJw^r, 108. shin, 158, 161. ko, 62. mu, 76, 109. shii, 79, 202, 208. ku, 159. mung, 205. shui, 35. ku, 6. n£ 104. shwul, 85. ku, 207. maei, 196. s£, 36, 139. ku, 150, 188. niu, 93. siaw, 42. kung, 48, 55, 57. ww, 38. sin, 61, 160. kwa, 97. pa, 12. sz, 28, 33, 120. kwdn, 2. pan, 20. td, 37. jfeioe?, 194, 213. pe, 106.

Section IV.— ON READING AND WRITING THE CHARACTERS. 14. Chinese is written or printed in columns, and is read from the top of the page down each column, beginning with that on the right hand. Marks of punctuation or accentuation are sometimes used, but not always. They are merely a point to indicate the parts of a sentence, or a curve at the corner of a character, to show that a change of intonation is required. A large circle (~~) appears sometimes at the beginning of a paragraph to mark the com mencement of a new subject. Black dots, commas, or small circles, are occasionally placed at the side of characters to show that such contain a remarkable sentiment. In classical compositions these marks are generally omitted, as the well-read scholar is ON BEADING AND WBITING THE CHARACTERS. 39 supposed to be able to discern the proper divisions of the sentence from the particles in it. 15. The characters are written with a hair pencil, which is held in an upright position, quite vertical, between the second and third finders. The ink used is that commonly called " Indian ink," which may be prepared by rubbing it with water upon slate or some other hard material. The paper should not be glazed much, but be such as will absorb the ink readily. 16. The strokes or marks required in Chinese writing, and with which the characters are made up, are the following. They should be made by a single stroke of the pencil.

(l) The point (tie'n or chu) % or i or

(2) The horizontal (hwa) — * (3) The perpen dicular (chi) | (4) The hook (keu) J (o) The spike (tiau) v^ (6) The sweep (p'ie) / (l) The dash (pa) \^ (8) The angle (k'u) \j .

These strokes appear in the following characters, which the student will do well to copy frequently, until he can write them well.

J^^fe 17. It is of great importance to know the order in which the strokes of the characters should be made, as this often supplies a clue to reading the cursive forms in which the strokes are combined very strangely. The full and all the cursive forms of Chinese characters are used in Japanese, and they form the groundwork of the Japanese syllabary: hence the advantage of correctly writing them. The following simple rules will be of assistance : — 1. Begin either at the top or on the left-hand side. 2. When a perpindicular or dash cuts a horizontal line or one leg of an angle, the latter are to be written first, (cf. radicals 19, 24, 29, 32, 33, 41, 43, &c.) 3. An angle at the top on the right side is made with one stroke, and unless pi (rad. 4.) or hwan (rad. 2.) is affixed to the left of ON READING AND WRITING THE CHARACTERS. 41 it, the angle is made first. In radicals 18, 19, 26. 39, 39, 44, 49, 105, 124, 129, 178, 183, it is made first. In radicals 13, 20, 34, 35, 36, 76, 122, 130, the angle is made second. 4. An angle at the bottom on the left is also made with one stroke, if it be alone, or be joined to a perpendicular on the right, leaving the top or right side open, (cf. radicals 17, 22, 23, 28, 38, 4/5, 46, 49, 90, 206.) The characters in which wu (80, five strokes) occurs, are exceptions to this rule ; the angle on the left is made first ; then the angle on the right ; the points, next; and the horizontal last. 5. The angles and in pT mdn ' a door' are made first on each side respectively. 6. Horizontal lines precede perpendiculars, when these cross each other ; but should the perpendicular terminate with the base line, then the base line is final. 7. In such characters as the radicals 42, 85, 77, 141, 197, 204, 211, the perpendiculars above, or in the middle of the symbol, are made first. 8. In such cha racters as k'eii |I| ' mouth ' (rad. 30.) the perpen dicular on the left is to be written first ; and the interior of such characters as |JR|, jgj, and JTEj, Jgq is filled up before the base line is written. 42 ETYMOLOGY.

Section V.— ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 18. Though Chinese monosyllables cannot be placed in any grammatical category, so as to remain therein and be used constantly in one form, and with the same force in the sentence, words may be found which have such grammatical value, and which may be parts of speech, and re main such. The position also of a syllable or word may determine what part of speech it is, while the same syllable, disconnected from the sentence or phrase, would have no grammatical worth at all. A system, therefore, of word-building, and a set of rules respecting the positions of words in the sentence, will form the basis of Chinese Grammar, at least so far as the determination of the gram matical value and classification of words is con cerned. The syntax of clauses requires separate consideration. 19. Chinese words may be divided into nouns, {i.e. substantives or adjectives) verbs, and p articles. Nouns may be distinguished by their form when certain formative particles are present as affixes. The meanings of their component syllables will also assist. There are from three to ten com ON THE PAHTS OF SPEECH. 43 monly understood significations to one syllable ; if the word be of two syllables, the student will have to eliminate several meanings, and rest in those which mutually correspond. Thus, one syllable of a word will limit another and deter mine the part of speech : take hing and wei : hing

2. Extremes in meaning are united to form general or abstract terms. 3. The syllables are in construction, the former having the position and force of the geni tive case. 4. The syllables are in apposition, being explanatory of each other, though not synonymous.

Examples.

(1) yen-mu, ' the eye ;' chting-sin, the centre ;' mu-wl, ' the end.' (2) hiung-ti, ' brethren ;' to-shau, ' quantity.' (3) sMng-jjin, ' a sage ;' k'u-nie"n, ' last year.' (4) ke-jin, ' a guest ;' Chi Hwang-ti, ' the Em peror Chi ;' Wan-wang, ' King Wan.' These principles are found to hold in respect of verbs as well as nouns.

Section VI.— ON NOUNS. 21. Nouns may be considered as (l) primitive, (2) derivative, or (3) composite. By primitive nouns in Chinese we may understand mono syllables, which are used in their original siguifi ON NOUNS. 45 cation. By derivative nouns, such as are derived from primitives, by the addition of a formative syllable, and become dissyllables with a distinct meaning. By composite nouns are intended such as are compounded of primitives, and in which the original meanings of the component syllables are retained and combined to form a new meaning.

Examples.

(1) fan 'rice;' fung, 'wind:' wdn, 'letters or literature ;' ma, ' horse.' (2) wdn-dr, ' a writing ;' ma-fa, ' a groom.' (3) wdn-U, ' style ' (in writings) ; rna-pi, ' horses' pau-fung, ' a gale.'

22. Primitive nouns are rarely used in the relations expressed by the oblique cases. They generally unite with some other syllable to form a new word, e. g. while we say ' the smell of rice,' the Chinese would say, 'rice-smell,' i.e. fan-hiang, not fdn-ti hiang. ' The force of the wind ' would be ' the wind-force,' i. e. fung-li, which, like fdn- hidng is one word — a composite noun. 23. A primitive noun can seldom mean any thing when standing alone. It needs an adjunct 46 ETYMOLOGY.

of some kind, or to be in construction as the sub" ject or object of a sentence. The whole then often becomes a phrase, and may be treated as one long word. Examples. hau-fdn, 'good rice;' fdn-haii hi (cM), 'rice is good to eat;' pau-fung, 'fierce wind, a gale;' fung-ni-ti, ' the wind is contrary ;' yi-wdn-ch'd, ' a cup of tea;' ch'd ji, 'the tea is hot.' By this means, fan, ' rice,' is distinguished from fan, ' to offend against ;' fang, ' wind/ from fang, ' a needle,' and ch'd, ' tea,' from ch'd ' a raft.'

24 Derivative nouns are formed by adding the following syllables, as formatives, to primitive roots. The order shows their comparative frequency of use. Examples will be found in the vocabularies and exercises.

1. tsz "J* 'a son;' as siang-tsz, 'a box,' tau-tsz, 1 a knife.' 2. Ar 52» 'a child;' as ming-dr, 'a name,' tsio- dr, ' a bird, a sparrow.' This is very commonly used for this purpose ON NOUNS. 47 in the Peking dialect, in which it appears in many connections to form words. (cf. Wades Hsin tsing-luh.) 3. fu ^ ' a fellow, a person ;' as nung-fu, ' a husbandman ;' hiau-fu, 'a sedan- bearer.' 4. sheu ^" 'a hand,' 'a person;' as, shwui-sheii, ' a sailor ;' hung-sheu, 'a murderer.' 5. jin /^ ' man ;' as, It e-p.ru ' a guest.' 6. nu ~^£ ' woman ;' as, tUng-nu, ' a virgin.' 7. tsidng |2C ' an artisan ;' as, mu-tsidng, ' a car penter ;' t'ie-tsidng, ' a blacksmith.' 8. hung JC ' a workman ;' as, pdng-hung, ' a day- labourer.' 9. hwel ffa ' a clod, a lump. 10. t'eu jjfl 'ahead, a round mass;' ji-t'eu, 'the sun;' hii-t'eu, 'a bone.' 11. sang ^ ' a production, a person ;' ehu-sdng, ' cattle ;' sien-sdng, ' a teacher.' 12. s£ Rjfj , or, sz-fu, ' a teacher ;' t'i t'eu si-fu, 'a barber.' 48 ETYMOLOGY.

13. kid g|< 'a family, a person;' jin-kid, 'a person ;' tung-kia, ' the master.' 14. hu J3 ' a house, a person.' 15. chii, -f-* ' a lord ;' ch'ugn-chk. ' the captain of a ship.' 16. sheii "p| ' a chief ;' hwui-sheu, ' the chief of a society,' ' a President.' 17. ti ^j ' a ruler,' as, hwdng-ti, ' emperor.' 18. k'i ^K, 'breath, feeling;' nu-k'i, 'anger;' t'u-k'i, ' exhalations.' 19. fung Jtjfi^ ' wind, air, manner ;' wei-fung, ' dig nity ;' wqn-fung, ' literary taste.' 20. sing fiE ' nature, disposition, faculty j' as, Id- sing, ' memory.'

25. Composite, or compound nouns, are formed in various ways. Their component syllables bear the following relations to each other : — (l) The oppositional ; (2) the genitival ; (3) the datival ; and (4) the antithetical'

26. By the oppositional relation between the ON NOUNS. 49 syllables of a word, the student will perceive what is meant when he considers the words, statute -law, pear-tree, crab fish, flock of sheep, (i. e. sheep-flock) in his own language. Here one syllable explains the other, and means the same thing ; the syllables are in apposition. But this apposition may vary. The syllables may hold the following relations: they may be, (l) a repetition, (i) synonymes, \'d) specific and generic terms, (4) the commencement of a series, (cf the A, B, C.)

Examples.

(1) nal-nal, ' lady ;' ko-ko, ' elder brother, sir.' (2) chung-kien, 'the midst f ni-t'u ' soil, or mud ; hing-wei, actions ;' shwo-hwd, talk.' (3) ll-yu, ' the carp ;' sung-shU, ' the fir-tree,' (cf. Art. 27.) (l) kia-tsz, 'the cycle;' kUng-heu, ' a nobleman ;' the five titles of nobility being kung, heu, pe, isz, nan-

27. Under the head of apposition comes also an important class of syllables, which have been variously denominated classifiers, classitiies, and

E 50 ETYMOLOGY. numerals. But none of these terms seem quite appropriate, and the designation appositive is here applied to them, as being more in ^accordance with the part which they play in compounds. In English we say, a f.ock of sheep, a glass of wine, a gust of wind ; but in some languages — German for instance — we have, ein glass wein, ein stuck brod. The words are in apposition. The Chinese noun, whether primitive or derivative, requires one such syllable, appropriate to its signification, to stand in appo sition, as it were, and to form and embody the whole word. This syllable is the generic term, while its associate is the specific name. The common appositives, with their associated terms, are the following : — 1. ho {UJ with man and things, 2. che J& with animals, ships, &c, things that can move. 3. Men q^p with affairs, clothes, &c

4. k'wei J$h with dollars and things in lumps, or of irregular shape; e.g. yi-kwei-th ' a piece of land.' ON NOUNS. 51

5. t'iau j^ with long things, as roads, rods, spears, &c. ; e. g. yi t'iau-lu, ' a road, a piece of land.' 6. j a ?G with things which have handles, as knives; e.g. yi ph-tau, ' a knife.' 7. tso ]3^ with objects reding in a place, as houses, sedans; e.g. yi tso-fdng-tsz, 'a house.' 8. pan ,2j£ with volumes of books ; e. g. yi phn-shii, ' a book.' 9. ~kqn 7^ with trees and things which may be planted in the ground ; e. g. yi kqn- shu-mu, 'a tree.' 10. chang fjj| with things spread out, as paper, tables; e. g. yi chl-chdng, ' a sheet of paper.' 11. chi jfa with things like branches ; e. g. yi chf- hwa, 'a flower.' 12. p'i yU with horses (properly a pair); e.g. yi pi-ma, ' a horse.' 13. tui HJ" with things which go in pairs, as shoes ; e.g. yi tiii-hiai, ' a pair of shoes.' e 2 52 ETYMOLOGY.

14. shwang^g? with things that go in pairs — a. brace- 15. Men fa] with buildings; e- g. yi hen u, 'a

house.' 16. fung 5j" with things sealed, as letters; e g.yi fung-sin ' a letter.'

When these appositives come after the nouns to which they are attached, the two syllables form a general term ; e. g. ma-pi, ' horses ;' ch'ufoi-che, ' ships.' Appositives always belong to the noun itself, and not to the numeral. 28. Under the genitival relation are such com pounds as are formed by the former of the two syllables being in that relation to the latter; e.g. lu-kid, ' stags' horns ;' mu, hwa, ' wood-flowers = shavings ;' shan-k'eu, ' mountain-pass ;' ma-ch'dng, ' horses'-place = stable-yard ;' chen-ch'dng, ' fighting- arena = battle-field.' Composite nouns with a genitival relation exist ing between their component syllables are such as have the first syllable attributive to the second, as when a genitive case or a participle precedes in European languages, e- g- ON NOUNS. 53

T'ien-chu, 'heaven's Lord *=' God', this is used by the Roman Catholics only for God. t'ien-k'i, ' heaven's breath '=' weather.' niu-jd, ' ox-flesh '=' beef.' 29. Composite nouns, with the first of their component syllables in the datival relation to the other, are formed variously ; with nouns or with verbs, the latter as participles ; e g. hio-fdng, a room for learning '=' schoolroom.' ping-ln 'law /or soldiers '=' discipline.' yin-k'u, ' a storehouse for silver '=' treasury.' Composite nouns are also formed by syllables of opposite signification Such are nouns which ex press abstract notions and general ideas ; e. g. Mung-ti, elder and younger brother'=' brethren.' k'ing-chung, ' lightness and heaviness '='weight.' to-shau, 'muchness and fewness '=' quantity.'

30. It has been common to consider certain words in Chinese as adjectives, and others as nouns, but it is more correct to regard both these kinds of words as belonging to but one class. They are nouns substanstive ; e. g. td is ' greatness,' and not ' great ' simply ; fu is ' richness,' and not merely 54 ETYMOLOGY.

' rich.' When we say td-jin, ' great man, your excellency,' these syllables form but one word. When ti, the genitive particle, appears between two syllables, they may be held to be two words — nouns in construction ; and when it is omitted the two syllables form a compound : just as house-hold, life-boat, fox-hound, dove-cote. Even when ti is used after a verb it forms a substantive ; e. g. hid- ti, ' a learner ; che-ho fdng-tsz td-ti, ' this house (is) a large one ;' without ti, ' this house (is) large.' Chi / in the book-style, and che 7fi per form the same task as ti f|^) in giving the force of one, an individual, and by imparting unity and strength to the phrase.

Section VII.— ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE OF NOONS. 31. The Chinese seem to consider the bare word as indicative of plurality or generality, for they distinguish the plural only in extraordinary cases, and where it is absolutely necessary to do so ; but they constantly mark the singular, which is itself a proof that the simple word modified is plural in ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE OF NOUNS. 00

32. To define clearly the singular, yl or yi-ko, ' one,' must be used before the noun with the appo- sitive ; e. g. yi-ko-jin, ' a man ;' yi che-chue.n, ' a ship.' The plural is exactly denoted in several ways : (1) By repeating the syllable in certain words, as ji-ji, ' every day ;' jin-jin, ' every man.' (2) By prefixing one of the following syllables which mean ' all ' or ' many ' : — chung ^J< , chu m < to ^ , hu-to BT f , or haii-to $? | , shu JSfiC _

(3) By appending one of the following syl lables which also signify ' all, ' Mai, jy , t'u ^R .

k'u 'j|. Men pj , ku ||| , thng ^ < pel fpjj Uluen A , mdn In , tsi ijQ tsien

Some of these are more commonly used than others. It should be observed, too, that they nearly all refer to the plural of designations of men and not of animals or objects in general. For the latter the apposition placed after the name gives the plural notion. 56 Etymology.

(4) When a numeral above one is used it is unnecessary to denote the plural in any other way than by that numeral which is used ; e. g. sdn jin, ' three men ;' s£ che-mo, ' four horses.' (-5) Many idiomatic phrases convey a plural sense, and indicate a class of persons or a whole, e.g. si-hai, 'the four seas '='the whole world/ pe-kwdn, ' the 100 officers '=' the mandarins.-' lu-fdng, 'the six rooms '=' the whole govern ment,' ' the six councils of state.' wdn-min, ' the 10,000 people '=' all the people.' Mu-cheu, ' the nine islands '=' the whole world.' 33 The genders of nouns are rarely expressed ; but when there is a necessity for such distinction a syllable is prefixed or suffixed to the name of the animal ; e. g. (1) ndn, ' male,' nil, ' female,' (pref.) fu, ' father,' mii, 'mother,' tsz, 'son,' nji, 'daughter,' (suff.) for names of men and women. (2) hung, /Q. or men, ' male,' mu, -ftr ' female,' (pref.) for names of quadrupeds ; and (3) hiung ' male,' or tsh ' female,' (pref.) for names of birds. ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE OF NOUNS. 57

34. The relations usually expressed by cases are shown in Chinese by the presence of certain par ticles (pref. or suff.) or by position. Thus, ti fKt (suff.) is the mark of the genitive case ; pi, hi, or yii $£ ' 4p > JlB- (Pref-) shows the dative ; the accu sative is indicated by the position of the word immediately after the verb; yd or a P^J (suff.) marks the vocative ; ts'ung, itjfc (pref.), ' to follow, — from,' with lai, ^j^ (suffix) 'to come,' mark the ablative ; e. g. ts'ung Peking lai, ' from Peking ;' yung, Jf] or ?, y\ ' to use>' (pref.), serve to form the instrumental case; and tsai ^£ (pref.), 'in,' forms the locative ; t'ung, JfjJ ' together with ' (j>ref.)=cum, and it is the expression of an ablative sometimes. Certain of these particles only go with persons ; e- g. t'ung ; but yung and I are of general use, though they are employed more particularly in speaking of materials ; e. g. t'ung yi-ko-jin, ' with a man,' but yung yi-pa-tau, ' with a sword or knife.' The following paradigms will be useful. — Shanghai ti, ' of or belonging to Shanghai.' 58 ETYMOLOGY.

tau Shanghai lai, ' to Shanghai.' tsung Shanghai lai, ' from Shanghai.' tsai Shanghai, ' in Shanghai.' tsung Shanghai kwo-k'u, ' (passed) through Shang hai.' ping-ting, ' soldiers,' ping-tlng ti, ' of soldiers.' yi-ko ping-ting, 'a soldier,' ko ping- ting, 'the soldier.' yi-ko ping-ting ti, ' a soldier's ' ko ping-ting-ti 'the soldier's.' pi yi-ko ping-tmg, ' to, or by a soldier.' ti yi-ko-ping-ting , ' for (instead of) a soldier.' t'ung (or hd) yi-ko ping-tlng, ' with a soldier.' yung (or kiau) yi-ko-ping-ting , ' by means of a soldier.'

Section VIII.— ON COMPARISON.

35. The usual method is to compare two objects by using the word pi, (J* ' to compare.' Thus, nl pi ngd ia-ti, ' you, compared with me, are great, (properly, 'belonging to greatness'). And in the books, yU ijk is employed in nearly the same way. Thus, tsz jin to, yil ngd, ' this man is. greater than I.' ON THE PRONOUNS, 59

But the following particles are prefixed to quali fying nouns to increase the force of the comparison and to intensify the meaning; e.g.

(l) bang, ^ ' more ;' hid, Jp ' to add ;' yiu, y^ ' more, again ;' hwdn, jS 'still more ;' yu, jB$ ' to pass over ; yu, -^ ' to exceed/ (2) ting, Tj| ' the top ;' hi, j£fo ' the extreme point ;' hau, ta ' good :' t'ai, X ' great, very ; ' shin. ^|f or tstii, Jf|? 'very;' tsu- |S 'to cut off;' Tihn, >J>H ' to hate ;' shi-fqn, T yj" ' ten parts.'

Section IX.— ON THE PRONOUNS. The pronouns in Chinese are very numerous. Some are used only in the books, others only in con versation. The following list will show the pronouns of the different persons : — Pers. in Boohs. in Conversation. Sing. 1st, mil, Q- yu, jfo or yu, ~J~* ngd or wo. Ijj£ . 2d, ju fa or ar, ^ n\ or ni-nd, ^ $jfy . 8d, k'i, J| or i, ffi t'a, jlfo . 60 ETYMOLOGY. 36. The jhral of the classical or book pronouns is formed by adding thereto generally thng ^& , but various other syllables, indicative of plurality, are also employed. In colloquial compositions, mdn Jlffl is added to form the plural ; e. g. ngd-m&n, ' we ;' nl-mqn, ' you ;' t'd-mdn, ' they.' 37. The cases of pronouns are produced in the same way as the cases of nouns. The genitive case is formed by adding ti 6^1 to the pronoun; e.g. ngd-ti, 'my' or 'mine;' wd-mdn-ti, 'our' or ' ours.' 38. The Chinese have no possessive pronouns distinguishable by forms : the genitive case must be used instead. 39. The reflexive pronoun is formed by ts£ t§f , or H FJ ' self,' being added to the personal pro nouns, and in the colloquial style both syllables are used ; e. g. ngd-tsi-hl, ' I myself.' 40. The demonstrative pronous are numerous, some of them being common to classic writings, others being confined to the colloquial style. Among the former are k'i IS? , i ffi , ku jffi , ' that ;' tsz rfp shi Jp. 'this ;' and among the latter are na-ko JJ[5 yjv 'that,' cU-ho M ^ , 'this.' ON THE VERBS. 61

41. The interrogative pronouns are also of two classes : such as are classical, and such as are col loquial. The classical are, Kd, ^pj* ' what ?' kl, g ' how ?' shu, ^ ' who ?' *'{, §j ' how r The colloquial are, shiii, |j| ' who ? ' na-ko, jffl ' which ?" shin mo, ^ ^ 'what?' and k% 'how many?' 42. A further list of common pronouns are, meii, JJ: 'a certain' one;' met, ^ 'every;' pi, jjjlj ' other ;' sie, Jtk ' a little ; ' hi, § ' each ;' sii, .fab ' several.' 43. The following are pronominal expressions : — siii piSn-shimmd, |5j§ jj[ ' whichever ;' che-ying-ko, fMs. A*- ' this sort, such ; pu-kwdn-shimmo, ' no matter -what.' 44. Various honorific or contemptible terms are used for pronous. Among such substitutes are the following :— kwei, j|[ ' noble ;' pi, fjj^ ' vile ;' td, -4r ' great ;' kau, j^j ' high ;' tsun, ^ ' honour able ;' ts'ien, |§ 'mean;' she, ^ 'homely.' 62 ETYMOLOGY.

Section X.— ON THE VERB.

45. The Chinese verb has no moods and tenses as such. But various syllables are added to it, by which its force is more exactly defined. These may have the force of verbs or be mere particles. 46. The simple and unaided verb in Chinese expresses the infinitive or imperative of other languages ; tseu, ^tr is either ' to walk,' ' the ' walking ' or ' walk,' ' go !' 47. If liaii, \ 'to finish,' be added to tseu, tseu-liau means ' it is walked,' or if a subject pre cedes, simply ' walked.' 48. By adding kwo, S£J 'to pass over;' wdn, *j*. ' to finish,' with or without liau following the simple verb, the past tense is produced. 49. By putting?, O 'already;' ki, £# 'finished;' tsdng, ||j ' already done,' before the verb, the past tenses and the past participle are produced. 50. By placing yau, ^ ' to will,' tsiang, ^^ ' to take,' or tsiu, jSJT ' to proceed to,' before the verb, the future tense and its variations are ON THE SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 63 formed ; and k'd, pf or te, 4%: ' can,' forms the potential. 51. Certain verbs come in as auxiliaries to verbs whose meanings are similar to their own. The following list of these will be useful : — te, $k. ' to obtain ;' h'ai, f^j ' to open ;' ch'u, Wl 'to come out;' chu, /£ 'to rest in;' lai,

7& ' t0 come ;' h'u, jF 'to go away ;* Men, jy^ ' to see ;' cho, 3J ' to take effect.' And these correspond to the separable prepo sitions in other tongues ; e. g. to cut out, to run away, to sit up, to come along, to run together, &c. 52. The following are examples of tenses in Chinese : — ngd kien-kwo-liau t'd, ' I have seen him.' ngd yau-Me'n-kwo t'd, ' I wish to see him.' t'd tsidng-yau k'u, ' he will go,' or 'he is about to go.' t'd tseu-kwo-lai-liau, ' he has walked over.' Other examples will be found in the dialogues.

Section XI.— ON THE SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 53. An important class of verbs in Chinese is that 64 ETTMOLOGY.

of the substantive verbs, which are variously used according to the logical relation of the subject and predicate in the sentence. Thus, shi, J& ' to be,' means ' is,' where the simple copula alone is required, the predicate being natural to the sub ject ; e g. in ' fire is hot.' Yiu, .'0 ' to have,' means ' is ' when the notion of the property having been acquired is intended ; as in ' he is rich.' Wei, ,£& ' to become,' means ' is ' when the idea of growth or change is implied ; as, ' he is a king,' (i. e. now, he was not so once). A similar usage attaches to tso, Ifjb ' to make, to do,' which is like the German thun, preserved in our present indicative, ' he does sit,' &c. Tsai, ~fc ' to be in a place,' is used for ' is ' when locality enters into the idea conveyed by the phrase; e. g. in ' he is at home.' 54. These substantive verbs may be qualified and modified in their force by certain particles which signify then, all, also, &c, very much like the use of the German particles ja, gar, auch, noch, doch, in simple sentences. Such words are tsui, H ' then,' yh, {ft, ' also,' tu, ^ ' all.' ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 65

55. Any verb may be formed into an attribu tive in the form of a participle by adding thereto ti, the genitive particle ; and, consequently, any tense of a verb may be changed into the corre sponding participle in the same way.

Section XII.— ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 56. The Chinese language is very rich in ad verbs, for any expression may be treated adver bially in certain positions in the sentence. But there are some words that are positively and clearly adverbs in form or meaning. Such are the following : —

1. ADVERB9 OP TIME. kin-tien, 'today,' tso-t'ien, 'yesterday.' ju-Mn, ' now,' ming-t'ien, ' to-morrow. sien-shi, 'beforetime,' ku-ahi, 'formerly.' pien-shi, ' then,' tsiu-shi, ' there. i-king, 'at present,' mil-hid, 'just now.'

2. ADVERBS OP PiACE. clie-U, 'here,' na-ll, 'there.' tsai-tsz-ti, 'in this place,' tsaina-t'eu, 'in that place.' chu-chu, ' everywhere,' ko-ti, ' in every place.' P 66 ETYMOLOGY.

3. ADVERBS OF MANNER. cM-ydng, ' in this way;' yi-ydng, ' in the same way.'

4. ADVERBS OF QUANTITY. che-ydng-to, ' so much,' £ai-to, ' too much.'

5. ADVERBS OF QUALITY. These are formed by uniting an adverb of manner to an adjective : — che-ydng-hau, ' so good.' ytydng-hau, ' equally good.' Particles which imply intensity, frequency, or repetition, are joined to adjectives to form ad verbs ; as, t'ai, -jf ' too,' kvcd, ^ ' to exceed.'

6. AFFIRMATIVE VERBS. shi, 'it is' = 'yes,' pii-shi, 'it is nof='no.' kwo-fen, ' certainly,' sM-tsai, ' truly.' The usual form of affirmative is to repeat the verb of the interrogative sentence ; thus, ni yau led md f ' will you come ?' yau-lai, 'I will come '=' yes.' The substantive verbs are used frequently as affirmative adverbs. ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 67

7. NEGATIVE ADVERBS. The negative adverbs are pu, ^ 'not/ mu, ^ 'without,' fi, ^ 'not,' mo, Ji 'not, do not,' and some others.

8. ADTERB9 0» DOUBT. Such adverbs are the equivalents of perhaps and perchance : e. g. * hwo-che, Jj^ ^ 'perhaps;' che-p'd, J3 |Q ' I fear, I suppose,' ' perchance.'

9. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS. B-shi, H fl J ' when ?' tsai-na-ll, ^E $J Jig ' where ? B-t'si, ff ^ ' how often ?' U-to, §§ ^ 'how many?'

57. The Chinese generally use verbs of appro priate signification for prepositions ; e. g. tau, ^T|j ' to reach to,' for ' to,' Lat. ad. teai, ^E ' to be in,' for ' in.' (See p. 64.) ts'ung, W ' to follow,' for ' from,' Lat. per or de. P2 fi8 ETYMOLOGY.

hidng, jfn 'to go towards,' for 'towards.' I, yj^ and yung, ffl 'to use,' for 'with, by;' Lat. de, ex. h°> /ftp ' concord,' for ' with ;' Lat. cum. iung, [pj ' the same,' for ' with ' = cum. yiu, ^ ' origin,' for ' from ;\ Lat. ex, tai, /Wr 'to act for,' for 'instead of;' Lat. pro. 58 Certain words are used in Chinese in regi men with the noun, to form the notion expressed by the preposition in some languages. Such are niii, p^J ' interior ;" wai, if[ ' exterior ;' U, |Jj ' interior ;' shdng, h superior ;' hid, ~K ' in ferior.' In construction they stand thus : —

tsai ctiing-n'M, ' in the city.' tsai-ch'ing-wai, ' outside the city.' tsai-mh- shdng, ' on a horse.' tsai-leu-hid, 'below stairs.'

59. Conjunctions are rare in Chinese. In the ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 69 classical books they are represented by verbs gene rally ; e. g. hi, ^ ' to reach to ;' ping, Jf ' to unite together ;' Hen, ^|| ' to connect to gether ;' and a few others are used for and, even, etc. 60. The interjections in Chinese are numerous. They have various significations, and imply sur prise, admiration, interrogation, or are mere excla mations or euphonic particles.

Examples.

ai-ya! Psgi Pjji 'ah!' k'd-lien ! pj >|J| 'pity, have pity.' f ki-miau I ' wonderful !'

mo at the end of a sentence denotes an interro gation which asks simply for information. nl is an interrogative ' particle, which implies a state of doubt and uncertainty. a is often merely euphonic or exclamatory at the end of a clause. ( 70 )

PART II.

SYNTAX.

Section XIII.-ON THE GENERAL RULES OF CON STRUCTION. 61. Chinese words are arranged in sentences, naturally and logically. The word which qualifies precedes that which it qualifies. The position of a word, therefore, determines its relative grammati cal value. The presence of certain particles, too, defines the nature of some words and clauses. 62. The word which expresses the time when of an action usually stands first, and it is safest in composition to put the adverb of time when before all other words, unless it be a personal pronoun. Thus, ming-t'ien wd yau lai, or wd ming-t'iSn yav lai, ' I shall come to-morrow ;' wd-mdn tien-t'iSn yau chi-fdn, ' we must eat every day.' 63. The designation of place follows that of time, t'd-mdn t'ien-t'ien tsai Peking, ' They are every SYNTAX. 71 day in Peking; shi-shi tsai Kwdngtung ta-chen, ' They are always fighting in Canton.' 64. The subject of a sentence always stands before its verb ; but adverbial expressions of diffe rent kinds may come between. 65. The subject is often understood from the previous clause or from the circumstances. 66. The adjective, or word used as such, always precedes its noun. When a qualifying word follows a noun it is in the predicative form ; e. g. hau-jin, is a good man, (one word) but gin hail is a complete sentence : ' this man is a good man.' 67. All attributive words and clauses precede. Hence the relative clause in English is to be turned into an attributive and placed before its antecedent noun (expressed or understood) in Chi nese. wd-Mau-ti jin, ' the man whom I teach.' 68. The expression of length, duration, height, &c, is placed at the end of its clause ; e. g. hid-yu sdn-t'ien, ' it has rained for three days.' 69. The following general rules for the con struction of nouns will be useful -. — (l) When two nouns come together the former 72 ON GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION. is in the genitive case, and it generally forms a compound word, as horse-man, &c, in English. The word for ' spring ' (of the year) is chqn-t ien, ' spring's sky.' (2) But two nouns may form an enumeration simply ; e.g. ma-yang, 'a horse and a sheep;' ji-yu, ' the sun and the moon.' (3) Or one of the nouns may be in apposition to the other; e. g. jin-kia, 'man-person, a person.' (4) Or the former may be a subject of a sen tence, and the latter the predicate ; e. g. fan hau, ' the rice is good.' And here it may be remarked, that in reality such words as haii, ' good,' td, 'great,' which we have occasionally called adjectives, are nouns, hau, meaning ' goodness,' td, ' greatness.' (5) Lastly, the latter of two nouns may be an adverbial expression, especially in classical style ; e. g- kiuen ye sheu kia, ' the dog by night guards the house.' Any other mode of construing two nouns in juxtaposition would render the sense absurd. 70. When a noun and a verb come together, the following rules may be observed : — (l) The noun may precede and be the subject to the verb, or be an adverbial expression ; e. g. SYNTAX. 73

ngo shwo, ' I say ;' ma-pau-ti ' galloping like a horse.' (2) The noun may follow and be the object of the verb, or be an adverbial expression ; e. g. ta-fa-liau yi-ko-jin, ' sent a man.' 71. The Chinese are fond of putting words in parallel and similar positions in the same sentence, and by antithesis or some other figure arranging the syllables of a clause ; e. g. t'an-tien, shwo-ti, ' he discoursed of heaven and talked of earth '=' he gossiped.' tung-tau si wal, ' it fell in the east, it fell in the west '=' it fell in every direction. 72. Repetition is very common in Chinese to express a good many or the frequency of an action ; e.g. haii-hau siing ngd, 'escort me forth very well '=' conduct me properly.' ( 74 )

PART III.

EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE.

1. SIMPLE PHRASES. tsing-nl. ' if you please ;' to sie, ' many thanks.' wd-yau, ' I want ;' pl-wd, ' give to me.' pit-yau, ' do not ;' shin-mo, ' what ?' pu-tung, 'I do not understand;' k' 'd-1, 'it may be.' tsiu-lai, 'then come'='I will come directly.' tslng-tso, 'be seated.' hau-yd ? ' how do you do ?' or ni-nd hdu f ni-nd yh haii mo f ' are you well ?' wo shwdng-kwai, 'I am well.' che-li-lai, ' come here.' yau shin-md f * what do you want ?' t'ung wd tseii, ' walk with me.' pu te-hien, ' I have no time.' yiih s£-ts'lng, ' I am busy.' iiln-k'i haii, ' the weather is fine.' EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. 75 yau ki fan, 'I want to eat rice'='I want my dinner.' shi t'd-tu ' It is his.' tsai nd-li ? ' where is it ?' or ' where is he ?' u-d sdng-ping, ' I am unwell.' nl shi shiei t ' who are you ?' pu-yau tung-sheu, ' do not move.' nh-nd pu-yau tau che-U lai, ' do not come here.' ki-hid-chung ? ' what o' clock is it ?' shinmo shi-heu f ' what time is -it ?'

2. LONGER PHRASES. tslng-l-sdng lai, hau pu-hau f ' shall I call a doctor ?' sie-sie pu-yau, ' no, thank you.' na-yi-M l-sdng kaU-ming-ti, ' that doctor has a great (high) reputation.' yiu shinmo yuSn-ku f ' what reason is there ?' wo pii chi-tau, 'I do not know' (the fact). wd pii-tung-te, ' I do not understand ' (the language). icd pu jin-te, ' I do not know ' (the person). mu-yiii li-liang, ' he has no strength.' yiu td-shau yin-tsz? 'how much money have you?' t'd yiu phn-si, ' he has ability.' kt-ni&n jin-te t'd ? ' how many years have you known him?' 76 EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. sdn-ni^n tu finite t'd, ' I have known him for three years;' or, tu jin-te t'd sdnnien. nd-U kien-kwo t'd ? ' where did you see him ?' tsai tso-yi-tso, ' sit down again.' wd fd-hiun liau, ' I am wearied.' wd pi-ting hoel-kid, ' I must return home.' kid tsai nd-U? 'where is your home?' tsai Peking? 'in Peking.' ni tsai chlng-wai tso shimmo ? ' what have you been doing out of the city ?' yiu shi-heu ta-li, ' sometimes I hunt.' yiu shi-heu ta-yii, ' sometimes I fish.' yiu shi-heu t'u-shu, ' sometimes I read.'

3. USEFUL PHRASES AND QUESTIONS. che-ko tung-si shinmd yung? 'of what use is this?" che-ko klau-tso shimmo? 'what is this called?' shi nd-U lai-ti ? ' where does it come from ?' che-ko shimmo kia-tsidn f ' what is the price of this ?' Chung-kwo hwd kl-kiu hio-te led f ' how long will it take to learn Chinese?' yi-hien k'o hio-te, ' in a year you may learn. tslng nl-na ming-t'ien lau wd-ti fdng-tsz ki-fan, ' I invite you to come to-morrow to my house to dine.' EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. 77 t'ihn yau Md-yii, Ulng nl-na tsie ho yu-sdn, ' It is about to rain, please to lend me an umbrella.' che-tiau-lu k'ii tau nd-U f ' where does this road go?' pqn-ni&n ch'd-tsiu hau pii hauf 'is the tea-gathering good this year or not ?' rfid-tsiu haii, ch'd f ting-shin g-ti, 'the harvest of tea is abundant.' ling-s £-kwdn chu t ai nd-U ? ' where does the Consul live ?' y&ng- ch'iidn tsai shimmo shi heu tauf 'when do the foreign ships arrive.' mei-nidn wu-lu yd eld Men, ' every year, in the fifth or sixth month.' hi&n-tsai witsdng tau, ' they have not yet arrived.' she-hid hwdnyiu sie st-tsing yau-pdn, 'at home I have still a little business to do.' tsz hau-ch'd, ming Li-hi, t'iing lu-pd qr-shi suing, 4 this chop of tea is called Li-ki, and altogether contains 020 boxes.' ( 78 )

PART IV.

EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE.

EXERCISE 1.

Words used in the following exercise : — Pronouns wd, ' I,' or ' me,' or nl-nd, ' you,' f'd, ' he :' add man to form the plural of pronouns. to have, yiu. to call, kiau, (chiau.) to speak, shwo, or kiang. to thank, sie. to give, M. or pi. what ? shlmmo ? to ask, to beg of, k'iu. one, (of an affair) yi Men- to beseech, k'qn-k'iu. this, che-kd- towant,(fut.);2/a«i,'towill.' that, na-k6. tobeable,can,may,(poten.) gladly, Uinq-yuen. k'd-i, and nang-keu. to be polite, chl-ll. to forget, wane/, wdng-kl. to wish for, to want, yuen-l to do, to act, tso. affair, something, s£-tsing. friend, pang-yiu. to depend on, l-kau, a knife, tau-tsz. to trouble, to-fdn. EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. 79 formality, ceremony, U. do not use, it is not neces- f reely, fdng-sin, (lit. let go sary, pu-pi. heart.) one (of a knife), yi-pd. to receive, sheu. favour, gfn-tien. good, well, hau. very, hqn or slu-fan. sir, lau-yL to like, to be pleased many, to, hu-to. with, hwan-hl. not, pii. it is, or it was, yes, ski. Maii, after a verb forms the past tense.

Translate into Chinese. I have something to ask of you. What is it ? Speak freely ! I want you to give me a knife. Do this for me. I beseech you, Sir, to do me this favour. Gladly ! Many thanks ! Very well ! If I receive your favour I shall never forget it. You are very polite! I am troubling you. What do you want ? Do not use so much formality. I like you ! It is not! You may depend upon me. What do you want me to do ? Directly you speak I will act. Whatever you want I will do it.

Notes.— For 'what is it? say 'it is what? for ' directly' and a verb, say ' one ' (yi) with the verb, placing the personal pronoun, if there is one, first. 80 EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE.

The personal pronoun ' I ' is frequently omitted in Chinese. The negative precedes the verb, except when liaii or te, ' can/ is added, then pii, ' not,' conies be tween liau or te and the principal verb. For ' what do you want me to do V say ' call me to do what f EXERCISE 2. Words to be used. The previous vocabulary must also be referred to, and it will be advisable occasionally to turn to the larger vocabulary at the end of this book. to know how, hwiii. middle kingdom, (China) Chung-kwo. language, to say, hwd. md, an initiatory particle used at the end of a gene ral question. tsung, an intensifying particle = indeed ; (it must precede the phrase.) not to have, or not (in questions), without, mu-yiii. afterwards, heu-lai. a certain person, meu-jin. to tell, to inform, kaii-su. not yet, have not yet, wi-tsdng. if you please, tsing-nl. EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. 81 to hear, t'ing-Men. to listen, to obey, t'ing. to come, lai. at a distance from, li * * * yuen. can say, shwo-te. cannot say, shwo-pu-te. what I say, wd sd-shwo. what I said, wo sd-shwd-liau- sd, means ' that which. tti, or ts'iufri, before an expression adds force = all, perfectly, completely, to see, Men. to forget, wdny-Jd. to be clear about, ming-pe. why? wei shimmo. to reply to, ta-ying. clearly, tsing-tsu or ts'ung. a little, yi-tien-Ar. can understand, tung-te; to ask, wtfn. here, che-U; there, na-ll. meaning, i-s£. to explain, Mai (chai); to explain, kial-shwo. consequence, kwdn-hi. suppose, pi-fang. to think, si-sihng- 82 EXERCISES. so, che-ydng. to know, jin-te. how many times ? ki-t's£ ? to remember, kite. to forget, wdng-ki.

Do you know how to speak the Chinese lan guage ? Did you speak ? I have not yet indeed heard that. A certain man told me. Afterwards I told him. Did you say this or not? If you please, what is this ? or, Allow me to ask what this is. Do you know this ? I can say ; I cannot say. What ! do you not reply ? — Do you hear what I say ? I cannot hear. Speak a little more distinctly. Come here and listen. At a distance from that man, I cannot hear what he says. Do you under stand clearly what he says ? Do you understand what he said ? What I said, did you quite under stand? What you said I perfectly understood. I quite understood. I did not understand at all. Were you clear about it or not? What is the meaning of this ? How do you explain it ? Sup pose I do not understand, what would be the con sequence ? I only think this is so. — Do you know him ? How many times have you seen him ? I do EXERCISES. 83 not remember the number of times. Have you forgotten me ? I cannot recollect distinctly. The rule about pu (' not') coming between the verb and its auxiliary holds in t'ing kien and many other compound verbs. The simple copula verb to be is often omitted. The demonstrative pronouns are only used em phatically.

EXERCISE 3.

Words to be used.

day, t'ien. fine, hau. sun, ji-t'eu. cloudy, yun-tsai. a while, yi-hioiii. stars, sing-su. eat, chi. ever changing, ch'dng-pien. wait, ting, hails, hid-po-tsz. evening, udn-shdng. snows, hid-su. evening meal, (rice) wan- roars, (sounds) hiang. fan. wind, fung. weather, t'ien-k'i (chi ) past, kwo-liau. how, what kind, tshng-m6- rainbow, t'ien-hung. yang. dew falling, hid-lu. let us, put pa after the thunders, ta-ltii. verb. lighten, td-she'n, g2 84 EXERCISES. go home, hwiii-kia. blow, chui. there is, yiu. high, kau or td. nearly, cha-pu-to. sign, proof, p'ing-k'u (chv) summer, Ma t'ien. fall, hid, or Id. spring, ch'qn-t'ien. late, (of evening) wan. winter, iung-iim. go, Ku (chu ) autumn, tsiu-t'ien. still there is, hwdn-yiu. very, tsiii, (superlative) forenoon, sltdng-ivu. cold, lang. one o'clock, yihid-chung. dark, ym. time, shi-heu. damp, ch'auk'i (chi) hot, ji". cannot see, k'dn-pu-kien. like, swan. a gale, storm, pau-fung. trees, shk-mu. to rain, hid-yu- budded, fd-yd. hard, (of raining) hait. pa is a permissive particle, final.

The day is very fine. The sun is going to set. Wait a while, it will soon be dark. If you walk fast, you will be wearied. Eat your evening meal. How is the weather ? The weather is cold. The sky is overcast. This evening it is fine weather. It is damp. It is cloudy; I crnnot see the stars. It is a gale. The weather is ever changing. It rains hard. It hdls, It snows. It thunders. The EXERCISES. 85 thunder roars. It lightens. The wind blows. The wind is high. The storm is past, we can see the rainbow. It is a sign of fair weather. The dew is falling. It is not late. Let us go home ! There is time (enough) yet, it is still forenoon. It is nearly one o'clock. Do you like this season ? Spring is the best. This weather is pleasant; it is neither hot nor cold. This is not like spring ; it is like winter. The trees have not yet budded. This summer is very hot. ( 86 )

VOCABULARY.

A, (one), yi and yi-ko. Abacus, swdn-p'dn. Ability, t'sdi-ndng, pin-si. Abolish, c'hii. About, c ha-pu-to. Above, shdng, tsai-shdng. Accept, sheU-nd. Accuse falsely, so-tsung. Acknowledge (to), c'hing-jin. Across, hdng-ti. Add, (to) tien-shdng, kid {chid*. Affect, kan-tung. After three days, hed-sdn t'ien. Afternoon, (in the) hid-wH,. Afterwards, heii-ldi. After, heu-ldi, ke, l-Iien. Agar Agar. hai-faai. Again, tsai. Age, (old) c'hdng-sheu. Agree (not), pu-tili. VOCABULARY. 87

Air, to, Hang. Also, ye. All, tu, tsuen. All round, si-mien. Almonds, Mng-jin. Already, l-king. Altogether, kung-fsung. Alum, pd-f&n. Alum (green), ts'ing-fdn. Ambush, mai-fu. American drills, de-wdn pu. Among them, nui-chung. Amount, ki-chung. Amputate, Id-hid. Ancestor of 4th degree, kau-tsu. Ancestral temple, si-iang. Ancestors, tsu-tsung. Angry (to be), tung-ch'i (k'i). Apply the mind, liu-sln. Anchor, mau. Announce, t'ung-pau. Another, again, yiu. Another day, k(ti-ji. Ancient men, ku-jin. And, hd, hwdn-hai. 88 VOCABULARY.

Animals wild, yh-sheu. Aniseed (oil), pa kiau yiu. Aniseed (star), pd-kiau. Aniseed (broken), pd-kiau cha. Ant, md-i. Arm, pi, sheu-pi. Arrest, ku. Arch, hwdn. Arch (memorial), p'di-leu. Arts, (military) wu-i. Arts, (ingenious) ki-i. Arsenic, sin-shi. Assist, slang-pang- Assistant, hd-ki. Ass, lu-Uz. Asafcetida, ngo-wei. Ascend, shdng. At home, (not) pu-tsai. At home, tsai-kid (chza). At last, mu-hm. Axletree, c'he-cheu At once, tsi-k'e. At, to be at, or in , tsai. At present, hien-tsai, and ju-kin. Autumn, t'siu. VOCABULARY. S\)

Average, pu-td pu-siau. Avoid, mien. Axe, fii-tsh

B.

Bad, pu-hau. Baggage trunk, hing-siang. Bamboo, chic. Bamboo grove, chii-lin. Bamboo ware, chu-chi (hi). Bamboo poles, chii-kdn. Bangles, liau-sheii chii. Baptize, shi-sh Bare the shoulder (to), t dn-hid. Basin stand, fen-chid (kia). Battery, p'au-t'ai. Bathe, sl-tsau. Beat (to), th. Beat to death, ta-s£. Beat clothes, shwai. Beaver skin, hai-lo pi. Bean oil. teii. Beat gongs, ta-lo. Beat drums, ta-kii. 90 VOCABULARY.

Bamboo divining rods, t sien. Because, yin-wei, Bee hive, mi-fung wo. Bees'-wax, pa-la. Bedstead, or bed. c'hwdng. Be diligent, yung-kung. Before, tang. Before, (coram) mien-t'sien. Before (ante), sien, sien-shi- Begin (to), k'l, (chl). Begin work, tung-kung. Beg favour, i au-kwdng. Beg, yah, k'iu, Ici. Behind, hcu-mien. Be in office, tso-kwdn. Believe, slang-sin Below, Ma, tsai-hid. Bend, wan. Benefit, yi-c'hu, U-yi. Besiege, wei-k'iuen. Be saved, te-kiu. Betel-nut cake. ptng-lang kau. Betel-nut ping-ldng. Beyond the border, pien-wai. Birmah, Mlen-tien. VOCABULARY. 91

Birds'-nest, yen-hu. Bind, k'wim-pang. Black, he. Blue lime, t'sing-hwei. Blankets, c hwdng-chan. Bleached, piau-pe. Blind, hid. Blood-vessel, hu-hwan. Blow, (to) kwd. Body, shin-t'i. Boil (to), chu. Bolt (to), shan. Bombazettes, yii-cheu- Book, shii, ptyn-shu- Book-style, wdn-U. Book of filial piety, Hiau-Mng. Bookcase. shu-chid (Ha) Book box. shu-siang. Bookworm, tii-u. Boots, Mile. Border custom-house, kwan-k'eu. Born, sdng-c hu-lai. Born into the world, c'hu-shi Bottle, p'ina. 92 VOCABULARY.

Brass wire, hwdng-t'ung ss. Brass foil. t'ung-pd. Brass ware, hwdng-t'ung c'hi (k'i) Brass buttons, hwdng-t'ung niu-k'eu. Brass nails, hwdng-t'ung ting. Bread, mdn-t'eu. Bream, chl-u. Break in pieces c'hiau-sui. Bricks, chum. Brick couch, k'dng. Bridge, k'iau. Bring (to), nd-lai, tsii-lai. Broad, k'wdn-tse. Broadcloth, to-lo-ni. Broken, p'6. Brush (to), shwd. Buddha, Fu. Buddhist deities, (2d class) p'u-sd. Buddhist deities, (3d class) ld-hdn. Buddhist monasteries, shi-yuen. Buddhist priest, ho-shdng. Buddhist religion, Fu-Mau. Buffalo horns, rneu-chiau {kid) Bug, c'heu-c'hung. VOCABULARY. 93

Build (to). hai. Build a house, kien-u. Bunting, yu-pu. Bury, tsdng-mai. Burn (to), c'hau-hu. Burn (to), c'hiu. Burnt tiles, ica- Burn incense, shau-hlang. Burn paper. shau-chi. But, tdn-shi Butter, niu-yiu. Butterfly, hu-t'ie. Button, niu. Button-hole, niu-k'eu. Buy (to), mai. By, yiu, yung.

Calculate, swdn-chdng. Calculate, swan, swdn-ki. Call, kiau. Call, chau (kiau) hu. Call out, Jang. Camagon, mau shi. 94 VOCABULARY.

Camel, lo-t'd. Camel's hair, lo-t'd mail. Camlets (Dutch), Ho-ldn yu-twdn. Camlets, (English) Ying-kwo yiisha. Camlets, U-mau. Camphor, chdng-naii. Can, nang, k'd-i. Can, ndng-keu. Can walk, hwei-tseu. Canals and rivers, shui-lu. Candareen, fan. Cantharides, jjdn-mau- Cap, mau-tsz. Capital, phn-t'sien. Capoor cutchery, sdn-nai. Caraway, yuen-sui. Carefully reckon, si-swdn. Carriage, c'he-tsz. Carp, li-il. Carry, tai, nd-lai. Carry a letter, tai-sin. Carry (to), tai. Carry loads, t'iau-tan. Carry (with a yoke), t'iau. Carry (of two persons), t'ai. VOCABULARY. 95

Carry water, t'iau-shui. Carry on back, t 0. Cassia oil, k'wei-p'i yeu. Cast, pail. Cash, t'sien, tung-t'su-n. Cask, t'ung. Cassia lignea, kwei-p'i. Cassia buds, kwei-tsz. Cassia twigs, kwei-chi. Cassimeres, siau-ni. Cat, maie. Catty, kin. Catch, ta-k'in. Cause, kiau Cease, tang. Centipede, wu-kung. Chair, K or i-tsz. Chair, i-tsz. Chalk mark, hwei-yin. Change, yi-chdng. Chant prayers, nien-king. Characters, tsi. Cheap, tsien. Certainly, pi-ting. Chest, hiung-t'dng. 96 VOCABULARY.

Cheat (to), pien. Chief boatman, c'huen-chu. China, Chung-hwo. China root, t'u-fu ling. China Proper, Nili-ti. Chinese jam, shan-yau. Chinese coal, t'u-mei. Chinese mile, II Chintz, hwh-yang pu. Chief minister, tsal-sidng. Choose, chien-siilen- Cinnabar, cha-sha. Cinnamon, ju-kwei. Clean, I'dn-tsing. Cleanse to, sing t'sing. Clear (to the mind), ming-pe. Clear (to the eye), t' sing-shwang- Clothes, i-fu. Cloves, tinghlang. Clever, ling-lung, ling-li- Clocks, tsi-ming-chung- Cluster of houses, chwang. Coat of mail, chid (kid). Cocoons, t'sdn-chien. Cochin China, Ngdn-ndn- VOCABULARY. 97

Coffin and case, kwdn-kwo. Cold, hdn. Cold, lang. Cold, Hang. Collar, Ung-lsz. Colour, y&n-se. Column of characters, t'dng. Come (to), lai. Come directly, tsiu-lai- Commentary, chu-klai. Common, siun-c'hang. Common seal, t'u shu. Comply (to), i-t'sung. Conduct (to), p'in-hing. Confer royal title, fang. Condemn (to), ting-Um. Confess (to), jin-tslii. Congratulate (to), Mng-hl Connect (to), tsie-su, lien. Conquer (to), te-shing. Cough (to), ke-$eu.M Conscience, liang-sin. Connected, slang-lien. Consider about, shang-lidng. Constant, c'hdng. a 98 VOCABULARY.

Cook (to), tso-fdn, shau. Cooking range, tsau-t'eu. Cool, fung-Uang. Copper ore, sang t'ung. Cornelians, md-nau. Cornelian beads, mA-naii chu. Coral, sdn-hu. Corpse, sz-shl. Cotton cloth, pu. Cotton, mien-hwd. Cotton thread, mien-sien. Cotton-seed oil, mien-hwa yiu. Counter, kwei. Court, c'hau-t'ing. Cover over, kai-hau. Cover (to), kai-shdng. Covet (to), t'dn. Cow, meu. Cows' milk, meu-nal. Crane, den-h.au. Crape, hvr cheu. Crack, lie-k'ai- Cricket, c hii-c ha. Crisp, tsui. Crooked, siL VOCABULARY. 99

Crossbow arrow, nii-tsien Cross beams, hung-liang. Crush (to), ya-hwai. Cry, chiau, (kiau) Cubebs, c Mng-c hie. Cucumber, wdng-kwd. Cultivated land, (ien-ti. Cupboard, kwei. Cure (to), chi-haii. Curiosities, kii-ndu. Cup, pel. Curtain, chdng-tsz. Custom-house, hai-kwdn. Cutch, u-c hd. Cut, Id. Cut (with knife), . ko. Cut (with scissors), tslen. Cut off the hand, chdn-sheu. Cut open, ko-tiai.

D.

Damask, twdn-pu. Damask silk, hwd-twdn, ling. Damp, c'hau. H 2 100 VOCABULARY.

Dangerous, U-hai. Dark, ngdn. Dates (black), he-tsab. Dates (red), hung-tsau. Daughter (your), ling-ngai- Day, t'ien, ji. Day's work, yi-kung. Day after to-morrow, he&-t'ien. Day before yesterday, t'sien-ji. Dear (opp. cheap), kwei, (opp. tsi&n). Death (freeze to), tung-si. Decide (to), ting-kwel. Deck planks, t'sang-pctn- Deed of sale, wdn-yo- Deep, shin-t'slm. Deer horns, lu-chihu, (kio). Deer and buffalo horns, lu-niu chin. Defeat (to), pai-chdng. Defeated, shu. Delay (to), tan-ko. Deliberate (to), chin-cho, sh&ng-liAng. Deliver down (to), c'huen-hid. Depend on (to), i-lai. Descend, (to) chiang-hia led. Desire (to), yum. VOCABULAKY. 101

Desist (to), chi-chu. Despair (to), tsii-wdng. Destroy (to), hwei-hwai. Detain (to), Uu-cho. Die (to), c hu-ahi, sz. Differ (to), c'ha-cho. Different, Uang-ydng. Difficult (to do), ndn-ttd-ti. Dig open, kiu-k'di. Dig (to), kid. Diligent (be), yung-kung. Dimities, lien-t'iau pu Diminish, chien-shhu. Dining-table, fdn-cho- Dinner spread, pal-fdn. Dinner (take), c'hi-fdn. Direct (to), chi-tlen. Disclose (to), lii-c ku-lai. Discord (sow), . t iau-so. Discuss (to), pienAun, Dish, p'&n-tsz. Disperse (to), sdn-k'di. Disregard (to), pu-k&. Dissolve (to), siaU-hwd. Distinguish (to), fqn-ming. 102 VOCABULARY.

Distinct, t'sing-chu. District, Men. Disturb, chlau-tung. Divide (to), fdn-h'al. Divine, chau-pu. Divine (to), k'iu-t'ien. Do (to), tso, tso-wei. Doe skin, c'hi-p'i. Dog, heii, kiuen. Dollar, ydng-Ui&n. Dollar (Mexican), ying-ydng. Dollar (one tenth of), kid. Domestics, (trade term) hwd-c'M pu. Done, }iau. Door, mdn-t'eu. Door-front, t'si&n-mdn. Dove, ko-tsz. Dragon's-blood gum, hiO-cMeh. Drake, y$-ya>- > Draw, la. Draw to (pictures), hwd. Dried prawns, hia-mi. Dried mussels, tdn-t'sai. Drink wine, ho-tsiu. Drink again. tsai-ho. VOCABULARY. 103

Drink together, tm-yln. Drive (to), khn. Drums (to beat), ta-kii. Dry, kan. Dry in the sun, shai, skai-kdn. Duck, yd-tsz. Duck eggs, yd-tdn. Duck (mandarin), ywn-ydng. Duck-keeper, k'&n-yd ti jin. Dutch camlets, Ho-ldn yii-twan. Duty, phn-fqn. Duties (public), k&ng-shi. Dwell, chu, kii, chu-chu Dye, green, lu-chiau. Dye, indigo, Vii-tien.

E

Each, every, ho, Earth, ti. Early, tsaii. Earth-worm, c hii-c hii. Earth bricks (large), p'i. Easy, yung-i. Eastward, hiang-tung. East of the Drum tower, Kii-leu tung. Eat (to), , ctii (k'i). Eat enough, ch'i-pau. Eat meat, ch'i-ju. Eat habitually, ch'i-kwan. Eat books, ch'i-shu. Ebony, iou-mu. Economical, shhng-kien. Eel (white), pe-she'n. Eel (yellow), hwdng-sMn. Eight, pa. Ells long, pi ch\. Emperor, Hwdng-shdng. Empty, k'Ung. Employ men, shthwdn. Endure (to), jin-nal. Engrave, h'e-Ui- Enjoy to (life), hlang-sheH. Enough (not), pu-tsu- Enquire (to), lh-t'ing. Enter (to), tsin, Uin-c'hii. Entice (to), ylriryeu. Entire, cheng. Enter the ground, ju-t'u. Entrust (to), t'o-fu. VOCABULARY. 105

Ermine skin, yin-shu p'i. Escape suffering, to nan. Escort, hu-sung, sung. Escort guests, sung-ke. Essays, wdn-chdng. Establish a capital, kien-tu. Everywhere, ko-c'hu. Every year, mei-nien. Examine (to). k'aii-chien. Exceedingly (initial), fan. Exceedingly (final), te-ten. Exchange, tui-hwdn. Except, l-nai. Exert yourself, c'hu-lih. Exhalations, til-c'hi. Explanation, kiaishwo. Expend, k'al-siaiX. Expand (to), shin-k wan. Extinguish (to), mie-mu. Extraordinary, ke-wai. Eyes, ybn-tsing- Eyes (inflamed), fah-yhn. 106 VOCABULARY.

F.

Facing, mien-tsh Faint, hwun-kwd chu. Faint (to), fd-hwqn. Faithful and honest, chung-heu. Fall (to), tie-hid, hid, lo-hid. Fall (to let), hid. Fall into snares, shdng-tdng Fall into misfortune, tseu-ndn. False, kih. Falsely accuse, so-tsung. False coral, chla-s&n hu. False pearls, chia-chen chu. Famed surgeon, ming-i. Family (master of), kiS-chu. Family name, Fan (to), th-shen. Fans (paper), chi-sMn. Fancy cottons, hwa-pu. Farther back, tsai-shdng. Father, lau-tsz. Favour (beg), t'au-kwdng. Favourable, 8hdn. Fear (to), p'd. VOCABULARY. 107

"ear (pain), p'd-tung. fear not, pu-p'd. leather fans, yu-shdn. reeble, jwap-jd. ?eed (to), wei, ydng- 'eed pigs, wei-chu. ?eign, chia-tso. ?elt cuttings, chan-sui- ?elt caps, chdn-mau. ?erry over, (to) pa\-tii. Feet (large), td-kio. Feverish, fd-shau. Few, shaii. Few, yiii-hi&n. Few of, a little of, sie. Field spider, chu-chu. Fight to (of individuals), ta-chid (kid). Fight to (of armies), ta-chdng. Figured coloured cottons, ye-hwa si-pii. File and rank, wu-tui. Filial piety (book of), Hiaii-king. Filial son, hiau-tsz. Final interrogative, (pa.) ni. Fine china ware, si-t'sz c'hi (k'i). Fine linen, si-md pit. 108 VOCABULARY.

Finish (to), tso-wdn. Finished, wdn-liau- First, sien. First come, sien-lai- First month, ching-yu First day of the month, c hu-ji. First title of nobility, kung. Fire fly, yung-hd c'hung. Fireworks, paii-chu. Firm, kie-shi. Fish, (to) yu, ta-yu Fish (fresh), sien-il. Fish (salt), Men-ii. Fish (salt), yu-hien. Fish maws, yvrtii. Fish skins, yii-p'L Fish hawk, ii-ying. Fishing-net, lh-ii whng. Fish-hook, tiau-il keu. Five, wii. Fire-stove, hdlv, Fire cannon, fdng-p'au. Five teu = one. hu. Five feet (land measure),^. Five classics (The), Wu-king. VOCABULARY. 109

Fix (to), ting-hid. Flatter (to), fung-c king. Flat yellow pumpkin, ndn-kicd. Flea, hevAsau. Flesh and skin, ju-p\ Fling (to), Jang. Flints, hd-sM. Floating-bridge, feu-c'hiau. Floor, ti-pan. Floss from Canton, Kwang-tung jung. Floss from various prov: s. kd-shing jung. Flour, mien-fan. Flow (to), liu. Flowers. hwa. Flowers (paper), chi-hwd. Flowers (nutmeg), teu-k'eu hwa. Flowers and grass, hwd-(sau. Flower jar, hwd-p'ing. Flower pot, hwd-p'en. Fiy (to), fei,ft. Foil (brass), t'ung-po. Foil (tin), si-po. Foment, (to) chi-y, c'hwdng. Foot, c'hd. Footstool, chiau-td. 112 VOCABULARY.

Ginghams, ko si mau pu. Give, sung, Glass, pd-li. Glass dressing, c'hwen l thing, Glass ware (native), liau c'hi. Glass beads (native), liau chu. Glass (looking), mau ching. Glass globe for gold fish, pd-li ii hang Glue, p'i chiau. Go, c'hii (k'u). Go to the east, hiang-tung tseu. Go (to), tseu, k'u, wang. Go east (to), hiang-tung. Go up a hill, shdng-shan. Go round, (to) jau cho tseu. Goat, shan-ydng. Goats' hair, shdn ydngmau. Goat-sucker, tu chuen. God, Shdng-ti. God of war, Kwan-fu-tsz. Gods, (Tauist) shin-tau. God of the Tauists, Yu-ti. God of riches, T'sai-shin. Goddess of mercy, Kwan-yin. Gold, kin. VOCABULAKY. 113

Gold thread (real), chin chin-sien. Gold thread (imitated), chia chin-sien. Gold ware, chin-chi (k'i). Gold fish, chin-ii. Gone (having), tau-kwo. Good, kau. Goods (embroidered), si eu hi. Goose, ngd. Goose (wild), Id yen. Goose quills, ngo-mau. Government seal, sl, or sz. Government offices, kwan-tsio. Grass, t'sau, tslng-tsau- Grandfather, tsu-fu. Grave (make a), tso-fdn. Great, td-ti. Great grandfather, tsung-tsu. Green, lu"si-tl. ' Grove (bamboo), chu-lin. Guest, k'e-jin. Grain junk, yiin-liang-c hwen. Grass cloth (fine), si hid-pu. Grass cloth (coarse), t'su hid-pu. Grateful (be), pau ng(j,n. Grey squirrel, hwei-shu. 114 VOCABULAKY.

Grey shirtings, phn-se ydng-pu. Grieve, yiu-mqn. Ground-nut cake, hwd sheriff ping. Grouse, shd-chi. Guard (to), ph-sheii. Guess, t'sal.

H.

Hair, t'eu-fd, or mau. Half a day ptfn-t'ien. Half a month, pan ko-yu. Half a cask, pan wdn. Half-summer robe, slau-kwd. Hall, t'dng. Hams, hd-t ul. Hammer, Idng-t'eu. Han dynasty, Hdn-c'hau. Handicraft, sheu-i. Handkerchiefs, sheu-p d. Hanging jar, kwd-p'ing. Hanging bucket. tiaii-t'ung. Hanging mirror, kwd-ching {king). Hang-lanthorn, kwd-tgng. Hard, ying. VOCABULARY. 115

Hare-skins, tu pi. Harmony, hd. Harness a cart (to), t'au-c'he. Hat-stand, mau-chid (kia). Have, yiii. Have not, mu-yiii. Having gone, tau-kwo. Hawk, ying. He, t'a. He then said, tsiu shwo- Heart, sm-chdng. Hearth-cricket, tsau-wdng-mh- ' Heaven, t'ien. Helmet, k'wel. Help, . si&ng-pang. Hemp, md. Hempen rope, md-shing. Here, chi-U. Hide, t'sdng-ni. High, kau. Hire, tsu. Hold (to), t'sdng. Hold in the mouth, hi&n. Homestead, tse-Uz. Honey, fang-mi. i 2 116 VOCABULAKY.

Honey-bee, mi-fung. Honourable, kwei. Horizontal, hang, Hot, je. How, tsin-md ydng. How many ? kl-ko. House, fdng-tsz. Hungry, wo or ngd. Honoured, ling, Honest, laii-shi. Horse, ma. Hot weather, t ien-je. House-fly, t sdng-ying. How often ? kl-hwei. How many chapters ? kl-kiuen. How dare I ? c hl-kan f Hu-cheu silk, Hu sh Humble, chien hu. Husks of betel-nut, fing-langi

I.

I, wd. I do not understand, pu timg. I do not want, pu-yau. VOCABULARY. 117

I will not, pii k'hng. t'hng ho- Imitate, hid. Imitation (lasting), siaii yu ling. Important, yau-kln. Imported, yun-lai-ti. In, within, tsai, 11. In, am, in, was. tsai. In, (on account of), wei. In the fields, t'i&n 11. In the city, c'hing-lL In the market, shi slidng. In the street, kiai-shdng. In the mouth, tsul-ll. In the country, Mang-ll, tsai Mang-hid. Incense sticks, shi cMn wang. Inch, t'sun. Inclined, sii. Incurable, i-pii-lai. Indian ink, me. Indian cow bezoar, Yin-tu niu-hwdng. Indigestion, siau-hwd pu-fung. Inefficacious, pii-t'ing. Inferior Corean ginseng, hid-teng Kau-li shen. Inferior Japan ginseng, hid-teng J% pin shen. 118 VOCABULARY.

Inferior pumelo peel, hid-teng yeu p'i. Inferior paper, tsz-teng chi- Inferiors, nhn-pei. Inform, (to), kau-su. Ingenious, ling-c'hlau. Ingenious arts, ki-i. Injure, shang-hai. Injuries, hai-c hu. Injury by delay, tan-vrii. Inquire, ta-t'lng. Insert (to), c'hwSn. Inside, nei (niii), ll-mien. Instruct, chiaii-hiitn. Intelligent, t'sung ming. Intelligible, c'hing pa. Intercept, tsie-ldn. Interest, U-t'sien. Investigate, c hd-c'hd. Invite, tsing. Iron (to), tang. Iron wire, tie st Iron ladle, t'shn-tsz. Is, am, &c. shi. Is called, Is there any? yiu-nl ! VOCABULARY. 119

Is it not SO ? led pu shi ? Isinglass, yii-chlau. It certainly is not, ping pu-shi- It does not agree, pu-tui. It does not concern. pu-kwan. It differs little, c'ha-pu-to. It is so, cho. It is not wrong, pu-tso. It is not so, pu-shi. It is not far from it. pu-li. It is very different, c'hd-yuin. It is very true, h&n-shi. It is just, tsiu-shi. It is then correct, t'sai-nhi. It is as before, yukn-shi. It is not certain, pu-chun. It is pretty, yiu-t'sti. It is not pretty, mu-t'su- It matters not which, pie-chu. It must be, tsung-shi. It will do, k'd-l. It will not do, pu lung. Ivory ware, sidng-yd c'M. 120 VOCABULARY.

Jar, p'ing-tsz. Jacket, ma-kicd. Japan wax, Ji-phn la. Japanese ginseng (best), shdng Ung Ji pen shen. Japanese ginseng (inf.), hid-teng Ji-pen shen. Jaundice, hwdng-cheng. Jesus, Ye-su. Jetty, ma-t'eil. Join battle, kiau-fung. Judge (to), shln-shi. Jump, t'iau. Just come, t'sai-lai. Just, kung-ping. Just as, cMng-tsai. Just now, t sai-kang.

K.

Keep (to), sheu. Keep watch, k'dn-kwg. Kettle, shul-hu. King, wdng. Kingfisher feathers, t'sui-mau. VOCABULARY. 121

Kitchen, chu-f&ng. Kitchen cupboard, c'hu-kwei. Kneading-board, mien-pan. Kneel, t'slng. Kneel and bow, kwei-pai. Knife, tau. Knot, (tie a) hvei. Know (to), hiau-te. Kranjee wood, Ya-lan-chi mu

L.

Lacquered ware, chi-c'hi. Lakka wood, chidng-hfang. Lamp, tgtng. Lamp-wicks, tang-t'saii. Lan, a kind of silk, Id. Land cultivated, t'ihi-ti. Land (owner of), ti-chii. Land otter-skin, t a-p'i. Language, hwd. Large cash, td-t'sidn. Large house, or office, c'hang. Large fox-skins, td hu-lu p'i. Large bason, td-p'in. 122 VOCABULARY.

Large earthen water- kdng. vessel. Large earth bricks, p'i. Last year, c'hu-ni$n. Lasting, lau. Lazy, lan-tti. Lead, yln-tau. Lead (white), ckien-fhn. Lead (yellow), hwdng-tdn. Lead (in pigs), c hien-k'wei. Lead (in sheets), c'hien-p'ien. Lead soldiers (to), llng-ping. Leading-mule, pien-t'au. Lean (to), k'au. Leap into a river, t'eur-M- Leap into a well, t'eu-Ulng. Learn (to), hid. Leather trunks, p'i-slang. Leather boxes, for hold. ing silver, p'i-kdng. Leather articles, p'i-chi (k'i). Leave it there, liu-cho. Leave a place, li-k'al. Leggings, t .' au-k fit/ u. Lend, trie. VOCABULARY. 1 23

Leopard-skins, pau-p'i. Lest, k'ung-p'd. Let, c'hu-jin. Let fall (to), hid. Let fall hair, tiau-mau. Letter-boat, sin-chwen. Letter-office, sin-ku. Letters (appositive for), fung. Lettuce, shqng-t'sai. Library, sha-fdng. Lichee, li-chi Lie down, midn-hid. Lie down, t'ang. Lie (falsely), hwhng-hwd. Lies, hwang-t'dng. Life, (soul) sing ming. Life (the whole), chung-shin. Lift, chu-c'hl. Light, (opp. to heavy) ching. Light, (opp. to darkness) lidng-kwdng. Light books, hi&n-shu. Light the stove, shang hwd-lu. Lime, pd-hwei. Lime, shu-hwel. Lime (blue), t'smg-hwei. 124 VOCABULABT.

Lining, ll-tsz. Liquid indigo, shiu-tidn. Liquorice, kan-t'sau. Literary name, hau. Little, siaii. Little (a) (time &e.) yi-hwei. Little boy, siab-hai-tsz. Live again, fu-hwo. Local banditti, t'ii-fel {ft). Long, length, c'hdng-twhn. Long since, laii-tsaii. Long time, c'hdng-kiu. Long ells, pi-chl. Long robe, c'hAng-shan. Long robe with waistband, p'au-tsz. Long summer robe, td-kwd. Long stool, pan-teng. Long high table, t'iau-ngdn. Look, £ara. Look (after), chau-ymg. Loose light SfiW^. Lose (to), pu-kien. Lose capital, shi-p^n. Lotus, w^«i. Lotus roots, W-Awfi. VOCABULARY. 125

Lotus nets, lien-tsh Low, ti- Louse, sz-tsz. Lucralan seed, td-feng-tsz. Lung ngan, (a fruit) kwei-yu&n. Lute-string, chiuin. Lying in the W. k'au-sl.

M.

Mace, one-tenth of an oz. t'siin. Mackerel, tl-u. Made to order, ting-tso-ti. Magistrate, chi-Men. Magpie, hl-c'hiu. Make (to), tso. Make a prostration, k'ii-t'eu. Make a hedge, li-pd. Make a grave, tso-fdn. Make up a deficit, pu-tsu. Make up money (to), ch'au. Man, jin. Man (old), lau jin-hia (chia). Manage, kwan-ll Manchunan ginseng, kwan-tung jfyi-shSn. 126 VOCABULARY.

Mandarin's seal, yin, Mandarin duck, yuen-yang. Mandarin's office, yd-mdn. Mangrove bark, k'au-pi. Manila cordage, Lii-sung shing. Manufactured copper, shen-t'ung. Manufactured iron, shen-t'ie. Manure cakes, k'eng-sha. Many, to. Marble slabs, yiin-sM. Mark, ta-yin. Martin, yen-tsz. Martin skin, tlau-p i. Mason, ni-na-tsiang. Master, tung-kia (chia). Master of a family, kia-chu. Mast, c'huen-wei. Mast lanthorn, wd-tgng. Masts & spars (hard wood), chung-mu-wei. Masts & spars (soft wood), c'hing-mu-wei . Match, p'ei-chi. Matter (a), sz-t'&ing, or si-til. May, k'd-l. Mean (my), han-pi. Measure (to), Hang. VOCABULARY. 127

Measures and weights, teu-c'heng. Measure of five feet, pu-kung. Meet, ii-cho. Meet (to), pdng-kien. Member of a Board, Idng-ch&ng. Memorial arch, p ai-leu* Men (appositive for), ho. Mend, siu. Merit, kung-te. Messenger, c'hai-shdng. Messenger's room, pdn-fdng- Method, fd-tsz. Meu and a half, meu-pdn. Middle man, chung-jin. Migratory locust, hicdng-c'hung. Mile (English), san-ll. Mile (Chinese), ll. Mind, (heart) ' sin. Mirror-stand, ching-t'ai {king). Misery, k'ii. Mix, t iau no. Mock, M-lung. Moist, shi. Mole cricket, t'u-keu. Molest, ndn-wei. 128 VOCABULARY.

Money, t si$n, tung-isien. Money return (to), hwhn. Month (a), yu. Month (first), ching-yu. Moon (the), yu-liang. Mortar, ni. Mother cloves, mu-ting-hiang. Mosquito, wdn-tsz. Mosquito net, wdn-chdng. Most, (sign of super.) tlng. Mother, niang. Mother-of-pearl shell, yiln-mu-c'hiau. Mother-of-pearl ware, yiin-mii c'hiau-c'hi. Mule, 16-tsz. Musical box, pd-yin chin. Musk, sho-hiang. Muslin, ydng-sha. Must not, pii-te. Mutually, slang-u- My cottage, she-hid. My vill e, pqn-Mang. Myrrh, md-yo. VOCABULARY. 129

N.

Nail, (a), Ung. Nail (to), ting. Name, nring-ts&c'hl-ming. Name (proper), ming. Name (literary), hau. Name (to), c'hing. Narrow, chd. Native glass ware, liai-c'hi. Native glass beads, ' liau-cha, Near, slang-kin. Near road, kin-lii. Needle, chin. Needle-guard, tl-chin. Neighbours, lin-she. New, sin. News, sin-si, sin-w^n. Next year, lai-nien. Night (at), evening, wdn-shdng. Nine, kiii. Nod the head to, tlen-t'eu. North of the temple, k&ng-pel (pe). Northern mountains, pe-shan. Northwards, pe-mien. ]30 VOCABULARY.

Not, pu. Not much, yiii-hien (limit). Not fear, pu-p'd. Not to care for, pu-U. Not at home, pu-tsai. Not the same, pu-t'ung. Not dare, pii-kan. Not enough, pu-tsu. Not to acknowledge, pu c'hing-jin. Not only, pu-chl. Not willing, pu-k'^ng. Not well, pu-shu-fu. Not in good spirits, pu-shwang-k'wai. Noted surgeon, hwd-to- Novels, slaushwo. Now, kin. Nutmeg flowers, teu-k'eu hwa. Nutmegs, ju-k'eu hwa. Nut galls, wu-pei-tsz.

O.

Oar, tsiang. Obey, tsun-t'sung. Obliquely, kwai-wan-qr. VOCABULARY. 131

Obtain fame (to), chu-ming. Occasionally, ngeu-qr. Offend, hdn-fdn. Office servants, (at mines) c' hang-ting. Oil, yiu. Oil of gum benjamin, ngdn-si yiu. Oil of the dyandra tree, t'ung-yiu. Oil of palma christi, pi-md yiu. Oil paintings, yiu-t'si Jiwd. Oiled paper, yiu-chi. Old, c'hiu (kiu). Old deer horns, laic-lu jung. Olibanum, (frankincense) ju-hiang. On the South, ndn-plen. On the street, kiai-shdng- On the bridge, c'hiau-shdng. On this side, che-pien. On that side, nd-pien. Once, yi-t's£. One, yi. One week, yi-M ll-pai. One kind, yi-hiang. One day's work, yi-kung. One parcel, yipau. One meu, yi-nieu. K 2 132 VOCABULARY.

Onions, t'sung, t'sung-t'eu. Only, pu-kwo. Open a shop, k'al-tien. Open a book, tiai-kiutn. Opium, Ya-pien, ydng-yo. Oppose, chu-chu. Opposite, tui-kwo. Orange-peel, c'hen-p'i. Orderly, t'si-chlng. Orderly conduct (cus- torn), kwel-ku. Ordinary meal, pien-fdn. Other, 2»e. Ought, ying-tdng; ying-kal. Ought not, pu-p'ei. Outside, wai-t'eu. Ounce, yi-libng. Outside the city, c hing-wai. Overturn, t'ui-tau. Owner of land, ti-chii. Oyster shells, li-c'hiau. VOCABULARY. 133

P.

Pacify people, ngan-min toting. Pain, Paint, yiu-c tii. Paint (to), sh&ng-chi. Pair (a), shwang. Palsy, t'dn-fung. Palpitation of the heart, sin-t'iau. Palampore, mien-pei t ai. Paper, chi. Parch (to), kdn-t'ie. Parrot. ying-ko. Parsley, c'hin-t'sai. Pass, kw6. Pass the night, su. Paste up (to), t'ie-e 7>u. Pattern, ydng-tsz. Pay custom, wdn-shui. Peacock, k'ung-c'hio. Peacock feathers, k'ung-t'sio mait, Peel (to), pd-p'i. Pencil, pen, pi. Pens and ink, pi-me. People (the), pe-sing. 134 VOCABULARY.

Peppermint oil, po-ho yiu. Perforate (to), c'hwen-kwo c'hii. Perspire (to), c'/iu-hdn. Phoenix, fung-hwdng. Pitcher, p'ing. Picture, hwd- Pierce (to), did. Pig. chu-tsh Pigeon, pan-chiu. Pint measure, shing. Pitfall, hien-k'qng. Place (to), ngdn-wdn. Place, ti-fdng. Place of abode (polite), fu-shdng- Place stones, mdn-shi-t'eu. Place beams, shdng-liang. Plain, ching-pa. Plain stuffs, wu-hwd pu. Plain coloured cottons, wu-Awd se-pu. Plaister, lcau-yo. Plait (to), th-plen. Plane (to), p'au. Planks of hard wood, chung-mu phn (heavy). Planks of soft wood, chlng-mu phn (light). Please sit down, t'slng-tso. VOCABULARY. 135

Plough (to), ching, kqngtien. Poison, tu-yo. Politeness, ll-mau. Pongees, c'heu. Poor, tsien-c'hung (kiung). Port, jetty, kiang-keu, mh-t eu- Posterity, tsz-sgn. Posthumous title, si-fa- Pour out tea, tau-c'hd. Pour out wine, ehhn-tsiu. Power, ndng-kdn. Present (to), sung. Presents, ll-wu. Present tribute, tsin-kung. Pretty, yiu-t'su. Price, kid-t'sien. Piece (a), p'i. Pu, 240 sq. yards, meu. if" .\ Pray for rain, KlU-U- Pray (to), tau-kau. Prepare (to), u-pei Print (to), yin. Printed cottons, yin-hwd pu. Prison, Men-lav,. Proceed forward (to), shdng-t'sien tseu. 136 VOCABULARY.

Proclamation, kau-shi. Produce (to), shgng-c'hu. Produce evidence (to), yln-ching. Profit, lisi. Promise (to), hii. Prosper (to), hing-wdng. Pour out wine, cMu-tsiii. Produce silk, t U-SZ. Protect (to), paii-yiil. Proud, cMau-ngau. Public duties, kangshi. Pumpkin, tUng-kwd. Pump water, c'hS-shul. Purify, wash (to), sl. Purple, t len-t sing. Purposely, te-i Pursue (to), chul-khn. Push (to), t'ut. Push away, e'he. Put (to), kd. Put in tobacco. chwdng-yen Put on mortar, tsi-shdng ni. Put on tiles, lel-p'u Putchuck, mii-hlang. VOCABULARY. 137

Q.

Quail, ngdri-c'hun. Quarter of an hour, k'e. Quickly, quick, k'wai-k'wai. Quicksilver, shui-yin.

R.

Racoon skm, lau-hwdn p'i. Radishes, hung-ld pei. Rail at persons (to), md-jin. Rain-water, yii-shul. Raise water, tiau-shul. Rank and file, tui-wic. Rare, ndn-to. Rattans, shd-t'Gng. Rattans stripped of bark , t'Sng-jdng tsh Raven, pd-ko. Raw, thang. Raw buffalo hides, shang-niu p i. Raw cotton, mien-hwa. Read much, tl-k'dn. Read (to study), tii. Ready, made ready, hien-c'Mng t i 138 VOCABULARY.

Reap (to), sheu. Rebel (to), tsau-fhn. Receive (to), sheu-sho. Receive blood, taie-hiil. Receive kindness, c hing-hwei. Receive customs, sheu-shul. Red, hung. Red wood, hung-mu. Redeem from sin, shu-tsui. Redeem (to), shu. Red-necked, hung-po qr. Redress grievances (to), shin-yuen. Reduce (to), chien-c'hing. Reeds, wei-tsz. Refine (to), lien. Reform (to), kal-ching. Refuse, t ui-t sz. Refuse silk, twdn-sz t'eu. Refuse baroos camphor, shdng ping-p'ien. Release (to), k ai-shi. Rely on (to), k'a'u. Remove (to), wd-tiing. Remove (to), pdn-chia (kid). Repair (to), sin. Repay (to), p ei-hwdn. VOCABULARY. 139

Repent (to), hwei-kal. Reply (to), hwei-td. Reply to letter (a), hwei-sin. Represent (to), thng-tso. Reprove (to), tse-pei (pi). Reputation, ming-shing. Rest (to), ngan-si, hie. Retain (to), sheu-liu. Return (to), hwei-c'hu. Return money, hwdn. Reverential, chien-c'he'ng. Reward, shhng. Rhinoceros, sz-niu. Rhinoceros skin, sz-p'i. Rhinoceros horns, sz-chiau (kid). Rhubarb, td-hwdng. Rice, fan-mi. Ride horses (to), c'hi-mh. Ringed raven, lau-kwa- Ripe, shii. Rise, Raise (to), k% («' Ai) (c'hi Rise higher, chhng-c'hl lai. Rise in life, fd-td. Roads, hdn-lu. Rob and plunder, t'slang-to. 140 VOCABULARY.

Rock crystal, shul-tsmg. Root, j)hn. Rose mallows, hal-teu k'eu. Rough persimmon, mau-shi. Row (to), tsiang, yau. Royal title, -. wdng. Rub (to), rnd. R«g, ju. Run (to), p'au. Runner (a), kio-fu.

Sable, tiau. Sacrifice, tsi. Sail, p'ung. Salt fish, hien-yii. Salted fowl eggs, hien-chl tan. Salted turnips, td-t eu t sai. Salt-boat, yen-c'hwen. Salt water, Men-shul Saltpetre, siau. Salute, tsing-ng&u, Same village, t'ung-Mang. Samshoo (wine, spirit), chiii (tsiu). VOCABULARY. 141

Sandal wood, t'dn-hlang. Sandal-wood ware, t'dn-hiang c'hi (k'i). Sand-fly, pai-liu. Sapan wood, Satin, twan-tsh. Satisfied, pau-liaii- Save, kiu. Saw, (a) chu. Say (to), speaking, shwo- Scallions, chiu-t'sai. Scatter, sdn-k'ai- Scissors, tsletirtau. Scoop, wd. Scull (to), (to row), yau. Scull (a), lii. Sea-otter skin, hai-lung p'i. Sea-horse teeth, hal-nih yd. Seal character, chwen-wdn. Seam, to sew. fung. Seaweed, hal-t'sai. Secretary, shu-yu. Secretly inform, c'hwen-t'ung. See, k'dn-chien (kien). See (to), k'an, chau-siiin. Seek (to), c'hd, 142 VOCABULARY.

Seize, nd-cho. Seldom, ndn-te. Self, ts£-kl. Sell (to), mai. Send (to), th-fd. Send habitually, c'hai-kwdn. Send (a person), c'hai. Send (letter or parcel), hi. Sentence, kii, yi-kii-hicd. Separate (to), he. Separate (to scatter), sdn. Servant, yung-jin. Serve (to), shi-feng, fusi. Service, kung-yi. Sesamum oil, chi-md yiu- Sesamum seed, chi-md- Set a cart in motion, k'ai-che. Set out, pai-she. Set on fire, fdng-hd. Seven, t'si. Several tens, kl-shi. Shaft-mule, chid-yu&n Id-tsz. Shake (to), yau. Shallow, t'sien. Shanghae sycee, (98) kiu-pd yin. VOCABULARY. 143

Shark, skd-u- Shark skins, shd-yii p'i. Sharp, quick, k wai. Shave (to), head, ti,t l-t eu. Sheep, ydng. Sheep (appositive for), che- Shelter thieves, wo-liu. Shilling, s£-lsai. Ship, c'hwgn. Shirt, hdn-shan. Shirtings (grey), p&n-se ydng-pu. Shirtings (white), p'iau-pe ydng-pu, Shoes, hiai-Ui. Shop, tien-p'u. Shore-plank, t'iau-phn. Short coat, twdn-shan. Shortness or length, c hdng-twan. Shut (to), kwdn. Sick (to be), shqng-ping. Side of well, tslng-pien. Sign of possessive case, ti. Sign of the past, liau. Silk, or woevn, sz, c'heu- Silk caps, c'heii-mau. Silk clothing, c'heu i-fu. 144 VOCABULARY.

Silk-worm, tsdn. Silk ribbons, sz-tai. Silk thread, sz-sien. Silure (a fish, sturgeon), nien-u. Silver, yin-tsz. Silver-mine ore, yin-k'wang. Silver thread (real), chin yin-sien Silver thread (imitated), chid, yin-sien Silver ware, yin-c'hi (k'i). Sing (to), chang. Singe (to), shaii-yen sal. Singing-lark, pai-ling. Sir, sien-sheng. Sit in judgment, iso-t'dny. Sit down, tso-hia. Sit on the shaft (to), k'wd-yidn. Six, lu. Skin-rugs, pi-t'dn. Skin and flesh, p'i-jii. Slap on the face, ta-tsul pd-tsz. Slip of paper, t'iaii-chl. Slow, slowly, man. A Small bowl, U. Small city (district city), Men. ' Small fox-skins, siaii hvAi-pi VOCABULARY. 145

Smear, tu. Smile, Adn-siau. Smuggle, t'eu-shui. Snuff, pi-yen. Snuff candle, chid-c hii Id-hwd Soda, Men. Soda vapour, Men-c'hi. Soft, mien-jwhn. Sole (a fish), pl-mu u. Sometimes, yiii-shi. Son of heaven, t'ien-tsh Soothe, ngdn-wei- Soul, stn-shin. South, ndn. Sow discord, t'iakso. Sow (to), chiing-ti. Sow thistle, k'ii-t'saL Soy, tsiang-yiu. Speak (to), shwo-hwd. Spend (to), fei-yiing. Spelter, pai-c'Men. Spin (to), fhng-sien. Spinach, p u-t sai. Spirit (wine) — ghost, tsiil, — kwei. Split rattans, t'&ng-je&. 146 VOCABULARY.

Spoon, t'iau-hg,ng. Spotted stuffs, kwel-Jiu-a pu. Spread dinner, pal-fan. Spread mats, pu-si. Spring, c'hun. Spring-arrow, ti-nii. Sprinkle, shac'hu. Square inch, fang-tsun Square bricks, fdng-chwen. Square letters, fdng-tsi. Square table, fang-cho. Square court, t'len-tslng. Squirrel-skin, hwel-shu pi. Stairs, 1 1. Stand (to), chdn. Start, c'hl-shin. Start, k'at c'hwtn. Star aniseed, pa-chiaii. Statement, tdn-tsz. Stay the night, t'si-ye. Steel, kdng. Stick (to), t'ie. Sticklac, tsz-k'eng. Starve (to die of hunger), ngo-sz. Steal, t'eii-t'si. VOCABULARY. 147

Step carefully, tseii-haii. Sting, t'sz. Stockings, VM-tSZ. Stone, shi-t eu. Stone-mason, shi-tso. Stool, wu-tsz. Stop (to), t'ing. Storax, suho yiu. Stove (a), hwd-lu. Style, wdn-me. Straight, yi-chi. Strange, sheng. Straw shoes, t'taii-hiai. Straw-hat hraid, t saii-man pien. Straw brush, t'iaurtsz. Streamer, fung-sin c'hi. Strength, c'hi-U. Stretch out the arm, shin-pi. Strike, ta. Striped, su-wdn. Strong, lau. Study (to), t'u-shu. Stupid, pan. Stupid, ngai-pdn. Suffering, nan. L 2 148 VOCABULARY.

Sufficient, keu, tsii. Sugar-candy, ping t'dng. Sulphur, liiirhudng. Summer, hia-t'ien. Sun (the), t'ai-ydng, ji-t'eu Superabundance. yeii-u. Superiors, chhng-pei. Surrender (to), t'eu-hiang. Sustain (to), tctng. Swallow (a), yen-tsz. Swan, t'ien-ngd. Swear, fashi. Sweep, sail. Sword, tau.

Table, cho. Tael, two, Hang. Tailor, t'sai-fung. Take away, nd-k'u. Take (to), nd, pa. Take a letter, nd-sin. Take care of, chau-ying. Take care of a house, k'dn fdng-tsh VOCABULARY. 149 Take dinner, chi-fdn. Take up water, ta-shm. Take in the mouth, Men. Take advantage of, c'hing. Tanned buffalo hides, sheii-niu-p'i. Tassels, wel-sien. Taste (to), c'hdng. Tauist temples, miau-yu- Tea, c'hd-ye. Teacup, c hd-wan. Teach, kiau-shu. Teach (to), chiau (kiau). Teacher, slen-sang. Tea warehouseman, c'hd-chdn. Teak planks, md-li shu-phn. Teapot, c'hd-hu. Tear (to,) s?-p'6. Telescope, t'slen-U ching {king). Tempt, yiii-yeu, yiu-hwo. Ten, shi. Tenth of a dollar, kid. Ten pints, teu. Ten strings, shi-tiau. Tent, chdng-fdng. Thank (to), sie-sii. 150 VOCABULARY.

That, nd. That sort, nd-ydng. They, t'a-mdn. There, nd-ll. There is, yid. There, (Peking D.) nd-dr. Therefore, or because, yin-t sz. These few, che-sle. Thick, heu. Thick robe, p'au-tsz. Thimble, tl-chen. Thin, pau (po). Thing, tung-si- Think (to), sihng, si-sihng. Thirst (to), k'o. This, che-k6. This year, kin-nien. This sort, che-ydng. Thou, nl. Three, san. Three pure ones, sdn-t'ging. (Tauist) Three precious ones, san-paii. (Buddhist) Three stories, san-t'sdng. Throw (to), seng. Thrown silk, sz-chlng. VOCABULABY. 151

Thus, che-md ydng. Tiger, laii-hii. Tiger's bones, hu-ku. Tiger-skins, hu-p'i. Tigers and panthers, hu-pau. Tight, chln. Time, age, nien-kl.

Tin, Si. Tinder, hd-jung. Tin-plates, mh-k'eii t'ie. Tide, c'hau-shui. Tired, sln-k'u. To, tau. Toad, hd-ma. Toast (to), k'dng. Tobacco in leaf, yen-ye. To-day, (Peking D.) chin-dr, kin-t'ien. Together with, Men, iung. To-morrow, ming-t'ien. Too, tat. Top of house, u-tmg. Tortoiseshell, tai-mai. Tortoiseshell ware, lai-rni c'hi. Touch (to), mo. Towards, to, hiang, tili. 152 VOCABULARY.

Trade, shdng-i. Translate (to), fdn-i, fan-yi- Travel with letters, tseii-sin. Treat (to), k'dn-tai. Trees, , shu-mu. Tremble (to), fd-teu. Trousers, k'u-tsz. True, chin. Truly, shi-tsai. Try (to), shi-shi k'dn. Trowel, ni-tau. Twilled stuffs, sig-udn pu. Two English hours, (time) shi-heu. Two cups, llang-pel. Turkey, hd-chi (ki). Turmeric, chlang-Kwdng. Turnips, lo-pei. Turn back (to,) hwei-chwhn. Two, dr, Uang-ko.

U.

Umbrella, u-sdn. Unbleached, pfyn-se. Under, tl-hid. VOCABULARY. 153

Under foot, chid tl-hid. Understand, tung-te. Unexpectedly, hwu-jun. Unmanufactured copper, shqng-t ung^ Unmanufactured iron, shqng-t ie. Upon, shdng. Upper story, leii. Upright, twdn-fang. Upstairs, leu-shdng- Use (to), yung. Use again, tsai-t'i.

V.

Valuable, pau. Variegated kingfisher, fei-t'mi. Vegetable tallow, c'hiu-yiu. Vegetables and rice, t'sai-fdn. Vegetable garden, t'sai-yuen. Velvet, hwd-tslen jung. Vermicelli, fen-sz. Very, tsui. Very many, hau-to. Village (a), t'san, Ii. Vinegar, t'su. 154 VOCABULARY.

Violent, hiring. Virtuous (to be), wei-shen, Visiting card, p'ien-chl.

W.

Wadded trousers, mien k ii-tsz. Waistband, yau-tai. Waistcoat, pei-sin- Wait, t'ing, tang heu. Waiting-boy, siau-sz. Wake, $ng, chiau-slng Walk (to), tseu, tseu-lu. Walk far, tseu-yuen. Walk for pleasure, yiu-wdn. Wall, t'sidng. Wall and moat, c'hing-c'hi. Want (to), yaii. War junk, chen c'hw&n. Warm, nwdn. Warn, cMng-chie. Was, shi. Wash one's face (to), sh-lien. Waste, Idng-fei. Waste time, t'eu-lden. VOCABULARY. 155

Wasteful in expenditure, fei-tsun. Watches (emailles a perles), chu pien shi-c'hin-plau. Watch the house, k'dn-chid (kid). Water shut. Water (to), klau-kwdn. Water-melon, sl-kwd. Watch-ducks, k'dn-yd. Watches, shi-c'hin-plau. Watchword, k'eu-hau. We, wd-mdn. Weather, t'ien-k'i (ch'i). Weave, chi-pu. Weep, k'u. Weevil, wii-kic c'hung, Weigh, c'hing. Weight, fdn-llang. Well, good, haii. Well-water, tsing-shul. West of the capital, ching-sl (king). West of the lake, hu-sl. Westward, si-plen. Wet, she. What, shen-md ; pron. shimmo- Wheat, slau-me. 158 VOCABULARY.

Wring dry, meii-kan. Write (to), sie- Written order, p'ai-p'iau. Write!-, tai-pi.

Yam, the Chinese, shan-yo. Years, nien-kl. Years of age, sui. Yellow beeswax, hwdng-la. Yellow bean sprouts, hwdng-teu yd- Yellow eel, hwdng-shdn. Yellow lead, shi-hwdng. Yesterday, tso-t'ien. You, ni-mdn. You may, k'd-l You must, tsung-yau. You must first, sien-yau. Young gentleman, kang-tsz. Your, ling. Your name, kwei-sing. Your home, kwei-ti. Your high name, kau-sing. . VOCABULARY. 159 Your age, hwei-kqng Your mother, ling-t dng. Your son, ling-ldng. Your wife, paU-kiuen. Your daughter, ling-ngai. Your business, kweikan. Your trade, hwei-ye.

FINIS. v/U, LA c* t^ -^ ;&*&_

THE RUDIMENT!

CHINESE LANGUAGE.

REV. JAMES SUMMERS.

LONDON : BEBNAED QUAEITCH'S CHEAP BOOK WAEEHOUSE, 16, Castus Stbeet, Leicester Square. 1861.

Price Is. Gil. life. of node tl is and nature, of state a in Sun-birds studied also per ably be will work the of branch this that intee positi< gentleman's this and Plates; the of scution < the secured having on himself congratulate but rer, bi the which with plumage metallic and jorgeous to possible, as good as Plates the render to spared habits their. of description a make to hopes he ica, s a in them studying of opportunity the enjoyed * Mor a for material the collecting in engaged been as pear. hai that species of number the to owing date, of tl years many for work, which Library, ituralist's 1843 in published Sun-birds on volume little the if scope the extent great a To Honey-suckers. the Df family this of limits true the out point to clearly re n< it found has he family, this in included generally few a describe and figure to also better be would t Sun-bir true or Cinnyridae the of only treat to posed

ROSPECTUS. ch their with acquainted Ke Mr. author, the Like will artist natural-history Keulemard Mr. of hand a author The adorned. jusl of amount greatest ex or time Neither hi of features special the and Western in nature birds beautiful these of past time some For abov the since described subjed the on authority Jardii William Sir late sim be will Monograph the in position natural doing so By reject. to whi forms, allied closely t< appeared since has it thi work present the In

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