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A Survey of Taoist Literature : Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries

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A Survey of Taoist Literature : Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries 32 INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES A Survey of Taoist Literature Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries Judith M. Boltz • \r<ye ^855#* INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES Richard Buxbaum, Dean International and Area Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, comprises four groups: international and comparative studies, area studies, teaching pro­ grams, and services to international programs. INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY The Institute of East Asian Studies, now a part of Berkeley International and Area Studies, was established at the University of California at Berkeley in the fall of 1978 to promote research and teaching on the cultures and societies of China, Japan, and Korea. It amalgamates the following research and instructional centers and programs: the Center for Chinese Studies, the Center for Japanese Studies, the Center for Korean Studies, the Group in Asian Studies, the Indochina Studies Pro­ ject, and the East Asia National Resource Center. INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES Director: Frederic E. Wakeman, Jr. Associate Director: Joyce K. Kallgren Assistant Director: Joan P. Kask Executive Committee: Mary Elizabeth Berry Lowell Dittmer Thomas Gold Thomas Havens Joyce K. Kallgren Joan P. Kask Hong Yung Lee Jeffrey Riegel Ting Pang-hsin Wen-hsin Yeh CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES Chair: Wen-hsin Yeh CENTER FOR JAPANESE STUDIES Chair: Mary Elizabeth Berry CENTER FOR KOREAN STUDIES Chair: Hong Yung Lee GROUP IN ASIAN STUDIES Chair: Lowell Dittmer INDOCHINA STUDIES PROJECT Chair: Douglas Pike EAST ASIA NATIONAL RESOURCE CENTER Director: Frederic E. Wakeman, Jr. A Survey of Taoist Literature, Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries A publication of the Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720 The China Research Monograph series is one of several publications series sponsored by the Institute of East Asian Studies in conjunction with its constituent units. The others include the Korea Research Monograph series, the Japan Research Monograph series, the Research Papers and Policy Studies series, and the Indochina Research Monograph series, introduced in 1986. The Institute sponsors also a Faculty Reprint series. A list of publications available appears on the inside back cover. Correspondence may be sent to: Ms. Joanne Sandstrom, Editor Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720 To my mother and father CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 32 INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES A Survey of Taoist Literature Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries Judith M. Boltz Although the Institute of East Asian Studies is responsible for the selection and acceptance of manuscripts in this series, responsibility for the opinions expressed and for the accuracy of statements rests with their authors. Copyright © 1987 by the Regents of the University of California ISBN 0-912966-88-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-61572 Printed in the United States of America Contents List o f Illustrations x Preface xii List o f Abbreviations xiv Preface to the Second Printing xv Corrigenda xvii Introduction 1 Taoist Studies and the Reprint of the Tao-tsang 1 On the History of the Taoist Canon 4 Organization of the Tao-tsang 7 Research Aids 9 I. Revelation and Ritual 23 1. Shen-hsiao (Divine Empyrean) 26 2. T’ung-ch’u (Youthful Incipience) 30 3. T’ien-hsin (Celestial Heart) and Analogous Rites 33 4. Ch’ing-wei (Clarified Tenuity) 38 5. Ling-pao Liturgical Collections 41 6. Tao-fa hui-yiian [A Corpus of Taoist Ritual] 47 7. Miscellaneous Regional Collections 49 8. The Cult of Hung-en (Vast Mercy) 52 II. Hagiography 54 1. Chao Tao-i’s Masterpiece 56 2. Smaller General Works 59 3. Genealogical Records of the Celestial Masters 62 4. Ch’iian-chen Documents 64 5. A Ch’ing-wei Roster 68 6. Hsu Sun and the Ching-ming Cult 70 7. Three Wardens of Hua-kai Shan 78 8. The Watchman of Lu Shan 81 9. A Guardian of the Northern Sung Empire 83 10. Hsiian-wu at Wu-tang Shan 86 11. The Hung-en Brothers 91 viii A Survey of Taoist Literature 12. Four Additional Accounts Based on Coastal Worthies 93 Ko Hsiian 93 Hsii Shou-hsin 94 Yeh Fa-shan 96 Wen Ch’iung 97 III. Topographic, Epigraphic, and Historiographic Treatises 102 Topography 102 1. Mao Shan, the Shang-ch’ing Axis Mundi 103 2. T’ai Shan, Sacred Peak of the East 105 3. Hua Shan, Sacred Peak of the West 107 4. Heng Shan, Sacred Peak of the South 109 5. Five Accounts on Sacred Mountains of Chekiang 111 T’ien-t’ai Shan 111 Ssu-ming Shan 112 Hsien-tu Shan 113 Chin-hua Shan 115 Ta-ti Shan 117 6. Wu-tang Shan 119 Epigraphy 121 1. Inscriptions Commemorating T’ai-i and Hsiian-wu 121 2. Anthologies Attesting to the Ch’iian-chen Legacy 123 Historiography 128 1. An Exemplary History by Tu Kuang-t’ing 129 2. The Lao-tzu Annals of Chia Shan-hsiang 131 3. The Chronicles of Hsieh Shou-hao 133 IV. Literary Anthologies and Dialogic Treatises 137 1. Writings Associated with Lu Yen 139 2. Wang Che, Founder of Ch’uan-chen 143 3. Ma Yu, Ch’uan-chen Patriarch 149 4. Sun Pu-erh, Ch’uan-chen Matriarch 155 5. Ch’iu Ch’u-chi, Ch’uan-chen Patriarch 157 6. T’an Ch’u-tuan, Ch’uan-chen Patriarch 160 7. Liu Ch’u-hsiian, Ch’uan-chen Patriarch 162 8. Wang Ch’u-i, Ch’uan-chen Patriarch 163 9. Hao Ta-t’ung, Ch’uan-chen Patriarch 165 10. Later Ch’uan-chen Disciples 167 Yin Chih-p’ing 167 Contents IX Yu Tao-hsien 169 Wang Chih-chin 170 Chi I 172 11. The Ex Post Facto Nan-tsung (Southern Lineage) 173 12. Pai Yu-ch’an, Specialist in Thunder Rites 176 13. Li Tao-ch’un and His Disciples 179 Miao Shan-shih 182 Wang Chieh 183 14. Ch’en Chih-hsu, Disciple of Chao Yu-ch’in 184 15. Wang Wei-i, Disciple of Mo Ch’i-yen 186 16. The Ming-ho vii-yin Anthology 188 17. The Guidelines of Chao I-chen 190 18. Compilations of the Celestial Master Chang Yii-ch’u 193 19. Two Anthologies of the Hung-en Legacy 195 20. Ching-ming Dialogues 197 21. The Writings of Wu Shou-yang 199 V. Exegeses and Encyclopedic Compilations 203 Exegeses 203 1. Editions of Ch’en Ching-ytian 203 2. Additional Commentaries to the Tu-jen ching 206 3. Commentaries to the Sheng-shen ching 211 4. Additional Commentaries to the Tao-le ching and Cognate Texts 214 Encyclopedic Compilations 228 1. The Yiin-chi ch’i-ch'ien of Chang Chixn-fang 229 2. The Tao slut of Tseng Ts’ao 231 3. The Hsiu-chen shih-shu 234 4. Ming Reference Works 237 Epilogue 243 Appendix A: A Comparison of Numbering Systems in Two Indices of the Taoist Canon 247 Appendix B: Sources Cited from the Tao-tsang 251 Notes 259 Bibliography 341 List of Names 373 Index 387 Illustrations Maps 1. Provincial Boundaries of Modern China 19 2. A Diachronic Guide to Place Names 20 3. Mountains and Waterways 100 Figures 1. A diagram of the Nine Empyreans 28 2. A disciple in meditation with Ursa Major superimposed on his wrist 29 3. The talisman and altar for summoning the cosmic spirit T’ien-ting 31 4. Choreography for treading upon the terrestrial filaments and soaring through Ursa Major 34 5. The three talismans central to the T’ien-hsin revelations 36 6. A visualization of Lord Lao seated within the Jade Hall 37 7. Talismans of the Ch’ing-wei Thunder Rites 40 8. A portrait of the Spirit for Restoring the Skeleton and Reviving the Dead 42 9. An inside view of the nine palaces within the cranium of an adept 44 10. A talisman of the Five Thunder Rites of the Jade Pivot 48 11. A three-tiered altar for use in chiao -fetes 52 12. A portrait of Lao-tzu in a Ch’iian-chen hagiography 65 List of Illustrations xi 13. The ascent of Hsu Sun and his entourage in dragon-drawn chariots 76 14. The Supreme Sovereign of the Dark Celestial Realm appearing at Wu-tang Shan 90 15. A portrait of the Perfected Lord Lu Ch’un-yang with talisman 140 16. A portrait of the Ch'üan-chen matriarch Sun Pu-erh 156 17. An overhead view of the three-tiered altar 166 18. A portrait of the Nan-tsung patriarch Pai Yu-ch’an 177 19. An illustrated cyclical verse on generating an enchymoma 180 20. A view of the microcosmic landscape within which an enchymoma is created 207 21. The anatomical correspondence of the 28 lunar mansions 222 22. Animals symbolic of the four directions 232 23. The bellow and tuyere of the metallous enchymoma 235 24. Ritual implements of the Ming 240 Preface I doubt I would ever have attempted this work had I not taken up an assignment in the autumn of 1981 to write up a short entry on post- T’ang Taoist literature for The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. The first draft I submitted to Professor William Nienhauser, which was eventually condensed for The Indiana Compan­ ion, ended up serving as the foundation for A Survey. A revised version of this text was initially accepted for publication in Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR), but later it became obvious fhat it would be more suitably printed as a separate monograph. The text pub­ lished here is the third and final draft I completed in September 1985.
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