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The Albany Commissioners for Indian Affairs and the Iroquois Nations, 1691-1755 Andrew Thomas Stahlhut Lehigh University

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The Albany Commissioners for Indian Affairs and the Iroquois Nations, 1691-1755 Andrew Thomas Stahlhut Lehigh University View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lehigh University: Lehigh Preserve Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Theses and Dissertations 2016 Creating Borderlands Authorities: The Albany Commissioners for Indian Affairs and the Iroquois Nations, 1691-1755 Andrew Thomas Stahlhut Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Stahlhut, Andrew Thomas, "Creating Borderlands Authorities: The Albany Commissioners for Indian Affairs and the Iroquois Nations, 1691-1755" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 2823. http://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd/2823 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Creating Borderlands Authorities: The Albany Commissioners for Indian Affairs and the Iroquois Nations, 1691-1755 by Andrew T. Stahlhut A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Lehigh University May 23, 2016 ©2016 Copyright Andrew T. Stahlhut ii Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Andrew T. Stahlhut Creating Borderlands Authorities: The Albany Commissioners for Indian Affairs and the Iroquois Nations, 1691-1755 Defense Date Jean Soderlund (dissertation director / co-chair) Approved Date Committee Members: Michelle LeMaster (co-chair) John Savage (committee member) Jamie Paxton (external committee member) iii This dissertation is dedicated to Madison Berg, the cat’s meow iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Numerous individuals have contributed to the successful completion of this project in both direct and indirect ways. Dr. Elizabeth Lewis Pardoe provided me with my first introduction to history as a field of ideas and understanding instead of a flat narrative of names and dates. More than anyone she has set me down the path I now follow. Additionally, my earliest work in the realm of colonial New York was under her tutelage. Dr. Roger Simon oversaw my first graduate work in colonial New York in a graduate research seminar, and Dr. Monica Najar and Dr. Christian Koot provided valuable insights at various stages of this earlier research. The Lawrence Henry Gipson Institute for Eighteenth-Century Studies provided valuable research funding as well as funding for conferences that allowed me to share my ideas and conclusions at multiple conferences. Lehigh University’s history department provided two teaching fellowships and generous scholarships that helped me maintain my fiscal solvency. Deans Jane Hudak and Gregg Scully at the Wescoe School at Muhlenberg College offered unceasing support for me as I finished the last stage of my degree, as well as continuous employment as adjunct professor that helped keep my body and soul together. Dr. Donna Smith provided me with a quiet office of my own where almost all of my research and writing took place – to her I am eternally grateful for such a privilege. Lois Black and Ilhan Citak at Lehigh University’s Special Collections offered continual support for many years leading up to my graduation, as did Phil Metzger, formerly of that same department. Dr. Paul Peucker and Gwyn Michel at the Moravian Church Archives also showed their interest and support throughout the process. v Lehigh University libraries, especially Pat Ward with the interlibrary loan service, helped me access materials that made this dissertation possible. Chris Swan used his computer expertise to facilitate access to critical records, in the process making the tasks of research and writing infinitely smoother. Jim Higgins, before his disappearance into the forest of the tenure track job search, provided a bedrock of advice based on his own experiences that helped my dissertation process and my graduate career overall. Laura Breen has been a tremendously positive influence in both my academic and personal worlds. My parents, Colin and Suzi Stahlhut, more than anyone, have offered support in ways too numerous to detail. My dissertation committee members deserve praise for their work in guiding this project. Dr. Michelle LeMaster, Dr. John Savage, and Dr. Jamie Paxton have all offered their respective experiences and ideas to shape my dissertation to make it the best work possible, and have provided valuable ideas as I work to shape it into a monograph. Dr. Jean Soderlund deserves special recognition for her roles in both my dissertation and my larger academic life. She has shaped my understanding of the colonial world more than anyone else since my first day as a master’s student, and I have benefited immensely from her attention. I would not be where I am without her. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables viii Abstract 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1: New Netherland History and the Dutch Core of New York’s Indian Diplomacy 33 Chapter 2: Conflict, Cooperation, and Authority in the Early Eighteenth Century Borderlands 72 Chapter 3: Royal Governors, the Provincial Assembly, and the Larger Colonial Context to Indian Diplomacy 108 Chapter 4: Borderlands Diplomacy with other Indigenous and Colonial Polities 142 Chapter 5: Albany's Indian Diplomacy Relative to French Canada 178 Chapter 6: Dutch Commissioners, an Irish Superintendent, and Indian Diplomacy in the British Empire 211 Conclusion 243 Bibliography 249 Vita 260 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Commissioners for Indian Affairs, 1696-1745 67 Table 2: Tenure and Meetings per Core Member 69 Table 3: Extended Details on Core Members 70 viii ABSTRACT This dissertation explores how Albany’s Commissioners for Indian Affairs and the neighboring Iroquois Nations created and preserved authorities in the New York/Iroquoia borderlands from the 1690s through the early 1750s, and analyzes how the effects of this local relationship rippled outwards to influence the indigenous and colonial world of northeastern North America. Albany’s Commissioners, provincial agents at the forefront of much of the British Empire’s Indian diplomacy for this time period, maintained a roster of mostly Dutch colonists despite its existence as a colonial office in a British colony. This tight web of intermarried Dutch settlers and traders sustained a continuous conversation with the Iroquois Nations for half a century, relying upon a shared borderlands diplomatic culture to maintain decorum despite regular friction over issues such as imperial expansion and trade. These self-created borderlands authorities established and maintained the New York/Iroquoia borderlands as a primary nexus for Indian diplomacy in northeastern North America and placed Dutch commissioners and Iroquoian leaders in important roles in issues affecting other British colonies, other Indian polities, and even broad imperial processes such as the continuous eighteenth century contest with New France. Largely ignored or glossed over by historians, Albany’s Indian Commissioners and their substantial records provide unique insight into understanding the European- Indian power relationships in northeastern North America during the first half of the eighteenth century. This dissertation provides the first sustained study of the Albany Commissioners as an institution of Indian diplomacy and unlocks new ways of 1 understanding how the powerful Iroquois Nations interacted with broth provincial and imperial officials in the era between Dutch New Netherland and Indian Superintendent William Johnson in the mid-1750s, and fills out a significant, half-century gap in the colonial history of British North America. 2 INTRODUCTION New York City maintains a privileged position in the history of colonial New York during the eighteenth century. It is not hard to understand this port city’s popularity and staying power in the historical literature. New York City existed at the forefront of provincial New York’s economic and population growth while serving as a model for trends and patterns indicative of a developing British Empire and even the early United States. By the turn of the eighteenth century, the city served as home to a pluralistic social order of Dutch, English, French, African, and other peoples who coexisted in a “tenuous equilibrium” within a “shifting social mosaic,” 1 a situation stemming from the recent transformation of Dutch New Netherland to English New York.2 While New York’s provincial population grew more slowly than other colonies, the colony’s population almost doubled from 40,564 persons in 1723 to 73,348 in 1749, with New York City existing as the largest settlement.3 This diverse population participated in the expanding British economic empire and consumer culture like other major port cities, such as Boston and Philadelphia. Two-fifths of the city’s men worked in the mercantile and maritime trades at the turn of the century, 4 and as the city’s links to the larger Atlantic economy grew stronger the settlement became by midcentury “a city of opportunity.”5 The city’s denizens also solidified their relationships with the larger 1 Joyce D. Goodfriend, Before the Melting Pot: Society and Culture in Colonial New York City, 1664-1730 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 7, 23. 2 Thomas J. Archdeacon, New York City, 1664-1710: Conquest and Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976), 43. 3 Michael Kammen, Colonial New
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