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Zooarchaeological Implications for Prehistoric Distributions of Seabirds Along the Norwegian Coast W.A

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Zooarchaeological Implications for Prehistoric Distributions of Seabirds Along the Norwegian Coast W.A ARCTIC VOL. 43, NO. 2 (JUNE 1990) P. 110-114 Zooarchaeological Implications for Prehistoric Distributions of Seabirds along the Norwegian Coast W.A. MONTEVECCHI’ and A.K. HUFTHAMMER2 (Received 3 November 1988; accepted in revised form5 December 1989) ABSTRACT. Investigationof the temporal and spatial distributionsof zooarchaeological material can aid in understanding of the palaeoecologyof nonhuman and humanspecies. Northern gannets(Sula bassanas) and northern fulmars(Fulmarusglacialis) were first documented to breedin Norway during the present century. Skeletal remains of gannets and fulmars uncovered at Norwegian archaeological sites have been dated from approximately 7000 to 800 B.F. and from about 30 O00 to 400 B.P. respectively. Themodal occurrence of gannet specimens was6000-5000 B.P. and that of fulmar material was2000-1000 B.P., suggesting thatin the postglacial period most gannetsoccurred in Norwegian watersearlier than did most fulmars. Recovered fulmar bones greatly outnumberthose of gannets, a patternconsistent with relative abundances in Norwegian waters today, but one that might alsoreflect differentialaccessibility and/or prey preferences of previous coastal inhabitants. Proportionallymore of the fulmar material was uncovered at proportionally moresites in North Norway, findingsconsistent with current species’ distributions and with speculation of similar oceanographic conditionsin previous millenia. Key words: climatology, northern fulmar(Fulrnarus glacialis), northern gannet(Sula bassanas), Norway, palaeoecology,seabirds, zooarchaeology RCSUMÉ. La recherche sur la distribution temporelle et spatialede matériau zooarchéologique peut aiderà comprendrela paléoécologiedes espèces non humaines et humaines. On a établi pourla première fois au coursde ce siècle que le fou de Bassan (Sula bassanas)et lefulmar boréal (Fulmarus glacialis) se reproduisaientdéjà en Norvègeà une époquereculée. On a eneffet découvert dans dessites archéologiques de Norvège, des restesde squelettes de fousde etfulmars datantrespectivement d‘environ7000 à 800 ans avant notre et ère 30000 à400ans avant notreère. Parmi les spécimens de fous, ceuxdatant de 6000 à 5000 avant notre ère sontles plus fréquents et parmiles restes de fulmars, ceuxdatant de 2000 à 1000 avant notre ère sont les plus fréquents. Cette observation donneà penser qu’au cours de la période post-glaciaire, la fréquence maximale du fou dans les eaux norvégiennes a été antérieureàcelle du fulmar. La quantité dos de fulmars retrouvée dépasse largementcelle dos de fous, ce qui est enaccord avec les quantités relativesactuelles d’oiseauxdans les mers norvégiennes, tout en pouvant aussirefléter l’accessibilitédifférentielleet/ou une préférence pour certaines proiesqu‘avaient les habitants précédentsde la région côtière.Proportionnellement plusde restes de fulmars ont été découverts sur un nombre proportionnellement plus importantde sites dans le nord de la Norvège, résultatsqui correspondentaux distributionsactuelles d’espèces et à la théorie suivant laquellela situation océanographiqueétait la même dansles millénairesqui ontprécédé. Mots clés: climatologie,fulmar boréal (Fulrnarus glacialis),fou de Bassan (Sula bassanas), Norvège, paléoécologie, oiseaux marins, zooarchéologie Traduit pour’le journal par NésidaLoyer. INTRODUCTION and Vader,1984). Barrett and Vader (1984) indicate that archaeological evidence suggests that gannets and possibly Zooarchaeological analyses can aid in the investigation and fulmars bred in former times in North Norway.If so, it might understanding of palaeoecology (Yesner,1976; Schleder- be expected that a preponderance of the remains of these mann, 1980; Hasegawa and DeGange, 1982; Montevecchiand species would occur at northern archaeological sites. If pre- Tuck,1987). Faunal remains recovered at archaeological historic distributions were consistent with historical ones excavations can often provide information about species’ (Fisher, 1952; Nelson, 1978), one would expect to find most distributions and abundances and their temporal fluctua- fulmar specimensin the north and most gannet specimensin tions during prehistoric periods (Wintemberg, 1919; Friedman, the south. To explore these possibilities and to gain better 1934; Hall, 1969; Walkerand Craig, 1979; Jordan andOlson, understanding of former occurrences of seabirds along the 1982; Meldgaard,1988). Such information must beused Norwegian coast, the spatial and temporal distributions of cautiously, as artifacts were often transported long distances bones of these and other avian species recovered from ar- from points of origin via trading or transfer of material chaeological sites are statistically compared. Findings are among neighboringor interactinggroups (Lucas, 1903; Gilbert considered in terms of prehistoric climatological conditions. et al., 19811, and faunalremains mayalso reflect differencesin prey vulnerability and/or changes in the preferences, tech- MATERIALS AND METHODS nologies or economies of former human inhabitants. Within these limitations,broad comparisonsof significant zooarchae- The Zoological Museumat the University of Bergen isthe ological patterns with biological, palaeoecologicaland palae- national repository for nonhuman bones uncovered at Nor- oclimatological information can be bothrevealing and heu- wegian archaeological sites. Bone material, museum cata- ristic. logues, and published and unpublished reports were searched During historic times,northern gannets (Sula bussana) were for avian specimens. Bones were dated whenever possible first documented breeding in Norway in 1947, when they and were grouped by date andcounty. References regarding were reported nesting at Runde (Valeur, 1947). Northern dating of material, which is based on archaeologicalevidence fulmars (Fulrnarus glacialis) first nested in Norway at Runde or radiocarbon measurements, can be foundin Hufthammer early in the present century, and by 1947 the breeding popu- (1982). Undated material is considered prehistoric, i.e., usu- lation was considered to be 350 pairs (Valeur, 1947; Barrett ally 21000 B.P. ‘Departmentsof Psychology and Biology and Ocean SciencesCentre, Memorial Universityof Newfoundland, St. John’s,Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3x9 2Departmentof Osteology, Zoological Museum, Universityof Bergen, N-5007 Bergen,Norway O The ArcticInstitute of North America PREHISTORIC SEABIRD DISTRIBUTIONS / 111 Bones of fulmars, gannets and all other avian species TABLE 1. Gannet material recoveredfrom Norwegian archaeologi- combined were statistically analyzed and comparedfor sig- cal sites (seeFig. 1 for site locations) nificant patterns among spatial and temporal distributions. Number of For analyticalpurposes, counties from and fragmentsaincluding (B.P.) DatedKommune Site Nordland northwards were grouped as northern Norway, while those fromand including Nord Trerndelag southwards Rogaland (R) were grouped assouthern Norway. For temporal analyses, 1 Gaasehilleren Sola -3000 2 Vistehulen Randaberg 8000-6100 bones were assigned to these categories: <1,1-2,3-4,5-6,7-8 County summary 8000- -3000 and (for the fulmar data)>8 millenia B.P. When gannets and fulmars were compared with one another and with other Hordaland (H) 3100-2600 avian species, the oldest bones wereclassified as >7milleniaBergen Ruskeneset 3 4 Bryggen Bergen Bryggen 4 800-600 B.P. Chi-square (x2) tests (Siegel, 1956) were used to assess County summary 3100-600 spatial and temporal distributions. Following tests of nor- mality of data distributions, one-way analyses of variance Sogn Og Fjordane (SF) 5 Grenehelleren5 Solund 5500-4100 and Mann-Whitney U tests were used as appropriate to Baatekletten6 Askvoll age unknown compare the datings of archaeological sites (at which avian 7Ovn. Lillebatalden Flora age unknown bones have been recovered) in northern and southern Nor- Country summary 5500-4100 way. Statistical significance is takenas P< 0.05. Msre Og Romsdal (MR) 5600-3500 RESULTS 8 Dollsteinhola Sandssy 9 Skylehammeren9 Aalesund 1800-1400 More than 120 gannet bones have been uncovered at 26 10 Kaupang Aalesund 900-800 11 Skjonghelleren Giske -2500 archaeological sites along most of the Norwegian coast (Table 12Sauehelleren Midsund 1800-1400 1; Fig. 1).These specimens are unevenly distributed among 13 Msislaatten Tustna age unknown counties ($ = 185.05, P < 0.001). Most have been recoveredin County summary 5600-800 Merre and Romsdal(37%,46/124) insouthern Norway andin Ssr-Trendelag (ST) Nordland (34%, 42/124),and about 9%(11/124) have come 14 Hestneshulen Hitra 2500-1400 from Rogaland.Gannet specimens wererecovered at 6 sites 15 Ramsay Osen 2500-2000 in Merre and Romsdal, 5 sites in Nordland and 4 sites in County summary 2500-1400 Finnmark. Gannet bones constituted significantly different Nord Trendelag (NT) proportions of the avian bones recoveredin the 8 counties in 16Sandhelleren Flatanger age unknown which gannet bones wererecovered ($ = 112.3, P < 0.001). 17 Kuhelleren,Halmey Flatanger >3500 Although most of the gannet bones havebeen recovered in County summary >3500 Msre andRomsdal and in Nordland, gannet bonesmake up Nordland (N) very small percentages of the total avian material collected 18 Langaasen Vega 2900-2700 from these counties, i.e., 0.5and 1.4% respectively.In other 19Aakvik, Dsnnes Heray 5000-3500 counties where fewer gannet bones have been recovered, 20 Kirkehelleren Traena 2500-2000 they make up much larger percentages of the avian material 21 Storbaathelleren Flakstad 5300-4600 22 Toften I1 Andsy -1400-1200 (Nord Trendelag-
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