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Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology O 10.1179/174963106x97034 DOI Maney by Published ß eevdNvme 04 eie aucitacpe coe 2005. October accepted manuscript Stavanger, revised N-4002 2004; 478, November Prøsch-Danielsen, Received Box [email protected] Lisbeth [email protected]; P.O. e-mail: and Stavanger, Norway; Archaeology, author) of (corresponding Museum Late Høgestøl II)/Early Mari (MN (LM)/Early II Period Mesolithic transition Neolithic (the Middle Norway Late of at parts and at (EN)) years Neolithic 1500 transition about of Scandinavian the southern lag (the in time consolidation in a this is between agriculture there that despite of fact is the This consolidation parallel. run countries final Nordic different the leading often to processes are the and event concerning theoretical Discussions this similar. to the relating periods, approaches different scientific in Europe parts various of to introduced was agriculture Although Introduction or heath towards either pastoralism, in expansion Keywords: fields. indicating pollen permanent all area, and in grassland noticeable study towards are courses the environmental from distinct regions. two diagrams Scandinavian onwards, South BC agriculture other cal. small-scale with resulting 2500/2350 with systems deforestation From exchange experience intensified a) b) c) years i.e. and 1500 variables, generations nearly through several for hunter-gatherer between practised was the being Neolithic interactions function; agriculture Late of from ritual the They result in a pervasive. the production but with agro-pastoral and rare, in indicators complex breakthrough are status The culture be dominated. Axe still to economy Battle considered and be Beaker primarily Funnel period and must the first artefacts was the Neolithic) to cultivation agriculturally-related In belonging cereal to land. eco-facts while referring the important, (here of was Agro-Neolithic trees topography recorded. broad-leaved and scarcely from geology forage the BC), and to cal. intentional linked (4000–2500 from was Deforestation pattern — BC. recorded regional cal. are a 1900–1400 and clearance followed BC forest Late cal. and of 2500–2200 Scandinavian, the phases BC, the cal. Three in neolithisation 4000–3600 of coastal complex. breakthrough part of agricultural became the accepted European, processes then the generally Norway from thus the South-western the BC. evidence reveal towards cal. Neolithic to 2500/2350 palaeoecological Neolithic, Early compiled and the was from archaeological Norway proceeding available south-western of the heathlands of review A Prøsch-Danielsen Lisbeth and Høgestøl Mari Norway coastal of south-western the rim and on 4th BC millennia the 3rd in agro-pastoralism of Impulses 06AscainfrEvrnetlArchaeology Environmental for Association 2006 ot-etr owy rhelg,ple nlss eltiain gopsoaim laac phases clearance agro-pastoralism, neolithisation, analysis, pollen archaeology, Norway, south-western ntems eoeaes(rsot1995). (Prescott areas remote even Norway, most of the pattern parts specific in large same over houses, The uncovered been cereals. two-aisled has carbonised example, and by for artefacts reflected of, is the This finds time of agriculture fundamental. part which this economically in integral was From culture an Scandinavian transition. became southern area II/ELN the Norway MN onwards, south-western in the foothold by final its gained namely area, 1). have (Fig. particular We Norway one place. south-western examine and to time chosen be of thus hardly the independent can and same, transition events the defining of this course 1996; behind the causes Prescott opinion, our 1999; In (Petersson 2005). (ELN)) Neolithic ti eeal cetdta agro-pastoralism that accepted generally is It niomna Archaeology Environmental provided byNORA-NorwegianOpenResearchArchives 2006 VOL 11 brought toyouby NO 1 19 CORE Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 20 niomna Archaeology Environmental iue1Tesuhwsenpr fNra hwn the showing Norway of part south-western The 1 Figure r lorcre eoetetasto oteELN. the to transition the cultivation before cereal recorded also of The are episodes animal EN. of Scattered the degree husbandry. some as indicates early thus evidence in as pollen deforestation beginning II/ regions MN encompasses the certain that to up transition leading data events ELN analytical of pollen course a time, to processes indicate that comparable readily before Although not active are those transition. ELN the II/ELN in to operating subsequent MN increase also the area the from justify diagrams to limited too ‘agricultural’. as is societies these finds classifying relevant the of although found, quantity been have 1988). indicating the activities eco-facts Østmo agricultural and (i.e. with artefacts area few perhaps a Fjord Nevertheless, Oslo Scandinavia, the of southern exception of from general in that differs (LN) Neolithic Late the ceding ubr fatrpgncidctr ntepollen the in indicators anthropogenic of Numbers pre- periods the from record archaeological The eoisi hw nge fo Prøsch- (from grey Quaternary in 2000b) and regions 2000a; shown Simonsen four till and Danielsen is into of line). divided distribution (solid deposits further heath The is coastal (A–D). the area of The limit eastern gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism 2006 VOL 11 NO 1 iie nadb h aur en0 mean January oceanic the conditions pronounced humid by mild, inland a a limited with by areas characterised climate, to belt The restricted Norway. in antiquities greatest is of the and among monuments is belt. part here ancient found heath south-western of lowland number the coastal The the on primarily focused Norway, have We setting environmental and area Study h ai pedo giutr rudteM II/ MN the around agriculture transition. of ELN for spread determinants of rapid economic impact the and variable cultural the the precisely, ecological, of more discussion a or, for existence point should starting This better approaches. a provide different of through to ELN leading combination the events a in of breakthrough course agro-pastoral the the on data new present this of complexities the process. of prehistoric some long-term we identify to help and studies can cross-disciplinary resolution, explanations, high that believe and blanket chronologically de- environmentally) with (theoretically, dissatisfaction is certainly behind contextualised is leave There to rigid? thought too is artefacts the society of agricultural conception of Persson our an that application 1996; be it Prescott may uncritical transition. or 1988; 1999) an II/ELN (Welinder from data MN pollen arise the this to concerning Does up explanations leading and events narratives dissimilar .peec ftikQaenr eois(einB (region deposits Quaternary thick of presence 3. (region Pre-Cambrian i.e. bedrock, the D) of and A nature (region archipelagos 2. of presence 1. include: features characterising Their region coastal Lista region D. upland region coastal Dalane and part C. low-lying Jæren, region, B. and Boknafjord and Haugalandet (Prøsch-Danielsen Karmøy, A. 1) (Fig. are: These 2000b). 2000a; geology Simonsen topography their of regions, basis and geographical the The on natural days. primarily 220 a separated four to context, comprises 210 Norwegian of area a season growing in long is, rather There 1999). (Moen h i fti ae st omlt da and ideas formulate to is paper this of aim The generate disciplines different that seem would It n )(ute eal nPøc-aile and Prøsch-Danielsen 2000a). in Simonsen details (further D) complex and orogenic Caledonian B) or and A D) (region and C h Srnfae’rgo ihupland with region ‘Strandflaten’ the u isotherm C Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology B al h letrdoabndtdcroie eel rmRgln.Alcrasietfidb l-hitn Soltvedt, Eli-Christine by A identified cereals Site All Rogaland. Region from cereals carbonised radiocarbon-dated oldest chronology The The 1 Table 1993). Neolithic the (1987; of Nærøy subdivision follows chronological The dates radiocarbon and agriculture. Chronology of evolution that the role on and had conditions the have nature topographical examining may and for of geological point ecological, terms starting with good us in provide a preconditions varied These type. is landscape it restricted, complex, a economy. mixed constitutes a favouring A landscape, varied Region a in nutrients. is in hand, poor farmlands plant anorthosite, other by the dominated efficient area on mountainous (C), highly Dalane are today. and (D) uncali- Norway favour- regions in most modern the presented Lista among — able, the being Norway and as south-western regarded (B) generally in Jæren Age the Bronze Both and Neolithic the of chronology the of Overview 2 Figure lhuhtesuyae sgeographically is area study the Although oacluelayer culture Soma Ja Ha ol5 utr layer culture 59 Voll Austbø ol2 w-ildhouse two-aisled 27 Voll uemo rhelg,Stavanger Archaeology, of Museum ˚tta bke eo tn ec A152 fence stone below ˚bakken brated ˚ 14 -er Padclbae aedryasBC years calendar calibrated and BP C-years w-ildhueI: ndn.crai U-703610 TUa-1790 cerealia Unident. II:27 house two-aisled II:5 house two-aisled utr layer culture w-ildhueI:9Uiet eelaTa14 3670 TUa-1846 cerealia Unident. II:19 house two-aisled otx eelseisLb ref. Lab. species Cereal pit context Archaeological utr layer culture utr layer culture utr layer culture odu vulgare Hordeum Triticum odu vulgare Hordeum charcoal cerealia Unident. rtcmdicoccum Triticum vulgare Hordeum odu vulgare Hordeum Nudum vulgare Hordeum rtcmsp. Triticum Triticum vulgare Hordeum nudum øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl L. p U-873515 TUa-1847 sp. sp. z var. .Ta28 3805 TUa-2988 L. var z .Ta20 3500 TUa-2600 L. ihri h eto nTbe1 r xrse in expressed are 1, Table in or uncalibrated text conventional the ( in USA either Analytical Florida, Beta by and Inc. University (TUa-..) the Sweden at pro- Uppsala, Laboratory of were Svedberg oldest Rogaland the the by from duced for grains obtained cereal dates carbonised AMS Trondheim, (T-..). in Laboratory Norway Dating Radiological the Age Vandkilde Bronze 2). (Fig. follows The by the chronology (2002). (BA) Kristiansen proposed with and correlated chronology artefact Fischer from is Scandinavian local primarily This southern on compiled County. based data Hordaland is with Norway assemblages, western for rtdacrigt Stuiver to according brated . ovninlrdoabndtswr rdcdby produced were dates radiocarbon Conventional U-433580 TUa-1453 3590 ß-118740 3640 ß-118741 U-823690 TUa-2862 U-883710 TUa-1838 U-613560 TUa-2601 3610 TUa-2861 U-493540 TUa-3419 3595 TUa-3417 niomna Archaeology Environmental (T BP uncal. Age gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism K ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ 5570) ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ 52200–1650 2120–1770 2140–1880 85 40 40 01960–1690 50 5 2500–1600 150 52280–1880 55 018–60Slvd 1995 Soltvedt 1980–1680 60 2280–1880 2470–2030 60 75 52300–1910 65 524–70Slvd 1995 Soltvedt 2040–1740 55 2200–1740 75 52030–1690 2140–1750 55 60 b .) h eut,mentioned results, The -..). im References sigma 2 BC cal. Age 14 tal et er Padcali- and BP years C 19) xa 3 OxCal (1998), . 2006 es comm. pers. Hemdorff adi 2003 Sandvik ul2002 Juhl 1997; Soltvedt tal et VOL 11 (1996) . tal. et NO . 9 1 21 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 22 niomna Archaeology Environmental h oreo h at1 er,cmltl new completely certain Ten years, houses. two-aisled in namely 15 and area; uncovered study have last our traditions Prescott building the and of structures 1993; In 2000). course Holberg Solberg the 1996; and Prescott 1986; 1995; ideological (Scheen Walderhaug of social, Berg published groups been the 1979; on have as conditions, studies well economic of More as number general. materials, A in subject attention. increasingly Norway become to has and south-western it however, the Norway recently, in of both period, part neglected a time found. not were they though where economy, place the agricultural at as necessarily regarded an traditionally of 2000). been indicators Amundsen have 1996; artefacts Glørstad These 1986; Berg 1977; imported Skjølsvold and 1956; (Hinsch domestic described been as have ceramics, well as in axes, flint imported sites of the degree seasonal. probably of was some in Norway occupation south-western north indicates settlement, further that sedentary situation found Norway the been of western also shores to the have Contrary on and few lakes. rivers a along located principally but are inland, coast, sites Most the Mesolithic. along the into back (Bang- ing articles briefer some as 1973). 1980b; 1970; well 1980a; Andersen as Skjølsvold 2001), and 1995; Juhl published Jensen excavation been and have Several (Ballin reports a project context. within archaeological sites cultural (Bang-Andersen these placing sites larger 1977), particular no Skjølsvold few D, with 1981; A region out. deal carried of been studies case has the whatsoever work In since survey compiled 1920). been (Gjessing Stone has A-C 1920 of regions survey from complete finds Age no However, hunting fishing. to relating and Neolithic the from record ological be also area. can study our trend on outside of based observed This agriculture, economies artefacts. of introduction ‘agro-Neolithic’ the the preoccu- on with been pied has focused other the while has hunting-gathering, MN and one EN the periods: of on research fields scientific separate within two interest been have there Traditionally, review Archaeological 95 account Historical a with expressed 2003) Ramsey (Bronk ofiec interval. confidence eadn cetfi nlss h Nwsfralong a for was LN the analysis, scientific Regarding axes, boat as such artefacts, of groups Some extend- roots indicates evidence archaeological The archae- rich a is there Norway, south-western In gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism 2006 VOL 11 NO 1 . 4% aes a enecvtd(øetl19;Løken 1995; with (Høgestøl structures, excavated al been et clear far material so less Scandinavian have South few the to parallels a obvious and examples, oia n rhebtnclsuis n assess those and LN. and patterns the of EN/MN studies, the palyno- between archaeobotanical from differences those and with this logical of artefacts, results investi- these the of to compare distribution useful with geographical be the therefore interaction gate may indicate It agricul- least societies. an at such of and elements society, material tural constitute do agriculture, they arable the and prove husbandry themselves animal in of not existence may periods MN and EN n o,a otltdi rvosepaain,the deterioration. climatic explanations, severe previous of in result postulated burning, as and not, grazing and continual origin, in through anthropogenic maintained were heathlands followed that coastal demonstrated immediately deforestation the Kaland stage local burning. by heath abrupt deforestation a ‘an where to model’, led peaty profiles, on based soil studies, Kaland’s in Norway. of pastoralism a part this to early led understanding 1986), in 1979; (Kaland breakthrough further coast west Hordaland, the in manage- on heathland north and coastal origin the the of on ment studies pollen initial The review Palaeoecological er.I h 90,ple aafo 8localities 58 from data 15 pollen last 1990s, the the in In to years. research due considerably palaeoecological increased extensive and has 4th BC the in millennia south 3rd further heathlands coastal the in in Medieval and late (300 Age 900–1100). Viking (AD comparatively Age the period within Iron be and Pre-Roman 1) BC–AD to the within shown expansion Hordaland; heath been rapid of periods have main two the MN, also (1986) Kaland 4310 BC. to that cal. stressed radiocarbon 3100–2700 BP, by uncal. dated i.e. transition, vntog ar-elti’atfcsfo the from artefacts ‘agro-Neolithic’ though Even nih noteevrnetlcagsoccurring changes environmental the into Insight the in established were heathlands the Although II I/MN MN the at formed were heaths oldest The hls el n id’ Kln 96 22). always 1986, for (Kaland district hunting birds’’ sea and heath and seals whales, fishing the with farming in combined population ‘‘the years’’ 3000 19). than 1986, gradual more (Kaland a for continued regionally which was process coast The livestock. the the regularly of for was area deforestation grazing heath as used the and beginning burnt very the ‘‘From 96 øsem2005). Børsheim 1996; . ¡ 60 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology ic 95(otet19;20;Bakkevig 2000; been 1995; investigation (Soltvedt archaeological 1975 has since every of remains part plant integral an macroscopic for sampling region. this of history agricultural the husban- the reflect animal thus and of phases dry, practising clearance early the and mind, introduction BC). in cal. (900–700 this V period With Age Bronze seem of as transformations occur dramatic to the can concerned, 2 but is and identified, 1 heathland be phases of clearance to expansion corresponding events the as far As Age Bronze to Neolithic (Late BC Early cal. 1900–1400 II/ Neolithic 3. (Middle BC cal. 2500–2200 Neolithic (Mesolithic/Early 2. BC cal. Age 4000–3600 Bronze 1. Early and 3): Neolithic (Fig. (EBA) the been in have phases identified 3600 clearance than pronounced more Three lasting years. mosaic regional a in metachronous, been resulting have to ear- seems of occurred Deforestation lier. process establishment the pioneer heath that the and see deforestation also to we Compared Hordaland, in D). studies perma- (region and infields grassland towards nent also but heathland A-C) towards primarily lead (region source directions; developments two that of pollen noting one in worth regional also is or It areas. extra-local i.e. areas; local, catchment pollen either the of by size explained stepwise the be in to variation can patterns gradual different a These ranging to process. history, deforestation vegetation abrupt the from in indicate patterns area study variable our in diagrams pollen various the susceptibility 2003). (Prøsch-Danielsen Sandgren magnetic sections and soil been to measuring have parameters (MSc) data by Simonsen new generated Additionally, and 2000b). Prøsch-Danielsen 2000a; (Prøsch- 1996; process deforestation Danielsen the describing interpreting for and framework cultural chronologi- and descriptive, ecological a cal, providing compiled, were in20–20cl Cfloe ytemajor the by followed BC. cal. BC 2200/2000 around cal. breakthrough cultiva- cereal 2500–2200 small-scaled sites, tion phases; archaeological main from two from evidence shows recovered on remains based agro- cultivation, plant the cereal develop- of of The ment understanding Neolithic. the the during economy for pastoral data invaluable of an provided source has sampling systematic This nRgln epcal nrgo n B), and A region in (especially Rogaland In from data model’, ‘abrupt Kaland’s to contrast In eidII). period transition) Neolithic Late transition) tal et øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 2002). . n em ohv encnetae nteEryand Early greater the Neolithic. was in Middle concentrated impact been initial have the to seems D and developed region in years In grazing 2300 A. of the region period a of over land extended impact of and gradually use The active grazing. an for indicates 3). (Fig. clearance D forest and time A The the region in in BC started cal. clearance 4000/3600 interval forest of period first the B. region in found while mainly A-C, were regions across axes scattered the the are and 5) ceramics (Fig. the for bone axes find-sites the The whereas finds. stray sites, are dwelling from come artefacts time, of period Age. long Iron a the for into use up in extending was shelter goat the and indicate that artefacts sheep archaeological deer, The found. red also boar, were various Stangelandshelleren wild of birds, bones the of Numerous from species B. region is in shelter and rock BC cal. 2890 00.Ti sdtdt 4405 to dated is This 2000). ( ox domesticated sites of dwelling indicative all are distributed are inventories hunting. archaeological They are the coast. all, and entire in the few six relatively along ceramics, The has caution. with AMS with become these localities analyses used and now data have are chemical Scandinavian dates the inconsistencies and in I apparent MN serious dates the the increased, as of and However, EN 2000). number type Amundsen the particular 1996; from this (Glørstad that originates suggests mainly ceramics the encrust- Recent material ing organic 1981). carbonised of Bang-Andersen MN AMS-dating to 1977; back (Skjølsvold date assumed, these II was that Scandinavian) grounds, it indeed typological recently on (and Until ceramics. Norwegian decorated of age the been also have 1955). axes (Hinsch faceted found few 1986; A (Berg 2000). context Amundsen primary without typological are their LN rest than the later a depos- date, years been 1500 from had than recovered more they ited that EN/MN were indicating the these deposit, from of votive Two axes 4). flint (Fig. 20 there example, approximately For are modest. is BC from 4000–2800 dating around artefacts ‘agro-Neolithic’ of number BC) The cal. 4000/3800–2800 culture, Beaker (Funnel I EN/MN evidence archaeological environmental and archaeological The olndt ugs otatn atr nwhich in pattern contrasting a suggest data Pollen related hunter-gatherer and ceramics short, In h cfcsrcvrdicueabn rma from bone a include recovered ecofacts The concerning discussion a been has there Recently, niomna Archaeology Environmental gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism o domesticus Bos ¡ 5ucl P 3340– BP, uncal. 65 2006 . (Hufthammer L.) VOL 11 NO 1 23 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 24 niomna Archaeology Environmental iue3Tedtso h nerddfrsainadfia salsmn fhahado rsln n permanent and grassland or heathland of establishment final and deforestation inferred the of dates The 3 Figure oaigfrfde rmbodevdteswas 2005). trees Prøsch-Danielsen broadleaved and from (Simonsen where fodder important cattle, on for based foraging primarily practises farming ( hazel einAso eisainr tg nwihelm which in stage semi-stationary ( a show A region Ulmus uigtedfrsainpoes oelclte in localities some process, deforestation the During Corylus ,ah( ash ), ned o ein – n loteiln et et laac hss(–)aehthd(fe Prøsch- (after hatched are (1–3) phases Clearance belt. heath inland the also and 2000b) Simonsen A–D and Danielsen regions for infields eefvue.Ti tg a reflect may stage This favoured. were ) Fraxinus gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism ,lm ( lime ), 2006 VOL Tilia 11 n,i part, in and, ) NO 1 hr-ie eko ra-evdtesatrtefirst the after A trees pronounced. broad-leaved not of is peak species short-lived open-field and leaved 2000a). (Fægri Simonsen BC) and cal. 4000 Prøsch-Danielsen a (app. 1944; with BP been 5300 Lassetjern to far Lake estimated so in date has region, pollen this Cerealia from of recorded find single a Only nrgo a it) oainebtenbroad- between covariance Lista), (at D region In Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology iue5Stswt eaisado oei ein A-D regions in bone ox and ceramics with Sites 5 Figure of consequence a be also may it But of harvesting fodder. reflect leaf could pastures, of indicative ( EN L.), plantain the ribwort from of axe appearance flint a of part and axe flint A 4 Figure fsuhws owydrn h NM II EN/MN the during Norway south-west of nRgln,suhwsenNra.Photo: Norway. south-western AmS Tveit, Terje Rogaland, in lnaolanceolata Plantago øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl vlojn epciey(rshDnesn1996; (Prøsch-Danielsen Lake 1997). and respectively Braastadvatn Lake Kviljotjønn in 5240 BC to cal. and 4250–3950 BC cal. 4850–4250 BP, olni h it einaefo 5685 from are region Cerealia Lista of the in occurrences pollen Prøsch-Danielsen recorded earliest and The 2005). (Simonsen high pressure by maintained grazing and established expansion. fol- were agricultural clearance Grasslands continued forest indicating large-scaled lowed, and interval time ( ( oak lime conditions, for better especially producing clearance forest human iue6Ba x rmM Ifudi einB Photo: B. region in found II MN from axe Boat 6 Figure aebe on Fg ) oeo hs emt be to seem these of axes Some 6). boat (Fig. 20 found been Approximately have place. time took through deposition. exchanges period probably long ‘hand-to-hand’ very and a time, over these of used worn and that and indicates valued were were This objects axes 1986). production (Berg these reworked and of some between Characteristically, significant a finds of gap indicative votive/hoard artefacts, periods, in LN preceding uncovered with together the were from these of axes some ‘stray’ the are like Most but Culture. finds, to Grave back Single traced be Jutlandic can the some Swedish/Norwegian while Culture, the Axe from of Battle originate majority axes The flint 1987). the (Alsaker quarries of stone down local closing the with 1986; coinciding (Berg 2000), found Amundsen been have axes 130 Approximately distribution. and study geography of our terms in in continuous both more area, the is contrast, sites pattern In the habitation smaller. and were and II, fewer MN artefacts became to thereafter numerous transition the with by abandoned sites dwelling (Hjelle large north further BC) Hordaland, cal. In 2800–2500/2350 Culture, Axe (Battle II MN uigM I h ubro itae increased. axes flint of number the II, MN During Quercus A niomna Archaeology Environmental ˚ ePdre,AmS Pedersen, ge gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism .Hmnipc a nesv nthis in intensive was impact Human ). Tilia n h light-demanding the and ) 2006 ¡ tal et 0ucl BP, uncal. 60 ¡ VOL npress), in . 2 uncal. 125 11 NO 1 25 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 26 niomna Archaeology Environmental ul ciei einAdrn hstm interval. far time localities this exposed at during developed A only region Heathlands in other active ously the in finds 7). scattered D. (Fig. region regions however, in in and are, also scale, B, There geographic region relative in of concentrated terms strongly boat and of are axes dissemination flint axes Both the increased. have while by to II, seems use axes MN of to out gone transition have the to seem ceramics been B. decorated have region in I especially area, EN/MN study the the in to found be back with points can extending slate of north roots the number a in the example, As for from B. identified, impulses region in period, found preceding were most and copies, in axes boat and axes flint of Distribution 7 Figure rcse edn odfrsainwr continu- were deforestation to leading Processes the correct, are dates AMS the that Assuming inacrigt h rsn administrative present sec- the heath plotted coastal to Artefacts boundaries the according II. of tion east MN numbered during and A–D regions gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism 2006 VOL 11 NO 1 e n kth rcsi h olnrecord. pollen the left in traces still that was sketchy groups was and It migrating few woodland. region by oak exploited lowland mixed conceivably this with time forested Sandgren densely this and At (Prøsch-Danielsen impact 2003). landscape human record the to on likely analysis) carbon (MSc) and susceptibility with studies (magnetic pollen methods has combining independent B, by region explored in been BC) slightly also cal. (3000–2900 introduced BP husbandry, 4300 before animal of elements day. present the to up continuous ( plantain lata ribwort the for Subsequently, II. curves MN pollen to transition coin- the This with cides 2000a). Simonsen indicators and cultural (Prøsch-Danielsen in 4305 rise a is from there Here A). Ha be (region site, only pollen one An can at areas. demonstrated production agricultural later agro-pastoral the unequivocal of limits the beyond iue8Bl ekrarwed on nrgo B. region in found arrowheads Beaker Bell 8 Figure h ot n at otesuhadJutland. and the south into the incorporated to became east, Norway and Southern north from the shifted now had interaction and communication 2000). Holberg as 1979; Scheen both 1977; 1979; (Skjølsvold Myhre Denmark, artefacts from semi-finished in and traded finished ceramics the was Beaker to Flint addition Bell Europe. in of found, examples been northernmost also buttons have amber but beads 8), and (Fig. bifacial arrowheads via and evident new daggers particularly is completely culture Beaker a Bell the of culture; influence The introduced. material was pronounced inventory artefact the a was in there change Neolithic, Late BC) the cal. During 2500/2350–2000/1950 Culture, Beaker (Bell I LN h nrdcino narra cnm with economy agrarian an of introduction The oprdt NI,tedmnn ie of lines dominant the II, MN to Compared n oprbecra Crai)vle are values (Cerealia) cereal comparable and ) ht:TreTet AmS Tveit, Terje Photo: ¡ 0ucl P 3020 a.BC cal. 3350–2600 BP, uncal. 80 vkI tKarmøy at II ˚vik lnaolanceo- Plantago Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology Fg 1 n ) hs ossaedtdt h LN the 2005) to dated are Børsheim houses These 1995; b). and (Høgestøl 11a (Fig. nine reported have structures, further in sketchy more a been identified some as 1995), well was as (Mydland houses, house 1990 two-aisled in Rogaland first the After BC) 2000/1950–1750/ (LN/EBA, cal. II 1700 phase culture, fields. Neolithic Neolithic Late Late and layers culture sites, settle- ment ‘open’ be such from sampled can features been have finds but or postholes, these as structures of archaeological None A 1). to region Table related in 10, sites (Fig. have B sampling and four cereals from carbonised recorded addition, Kva been In in 2005). BC of (Solem cal. find 2460–2200 single BP, a and ( pollen above, barley Ha mentioned is are A), this in weeds (region A–C to regions Exceptions and from LN. material the cereals the in plant absent of from virtually form analysis. the Pollen in pollen cultivation macrofossils. documentation parallel cereal through no unequivocal has documented this well D) Unfortunately, and is region (region in D cultivation Prøsch-Danielsen Cereal fields 2000b). A–C) 2000a; permanent Simonsen 1996; (region and heathland (Prøsch-Danielsen area; grassland study towards the or in be either diagrams can pollen leading courses all environmental in identified distinct two and phase, (Simonsen cattle trees of gathering broad-leaved 2005). Prøsch-Danielsen the from of open- fodder indicative this with species in covariance spared show field and and favoured stage were intermediate A, region species in tree as stability some However, was BC. well 900–700 environmental clearance was in heathland established and before forest again B encountered not massive region was in first detected up The opened been 3). had (Fig. landscape entire the then virtually from on phase; clearance spoon- forest pronounced second and 1993). axes (Solberg B shaft-hole region in sickles, scrapers of shaped flint concentration a be of to seems finds also (EBA), it Age II, Bronze and found Early I been predominantly and periods also LN the have also In burials 1986). few (Berg objects, A B. region votive Late within of to categories include New applies chisels. finds and pattern 9) and (Fig. C distribution axes regions Neolithic in same less little The a and D. A, B, region region in in also are but especially there finds 9, dagger Fig. of in concentrations shown As sphere. cultural Nordic rmtevr einn ftescn clearance second the of beginning very the From the to time in corresponds I LN to transition The Hordeum p)dtdt 3855 to dated sp.) ltøn rgo B) (region ˚letjønna vkI tKarmøy at II ˚vik ¡ 0uncal. 40 øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl in fpeitrchue hs nscntu be thus can finds These founda- house. the prehistoric forming of postholes tions from primarily now late and early traceable. The both being phases. with impact clearance human asynchronous distinct are of there signs events C clear region no in are although transition, LN/EBA the around change induced anthropogenically clearance significant, pronounced 3). (Fig. third an analyses the pollen still by corre- to recorded is houses phase time two-aisled it in these houses, spond that older fact uncover interesting excava- excavations future should if archaeological Even tions are major recently. due here houses that likely conducted most the were fact is this All the but B, I. to and EBA A region the in located into extending II, iue9Dsrbto fdges(yeI-,I)adflint and IX) IA-C, (type daggers of Distribution 9 Figure h aoiyo h nso hre eel are cereals charred of finds the of majority The demonstrate localities all from diagrams Pollen niomna Archaeology Environmental eto codn otepeetadministrative present heath Artefacts coastal the LN. the boundaries to the of according east during section numbered A-D plotted regions are in axes gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism 2006 VOL 11 NO 1 27 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 28 niomna Archaeology Environmental ipeeouinr rcs,btrte historical a rather but one process, uncovered not evolutionary have simple we that shown has study Our conclusions and Discussion pollen- package’ practices. ‘cultural new archaeological, new and entirely this an the of from indicative is evidence time that archaeobotanical and seem analytical would 2002). Juhl It 1999; (Prøsch-Danielsen field- cairns oldest the clearance with associated at are cereals house Otherwise, two-aisled Rogaland. a finds from from Ja oldest cereal documented The been carbonised 2000). have permanent 1995; of of and (Soltvedt houses finds three-aisled houses settlements the oldest two-aisled with also the the later, with for associated dates directly radiocarbon for distribution Probability 10 Figure ˚tta (Bakkevig ˚ airtdacrigt Stuiver to according Calibrated tal et gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism 02 edrfpr.comm.). pers. Hemdorff 2002; . 2006 VOL 11 tal. et NO 1 19) xa v3 OxCal (1998), h at ital iapae.Fo h ELN the From disappeared. framework. and virtually north the institutional east, to communication, tighter the of lines much older organised The been a have to of seems within became it rest and addition the In break intensified regular. with was clear Scandinavian interaction inventories a southern and artefact was new Trade south-western i.e. there appeared. in traditions, time, earlier LMNII/ELNI this with the At the i.e. Norway. 2500/2200 from BC, demonstrating activities cal. agricultural data of escalation unequivocal and generated conditions factors. environment, external to local addition each in the traditions, processes, on several based includes that development ohacaooyadple nlsshave analysis pollen and archaeology Both . BokRme 2003) Ramsey (Bronk 9 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology ( b ) øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl niomna Archaeology Environmental gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism iue1 ( 11 Figure rwn fhue1at 1 Børsheim Ragnar house Kva of Børsheim drawing ( Kva (after 2005); at B region found houses a lno h two-aisled the of Plan ) l,rgo .Drawing: B. region ˚le, 2006 b Reconstruction ) VOL 11 NO ˚le, 1 29 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 30 niomna Archaeology Environmental rsinadae ute at rmteM II, MN the the From from east. groups further I artefact MN area with and Kristiansand EN associated the In are D. the they region 1992; in found in groups artefacts 1988). some 1958; of within Østmo encountered and also 1982b; is 1956; situation 1982a; This Norway Høeg (Hafsten 1970; eastern withDanielsen area in situation (Odgaard Kristiansand Jutland a 1994), western stage, 1989; nearby early in cereal this limited counterparts possible at by cultivation explained may be they However, critical reasonably source. to controversial due their tentative regarding still as fodder. concerns viewed are be going Mesolithic, should dates, they as Late early and These the D. to value and were back A pollen regions their cereal in of found traces of scattered Furthermore, probably because very were species favoured tree these pasture. words, of other In indicative types ( pollen anthropochorous hazel degree, lesser such species ( arboreal 2200 ash from to as pollen 4000 that from shows experience BC deforestation cal. of study previous processes This the of 2005). on of indicative Prøsch-Danielsen and are built area (Simonsen respectively, choices this D in from deliberate and types vegetation A-C diagrams in region changes pollen the PCA- that 30 multivariate demonstrate a of of results analysis that The land. indicate quality grazing the of improving which at systema- aimed and endeavours data, planned human tic of clearly result pollen the most was the is deforestation This in EN/MN. the evident in agriculture exerted influence by small-scaled gradu- still the but of increasing, and ally the evidence archaeological provide in data the palaeocological factors set- However, determined important patterns. therefore tlement most and the economy subsistence still were first ing the of agrarian building permanent settlements. i.e. the houses, BC, two-aisled with cal. recorded 2200/2000 coincided from breakthrough which major followed a BC, starting by by cal. 2500–2200 documented phases; from cereals cultivation, main carbonised cereal of two small-scale development until had with Age, the up cultivation Furthermore, Bronze LBA cereal II. the the permanent War two from World in unchanged These and remained consolidated D). and grassland were (region cultivation) courses towards (cereal fields or (region heathland towards A–C) be either can moving courses identified; environmental distinct two onwards, nteE/Npae sig utn n gather- and hunting fishing, EN/MN-phase, the In Fraxinus ,lm ( lime ), gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism Corylus Tilia 2006 ,em( elm ), ,aecreae with correlated are ), VOL 11 Ulmus NO n,t a to and, ) 1 osa ra ttems estv iefrearly for time sensitive most large-scale low-lying the induced a at have area, in coastal particularly would change, latter environmental cal. 4000 The around at maximum BC. a sea- had where event in second 2003), the Bondevik (rise and transgression arboreal (Prøsch-Danielsen level) Tapes of was there double-peaked multitude that be a great might explanation the Another pollen. by and swamped ‘disappear’ they are as detect, to anthrophochorous difficult types the pollen region making forested, homogeneous densely this was that One been be 2003). might recently Sandgren explanation 2000a; and have Simonsen Prøsch-Danielsen data impact 2000b; and human pollen (Prøsch-Danielsen for the discussed evidence by late provided and no weak with the rather for landscape reasons The low-lying barriers. topographical uniform significant this a regions, by has other the (documented region to BC contrast In cal. analysis). rather pollen earliest 2500 and The abrupt approximately was ELN. region magneticlate, this the in and of to clearance forest traces pollen prior scattered husbandry is the only animal objects show whereas EN studies status the LN, susceptibility from high date the objects of into and finds number These the greatest. imported in and continuity of in finds degree found the is where categories B, source region different the by the revealed from divergence data apparent most the II, MN and east both D. region areas of the west with all compared from relatively numerous, finds the are size, the in geographic the and intensive considering periods, Neolithic, rather if Middle is early, and vegetation Early also the are on human there Here, impact cultivation. and cereal of EN, indications sparse, the the at to begins also transition process deforestation In pollen the phases. the D, clearance and region forest periods, in distinct time finds no all show of for diagrams number small The is C II/ELN. region MN the until over the artefacts rather time ‘agro-Neolithic’ peaks, for of pronounced distribution even and of an evidence to, any does show record due not archaeological The landscape grazing. gradual of, a the purposes of evidence of is A clearance process region long in The D. deforestation and of C A, regions archaeological data, the environmental in limited extensive especially more the the degree and a between material argue to correlation possible is of it region, by region BC, south- towards 2000). (Amundsen orientated Norway become western artefacts these ihtepsil xeto ftefia etr of century final the of exception possible the With cal. 4000–2500 from evidence the examined Having Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology e flain h iie nsta a be may that finds limited a of The signals time affiliation. same hunter- the new at traditional and the economy pressure gatherer within a of agriculture symbols towards become significance environmental They the of increased investigations. results the acquire with compared they when pervasive not are themselves, periods MN in the and EN the of facts associated 1993). signal be (Berg to to aspired with wished they culture people and magnetic indicate, ideology the may the axes of of copying boat the the results as perhaps, Or the analysis). goods, susceptibility ( and of evidence imported ox affiliation some all, agriculture domesticated obtain after of is, to there kind which some used Late of be the symbols could of surplus. a This generated productive those that a population supported hunter-gatherer to natural conceivably and The similar Mesolithic seals. were and fish conditions waterfowl, live- hunting conditions and for favourable dog creating highly recreating his flooded, and were with wetlands areas herdsman Large a activity. showing agrarian scene A Rogaland. Dysjaland, from carving rock Age Bronze A 12 Figure vni h e ar-elti’atfcsadeco- and artefacts ‘agro-Neolithic’ few the if Even tc.Poo A Photo: stock. ˚ ePdre,AmS Pedersen, ge cf oe of bones . øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl n odtos ubro eerhr have and researchers cereal ceramics, of of number occurrences production. the A interpreted environments agro-pastoral conditions. natural and entail- and cultural time, of to to take adaptation can — ing farmer mode economically a becoming or Moreover, a there culturally so that — process is adopt need answer this no obvious was most was Why The I. out? LN drawn the for in breakthrough final agriculture a towards examined process systematic, one-to-one be a to in therefore occur have carefully. always and not relationship agrarian do and i.e. artefacts the ideas new of new activities; activities, activities Economic everyday agricultural population. indicating the renewed phase in not changes deforestation or example, new for of are, changes a use II the in MN and the reflected axes in flint symbols of status number commodities. increased agricultural in The trade agricul- or of practices, indicators tural as cannot interpreted cultures mechanically Neolithic be authentic with associated smninderir hr a lw but slow, a was there earlier, mentioned As niomna Archaeology Environmental gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism 2006 VOL 11 NO 1 31 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 32 niomna Archaeology Environmental atrls s ytelgco t economical its of logic momentum. greater the a by gained is, had where Pastoralism sense, took Norway from true in pastoralism Western time, its same and the of At 1993). rest (Solberg arrived place the with imports exchanges where the being B place with area trade with flint established, the Interaction was by Denmark, with demonstrated above, together. as Jutland, mentioned in worked centres facts (Prescott factors the package many with ideological Together and 2005). cultural of new introduction the a environ- accepting overall without an same change such the mental at understand is to it difficult But time generations. several built through were con- knowledge up and become Skills had agriculture. of to conditions ducive process environmental were build the there to the and on; agriculture low-scale way with cleared, experience long of a years been come had had deforestation land Firstly, LN. the to the up whole that leading the period during indicates stable sites remained resources dwelling The available role. of Neolithic minor use a agricultural continuous played and an aspects Economic ‘cultural of society. complete a package’ the signal not region.ideological to but wish affiliation, a cultures new with Axe each together Battle substances the incorporated, and were intoxicating the Beaker Funnel within to the and from in rituals tied conditions this be Furthermore, can of process deforestation ecological historical that to rate the but up that imply the leading LN, we this the decided By process. to conditions leading forces driving ecological process major the the been behind have must influences hunter-gatherer a into agriculture economy. the of for explanations plausible integration are status exchanges Rituals, gift recipient. the and until final up their and reached made they being time after time used LN long or have very used, the a MN heavily for from perhaps and were axes They EN 1986). unlike the (Berg altered, from and axes profoundly noting the Fischer been worth of is 1984; some It that 2004). (Jennbert Klassen 2002; gifts Kristiansen or exchanges they which in their rituals involved. of the were and terms alcohol. status in of traces understood symbols and initial being be these food must agriculture goods, of of imported consumption with ritual Together evidence the as 84) of 1996, Prescott (i.e. husbandry animal h i ratruhhpe tteLN? the at happen breakthrough a did Why cultural and social that shown has research Our of evidence as interpreted are goods imported The gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism 2006 VOL 11 NO 1 r rdto’esweei atr n Central and Eastern in rock fertility, ‘agrarian elsewhere Norway. the and tradition’ to ploughing portrayal single attributed art are a of characteristic which not scenes motives is the procession, There of 12). showing (Fig. area engraving study the rock-carvings Age in Bronze agrarian the by was expressed artistically perhaps, and cultivation is, been This husbandry. cereal Scandinavian to have subordinate heathlands; the to European within seems West farmers approach by common adopted these in A evident is pastoral region data. heath for coastal the preference in the farming husbandry, animal with combination in importance some achieved cultivation expansive 1995). Walderhaug connotations, and (Prescott ideological and dynamics loidbe oTv ohi nesnfor Andersen Solheim are Nærøy, Tove authors figures. to The the Johan drawing manuscript. indebted Sivertsen constructive the Arne also and Irene on suggestions thank Astri comments advice, linguistic and to for Prescott wish Christopher We Acknowledgements aln .B n esn .L 1995. L. O. Jensen, and B. T. Ballin, U., P. Sandvik, L., Prøsch-Danielsen, K., Griffin, S., Bakkevig, 2000. M. Ø. Amundsen, 1987. S. Alsaker, References agAdre,S 1981. S. Bang-Andersen, og Storamos ved Steinalderboplassene 1973. S. Bang-Andersen, Ha langs Steinalderboplassene 1970. S. Bang-Andersen, eg .1986. E. Berg, ihteecpino it,rgo ,weecereal where D, region Lista, of exception the With tnlesolde pa Stenaldersbopladser 2002. Stavanger. methodological T. Environment Archaeology, and of and Virnovskaia, Museum investigations the and at advances Norway: E.-C. in Soltvedt, Archaeobotany A., Simonsen, of University Conservation, and of Art Oslo. of Study Department thesis. History Comparative M.A. Archaeology, A Unpublished of Telemark. Axes). Flint and and Agder Ceramics of Flintøkser Counties og the Keramikk av Analyse in Komparativ Age, Museum, Stone Historical Bergen: the Bergen. Historisk 4). of in Bergen fra University i Material Avhandlinger Universitetet Raw (Arkeologiske Museum, of Norway) Centre Southwest The (Bømlo. trmsadHlaant æe padregion). upland Heiðni Jæren Holmavatnet, and Storamos pa Ha Holmavatnet river the of outlet the near Heiðni sites Age (Stone (in Oldsaksamling Universitetes summary). Oslo: English 29). with (Varia Danish Lista) at sites nulse ..tei,Hsoia uem nvriyof University Classification). Museum, Historical Typological/Chronological thesis, Bergen. M.A. A Unpublished Norway. Inndeling kronologisk otws owy ASSrfe ) tvne:Msu of Museum in summary). English and Stavanger: Period with Norwegian 6). Activities Neolithic (in (AmS-Skrifter Archaeology Habitation the Norway) — during Southwest Eigerøya Adaption at Steinalder Environmental Yngre Site Sørvestnorsk gathering i Miljøtilpasning og 3 3 35–50. , 61–77. , eNoitseFitkeeiVs-og.Typologisk/ Vest-Norge. i Flintøksene Neolittiske De øl.SenleesRa Steinalderens Bømlo. ø-æe SoeAestsa h lakes the at sites Age (Stone Høg-Jæren ˚ 15 23–48. , nFnsbpaspa Fangstboplass En Lista ˚ TeNoihcFitAe nWestern in Axes Flint Neolithic (The eltkmiAdro eeak En Telemark. og Agder i Neolitikum TeFrudPoet tn Age Stone Project. Farsund (The sofetu pa ˚stoffsentrum ieøa—Boplassbruk — Eigerøya ˚ Farsundprosjektet. TeNoihcin Neolithic (The ˚). evsndedel nedre ˚elvas Sørvestlandet ˚ Fra Fra AHunting/ (A Archaeology agok Haug ´ agok Haug ´ Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology eg .19.Smoi set fslce ruso elti axes/ Neolithic of groups selected of aspects Symbolic 1993. E. Berg, øetl .1995. M. Høgestøl, to 12,000 about from development Vegetational 1982a. I. H. Høeg, i Lokaliteter Ni fra Bein av Bestemmelser 2000. K. A. Hufthammer, rn asy2003: Ramsey Bronk øg .I 92.Itouso vjrbu s-og (The Øst-Norge i jordbruk av Introduksjon 1982b. I. H. Høeg, aile,A 90 olnaayia aeQaenr tde nteRa the in studies Quaternary late Pollen-analytical 1970. A. Danielsen, bronsealder eldste og neolitikum i hus Toskipede 2005. R. Børsheim, ær,K 94 nteitouto farcluei western in agriculture of introduction the On 1944. K. Fægri, (eds.), K. Kristiansen, and A. Fischer, jsig .1920. H. Gjessing, ase,U 96 olnaayi netgtoso h aeQuaternary late the on investigations Pollen-analytic 1956. U. Hafsten, 1996. H. Glørstad, ase,U 98 odrkklueshsoi soo Mjøstrakten og Oslo i historie Jordbrukskulturens 1958. U. Hafsten, obr,E 2000. E. Hesitating Holberg, 2006. A. K. Bergsvik, and K. A. Hufthammer, (The K., Hjelle, Norge i stridsøkskultur steinalders Yngre 1956. E. Hinsch, Øst- av studie En Megalitkultur. — Traktbegerkultur 1955. E. Hinsch, the on history agricultural and climate Vegetation, 1992. U. Hafsten, de nWsenNorway. Western in adzes oaadadi odad ot ftePlrCircle). Polar the University of Institute, South Archaeological Bergen. thesis, of Nordland, M.A. in Unpublished and Rogaland ain nteMncplt fRneø,Rogaland, Rennesøy, of Museum Municipality Stavanger: Archaeology. 23). the of (AmS-Varia in Southwestern-Norway) Sørvest-Norge gations Oslo- Rogaland, Countries). Kommune, Nordic the in Universitetsforlaget. Agriculture Bergen-Tromsø: of Introduction South Telemark, and Agder of counties the in Norway. B.P. years in 6,000 Zoology, Localities of Nine Museum Bergen. from of Report, University Bones Unpublished of Rogaland). (Identifications Rogaland 1991/1992 nrdcino giutr nEs-owy,p.135 in 143–51 pp. East-Norway), (ed.), in T. agriculture Sjøvold, of introduction itito sfl,suhatNorway. southeast Østfold, of district Methods, Stavanger. Archaeology, — of Management Museum Stripping and Topsoil Interpretations and J. Mechanical A. Nærøy, (eds.), Tradition. T., pp. Løken, L. Age), L., Bronze Selsing, Prøsch-Danielsen, oldest M., and Høgestøl, in Neolithic 109–21 the in houses (Two-aisled Stuiver from data atmospheric on al based et calibration age carbon 1970 Norway. Debate of Years 150 449–62. otiuin oteDbt bu elti eaisand Universitetets Ceramics Oslo: Neolithic 33). about (Varia Oldsaksamling. South-Norway) Debate in Sør- the Chronology i to Kronologi og Contributions Keramikk Neolittisk om Norge Debatten til Bidrag Museum. Stavanger Stavanger: 2). Skrifter Museum (Stavanger eeomn nteinrOlfodarea. Oslofjord inner A the in development uei h so n h js eina hw ypalynological by shown as region Mjøsa the studies). and agricul- Oslo- of the history in (The ture undersøkelser pollenanalytiske ved belyst 10–177. oteBl ekrClue h aeNoihcPro in Period Neolithic Late The Culture. Beaker Bell Polarsirkelen the for sør to Nordland Norway. og western Rogaland in agriculture of Archaeology introduction Environmental The hunters. Norway). in culture A Battle-axe 1 Bergen neolithic i the Universitetet from material — Culture eastern in Beaker group Neolithic oldest (Funnel the Norway). of gruppe study A Culture. neolitiske Megalith eldste, Norges 17. Norway. of coast south extreme ˚ 1–237. , rbok 1998). . Ntriesaei Serie) (Naturvitenskapelig 1956 NoihcCub.SalTertcladPractical and Theoretical Small Crumbs. (Neolithic Viking os egaikTidsskrift Geografisk Norsk elgsaFo Geologiska 69–85. , nvrieesOdasmigA Oldsaksamling Universitetets ( auvtnkplgSerie Naturvitenskapelig oaad Stenalder Rogalands eltik mlr Sma Smuler. Neolittiske lkeeekluesSmoe.Sneltkmi Senneolitikum Symboler. Klokkebegerkulturens 21 xa 13.9 OxCal 51–74. , relgseUdrøesriRennesøy i Undersøkelser Arkeologiske nrdkjnna odrkiNorden i Jordbruk av Introduksjonen hfil:J .Cli publications. Collis R. J. Sheffield: . rnnesiSokomFo Stockholm i ¨reningens ˚ rbok 11.2 nvrieesOdasmigA Oldsaksamling Universitetets 1954 osrcinTae n Building and Traces Construction Acmue rga o radio- for program computer (A . os egaikTidsskrift Geografisk Norsk 14 h eltiaino Denmark. of Neolithisation The 1–146. , TeSoeAei Rogaland) in Age Stone (The ASVra4) Stavanger: 43). (AmS-Varia HsoikAtkaikSerie) (Historisk-Antikvarisk 36 nvriee egnA Bergen i Universitetet ) ertseo Praktiske og Teoretiske ˚ 8 Acaooia Investi- (Archaeological 211–24. , 1–161. , nvriee Bergen i Universitetet SmosBelonging (Symbols ˚ rbok ¨rhandlingar 1951–1953 øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 46 ˚ ˚ (The rbok rbok ,1– 66 , , æø,A .19.Crnlgcladtcnlgclcagsi western in changes technological and Chronological 1993. J. A. Nærøy, 1987. J. A. Nærøy, of (Traces Rogaland i klokkebegerkulturen etter Spor 1979. B. Myhre, undersøkelsene arkeologiske De Rennesøy. 27, Lok. 1995. L. Mydland, ul .2001. K. Juhl, 1984. K. Jennbert, on .1999. A. Moen, 1996. O. Hemdorff, and L. Pilø, T., Løken, 2004. L. Klassen, coastal Norwegian of management and origin The 1986. E. P. Kaland, Nord- i bosettingshistorie og Landskapsutvikling 1979. E. P. Kaland, investigating of aspects methodological and Theoretical 2002. K. Juhl, dar,B .18.Clua adcp eeomn hog 5500 through development landscape Cultural 1989. V. B. Odgaard, eeso,H 99 hr i l h amr oefrom? come farmers the all did Where 1999. H. Petersson, 1999. P. Persson, rsot .20.Stlmn n cnm nteLt elti and Neolithic Late the in economy and Settlement 2005. C. Prescott, Norway. in Neolithic a really there Was 1996. Norway. C. Sogn, Prescott, in pastoralism early of Aspects 1995. C. Prescott, northern of history vegetation Holocene The 1994. V. B. Odgaard, rm50 o40 P—aLclCrnlgclStudy). Chronological of Local University a Museum, — Historical BP thesis, Bergen. 4000 M.A. to Unpublished 5500 from Na Rogaland). 303. in Culture Beaker Bell the Stavanger: 23). Stavanger. Archaeology, (AmS-Varia of Rennesøy, Museum Norway) Sørvest-Norge of Southwestern Municipality (ed.) Rogaland, the Rogaland, in M. Kommune, Investigations Rennesøy Høgestøl, (Archaeological excava- i in archaeological Undersøkelser The 125–31 Rennesøy. pp. island tions), the at 27 (Locality Authority. Mapping Norwegian er g)(caAcaooiaLnesa eisi ,n.16). no. 4, in 5,300 series Gleerup. some Lundensia, CWK Scandinavia Lund: Archaeologica (Acta Southern Ago) in Years Innovation and Tradition fo Sydskandinavien rhsoi giutrlStso utvtdLn a — of Land Museum Stavanger: Cultivated 26). Archaeology. on (AmS-Varia Guide) Sites Methodological Agricultural Prehistoric Metodisk en — Jordbruksboplasser Innføring Forhistoriske av Utgravning og A E. K. Behre, in Balkema. 19–36 A. pp. analysis, pollen (ed.), by reflected as heaths Nordhordaland), in Universitetsforlaget. section (eds.), Ga J. heath Sandnes, and Eldste R. coastal Fladby, in the 41–70 pp. in systems. history ment field lyngheiomra and hordalands farms ancient of Environment and structures Archaeology built of stone Museum summary). Stavanger: English with 22). South- Danish Rogaland, (in (AmS-Varia Archaeology 1987–1990, Norway) Stavanger of West Municipality Syd- the Rogaland, in 1987–1990 Kommune Norge Vest Stavanger i undersøgelser einlple diagram. Ska pollen regional lake at years BP. 6000–3800 Norway aihArchaeology Danish in Gøteborg. Agriculture of Archaeological University of Gothenburg Gøteborg: 11). B, Introduction Thesis Series the (Gotarc Europe) of Northern Nordeuropa Studies i Neolithic: Introduktion Jordbrukets rdto.Mcaia osi tipn ehd,Inter- Methods, Stavanger. Archaeology, — of Stripping Management and Topsoil J. pretations premises, A. Mechanical Nærøy, and T., Tradition. Løken, points (eds.), L., L. some Selsing, Prøsch-Danielsen, M., and Norway: Høgestøl, in southern 127–36 pp. of Age Bronze 77–87. Archaeologica Denmark. Jutland, West ˚ hs ahsUiest Press. University Aarhus rhus: td—e oakoooikStudie Lokalkronologisk en — ˚tid nhooei niaosi olnDiagrams. Pollen in Indicators Anthropogenic niomna Archaeology Environmental ˚rden Mcaia osi tipn n xaainof Excavation and Stripping Topsoil (Mechanical utøpa Austbø Asb nHundva on (Austbø . gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism aeudKupfer und Jade ainlAlso owy Vegetation Norway. of Atlas National 66 esasrdso odln r 50tl40 før 4000 til 5500 fra Hordaland i Redskapstradisjon e rdkiaGa Produktiva Den 163–89. , eltkm Bo Neolitikums nø otwsenJtad srfetdi a in reflected as Jutland, northwestern ˚nsø, SacigfrteOds am.Oslo: Farm). Oldest the for (Searching rokig50 A 5300 omkring ¨r Hundva ˚ 13 179–90. , d Lnsaedvlpetadsettle- and development (Landscape ˚de caArchaeologica Acta ora fDns Archaeology Danish of Journal pr Botanica Opera ASVra4) tvne:Museum Stavanger: 43). (AmS-Varia gGne 000a 000 10 Gennem ˚g JtadAcaooia oit 47). Society Archaeological (Jutland 15 g rhelgclInvestigations Archaeological ˚g. 111–31. , osrcinTae n Building and Traces Construction ra:Underso ¨rjan: vn rdto c noaini Innovation och Tradition ˚van. ˚ Fra sedan r Tosue nHordaland in used (Tools aknl Flateavdekking Maskinell ago Heiðni ok Haug ´ 2006 123 63 TeBgnigof Beginning (The 1–171. , Pa 77–95. , TeFrieGift. Fertile (The etn te den etter Leiting ˚ kigrKring ¨kningar ˚r VOL . otra:A. Rotterdam: Arkeologiske Arkæologiske Antiquity Hønefoss: . 11 ora of Journal 8 200–10. , 4 298– , Acta NO 70 1 , 33 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology øetladPrøsch-Danielsen and Høgestøl 34 niomna Archaeology Environmental rshDnesn .19.Vgtto itr n ua impact human and history Vegetation 1996. L. Prøsch-Danielsen, of Processes Frontier? last The 1995. E. Walderhaug, and C. Prescott, køsod .1977. A. 2005. Skjølsvold, L. Prøsch-Danielsen, and A. Simonsen, 1979. R. Scheen, rshDnesn .adSmne,A 00.Palaeoecological 2000b. A. Simonsen, and L. Prøsch-Danielsen, 2000a. A. Simonsen, and L. Prøsch-Danielsen, pollen, of use The 2003. P. Sandgren, and L. Prøsch-Danielsen, 2003. S. Bondevik, and L. Prøsch-Danielsen, til kilde og pollenfelle som Rydningsrøysa 1999. L. Prøsch-Danielsen, shore Holocene the on light New 1997. L. Prøsch-Danielsen, adi,P 03 ontpa Kornet 2003. P. Sandvik, uigtels 50yasa it,tesuhrms atof material part Hafsten’s southernmost Ulf 1955–1957. the Professor from Lista, diary on at and primarily years Based 1500 Norway. last the during Studies Indo-European Case. of Norwegian Journal the The Europe: Northern in Indo-Europeanization ne-eain ewe h utr n h amr during Farmers the and Hunters the between Inter-relations og Steinalder Yngre i Bronsealder Bondesamfunnet og Fangst- mellom Forholdet 44). Southwestern (AmS-Varia of Archaeology. Ecosystems) of Heathland Museum Coastal Stavanger: Coastal Changing the Norway. within Universitetets Ecosystems Endring. i Økosystemer thesis, Jordbrukspa M.A. Oslo. of University Unpublished Oldsaksamling, Daggers). ago Heiðni ok Haug laacsadcatlhahad nsuhetr Norway. southwestern in Archaeobotany heathlands and forest History of coastal Vegetation history the and of clearances reconstruction the of towards investigations Heathland Coastal the of Archaeology. Establishment Norway the Southwestern Norway. and southwestern Patterns Jæren, of from study a cores — Age Archaeology Iron sediment Environmental the to lake Neolithic activity the two agricultural from identifying erosion in soil and analyses carbon and magnetic Archaeology. of Episodes? Museum Stavanger: Stormy or Transgressions of Museum Stavanger: (eds.), 12B). Archaeology. G. (AmS-Rapport Lillehammer, Selsing, Landscape) in 355–70 and farming pp. Norwegian Rogaland), L. of in policy source sampling a the and — history trap pollen as (The cairn Rogaland clearance i innsamlingspolitikken — jordbrukshistorie norsk material of Hafstens 1966. Ulf part 101. and Professor southernmost 1955–57 on the from primarily Lista, Based on Norway. curve displacement 18. vrnn ne ytygeble Sørvest-Norge. i Kystlyngheibeltet innen ˚virkning TeSetb ie otiuint h rbe of Problem the to Contribution A site. Slettabø (The eNrk Flintdolkene Norske De 4 ltaøolse.E irgtlDsujnnom Diskusjonen til Bidrag Et Slettabøboplassen. 20–2. , gopsoaimo h ot-etr osa i fNorway of rim coastal south-western the on Agro-pastoralism Hundva ˚ ASSrfe 5.Saagr uemof Museum Stavanger: 15). (AmS-Skrifter TeIpc fEryFrigo Forest on Farming Early of Impact (The os egaikTidsskrift Geografisk Norsk 8 2006 33–50. , os egaikTidsskrift Geografisk Norsk g(h eel rmHundva from cereals (The ˚g Museumslandskap VOL ASOprgrpot1). (AmS-Oppdragsrapport 23 9 189–204. , 34,257–78. (3/4), TeNreinFlint Norwegian (The 11 h Deforestation The snms Real Tsunamis, NO 1 (Museum 51 ˚g). 50 Tidlig 83– , ,1– Fra ´ køsod .1980a. A. Skjølsvold, sm,E 1988. E. Østmo, Go on Comments 1988. S. Welinder, Radiocarbon 1996. L. K. Rasmussen, and U. Rahbek, H., Vandkilde, K. Hughen, S., G. Burr, W., Beck, E., Bard, J., P. Reimer, M., Stuiver, and Neolithic Late three from cereal Carbonised 2000. E.-C. Soltvedt, Ha fra Prøver av Makrofossilanalyse 1997. E.-C. Soltvedt, frukter), og frø (forkullete Makrofossiler 1995. E.-C. Soltvedt, oe,T 2005. T. Solem, and Neolithic Late the in Norway Western 1993. B. Solberg, køsod .1980b. A. Skjølsvold, h elti-adteBoz g)(m-kitr2). (AmS-Skrifter English Age) with Norwegian Bronze (in summary). Archaeology the of Museum and Stavanger: Neolithic- the 0.Ol:Uiest fOl i owga ihEnglish with Norwegian (in Oslo of of Municipality University Skrifter summary). the Oldsaksamlings Oslo: (Universitetets in Neolithic) 10). Agriculture the in of Østfold Establishment (The dwelling. pile Alvastra Review around Archaeological environment forest Scandinavia. Southern Age Bronze Archaeologica of Acta chronology the and dating BP. cal. M. 24,000–0 Spurk, calibration, and Radiocarbon age H. Plicht, radiocarbon der INTCAL98 van 1998. G., McCormac, B., Kromer, A., Norway. western in sites Age Archaeology Bronze Early two Archaeology. Samples of Museum of Stavanger: report. Analyses (Macrofossil Ha from Rogaland Kommune, Rogaland, Time Rennesøy, of Museum of Stavanger: in 23). Sørvest-Norge Municipality Archaeology. (AmS-Varia 137–140 Norway) the and Southwestern 131–132 in and Rogaland, pp. seeds Investigations Voll). at (carbonised Kommune, 59 (Macrofossils and Voll. Høgestøl,M.(ed.), 27 59, loc. og fruits), 27 lok. of Museum Stavanger: Archaeology. Rogaland) Municipality, 2005/16). Time 19, (AmS-Oppdragsrapport Norheim at Lonartjønna Tarn relgseSrfe r itrs uem nvriee i Universitetet our Museum, to stratification? Historisk contribute social fra finds Bergen and Skrifter loose demography Arkeologiske Can of Age. understanding Bronze Early with Norwegian (in (AmS- summary). Archaeology SW-Norway) of English Rogaland, Museum in Stavanger: 7). Place Varia Dwelling Neolithic a — elti wligPaei oaad WNra)(AmS- with SW-Norway) Norwegian (in Rogaland, summary). Archaeology of English in Museum Stavanger: Place 6). Varia Dwelling Neolithic a TeKva (The pa Lonartjønna 7 bke,teMncplt fTm,Rgln) Archived Rogaland). Time, of Municipality the ˚bakken, 118–38. , l rjc:Suiso eeainHsoyi h Small the in History Vegetation on Studies Project: ˚le Kva tbeigna odrkklu sfl Steinalderen i Østfold i Jordbrukskultur av Etableringen 5 40 ˚Ga 49–62. , l-rsett eeajnhsoikUdrøes av Undersøkelse Vegetasjonshistorisk ˚le-Prosjektet: 3,1041–83. (3), olse pa Boplassen olse pa Boplassen re ohi n.1,Tm ome Rogaland Kommue, Time 19, gnr. Norheim ˚rden 67 183–98. , 21 relgseUdrøesriRennesøy i Undersøkelser Arkeologiske 2,129–30. (2), Nyga ˚ oeeaiKlepp i Holeheia ˚ rnsn .Noihcmnadthe and man Neolithic H. ¨ransson, r Ogna i ˚rd TeNyga (The TeHlhi Site Holeheia (The (Archaeological Environmental r ie— Site ˚rd Norwegian ˚bakken,