DOCSLIB.ORG

Soy Isoflavones for the Purpose of Specified Health Use

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Soy Isoflavones for the Purpose of Specified Health Use Attached Sheet Original: Japanese Provisional translation Fundamental Concepts in the Safety Assessment of Foods Containing Soy Isoflavones for the purpose of Specified Health Use May 2006 Food Safety Commission Novel Foods Expert Committee Notes Note 1: In this report “Soy isoflavones,” unless specified otherwise, indicates total isoflavone, including glycoside/glycosides and aglycone/aglycones, and where expressed as “soy isoflavone glycoside” or “soy isoflavone aglycone” indicates soy isoflavone glycoside or soy isoflavone aglycone respectively. Note 2: In this report, when converting soy isoflavone glycoside to soy isoflavone aglycone, in the event that the composition ratio is not clearly defined, the ratio of the molecular weight of genistein (270.24) to that of its glycoside, genistin (432.38), i.e. (0.625), is used as the coefficient. The reason for using the value of genistein is that it has the greatest binding capacity to estrogen receptor of the soy isoflavone aglycones. 1 Contents Notes............................................................................................................................................. 1 Progress of evaluation ................................................................................................................. 5 Food Safety Commission Members............................................................................................. 6 Food Safety Commission Novel Foods Expert Committee Members ........................................ 6 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 7 2 Overview of soy isoflavone ................................................................................................. 10 2.1 Properties of soy isoflavone ......................................................................................... 10 2.2 Internal metabolism of soy isoflavones (kinetics) ...................................................... 10 2.3 Currently known biological effects of soy isoflavones ................................................ 11 2.3.1 Biological effects via estrogen receptor ................................................................ 11 2.3.2 Topoisomerase inhibition effect ............................................................................ 11 2.3.3 Other...................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.3.1 Animal testing ................................................................................................ 12 2.3.3.2 Human tests etc.............................................................................................. 12 2.4 Diagnostic markers used in soy isoflavones safety assessment ................................ 13 3 Dietary intake of soy isoflavone from soy food products................................................... 13 3.1 Content of soy isoflavones in various soy food products ............................................ 13 3.2 Dietary intake of soy isoflavones from soy food products based on 2002 National Nutrition Survey (provisional calculation)................................................................. 14 3.3 Others........................................................................................................................... 15 4 Test reports on soy isoflavones........................................................................................... 16 4.1 Reports on pharmacokinetics ...................................................................................... 16 4.1.1 Animal testing ....................................................................................................... 16 4.1.2 Human tests and observational studies etc. ........................................................ 17 4.2 Test reports regarding safety ...................................................................................... 19 4.2.1 Animal tests........................................................................................................... 19 4.2.2 Observational studies in human........................................................................... 22 4.2.2.1 Premenopausal females.................................................................................. 22 4.2.2.2 Postmenopausal females ................................................................................ 25 4.2.2.3 Males ............................................................................................................... 29 4.2.2.4 Pregnant females (including potentially pregnant), fetuses, infants and small children.................................................................................................. 30 4.2.2.5 Other human tests.......................................................................................... 31 4.2.3 Others .................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.3.1 Reports on risk of cancer etc. ......................................................................... 32 4.2.3.2 Relativity to cancer with high sensitivity to estrogen................................... 32 4.2.3.3 Points of concern regarding intake of hormonal agents (pharmaceuticals) etc..................................................................................................................... 33 5 Situation of investigations in other countries................................................................... 34 2 5.1 Situation of Food Standard Agency (FSA) investigations.......................................... 34 5.2 Situation of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) investigations ........................................................... 35 5.3 Situation of Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA) investigations............................................................................................................... 36 5.4 Situation of investigations in other countries ............................................................ 36 6 Concept regarding safety assessment ............................................................................... 36 6.1 Establishing a safe upper limit for standard intakes of soy isoflavone..................... 37 6.1.1 Establishing an upper limit for standard daily intakes of soy isoflavone based on dietary experience ............................................................................................ 37 6.1.2 Establishing an upper limit for standard daily intakes of soy isoflavone based on human clinical research ................................................................................... 37 6.1.3 Establishing the upper limit for daily extra dietary intake of soy isoflavone as a food for specified health use based on human clinical research....................... 38 6.1.4 Summary of establishment of upper limit for standard intakes of soy isoflavone ............................................................................................................... 40 6.1.4.1 Upper limit for standard daily intakes of soy isoflavone .............................. 40 6.1.4.2 Upper limit for daily extra dietary intake of soy isoflavone as a food for specified health use......................................................................................... 41 6.2 Validation of established safe dietary intake standards for soy isoflavone............... 41 6.2.1 Premenopausal females, postmenopausal females, and males........................... 41 6.2.2 Pregnant females (including potentially pregnant), fetuses, infants and small children .................................................................................................................. 42 6.2.2.1 Pregnant females (including potentially pregnant) and fetuses .................. 42 6.2.2.2 Infants and small children ............................................................................. 42 6.2.3 Regarding equol production capacity ................................................................... 43 7 Results of safety assessment.............................................................................................. 43 7.1 Premenopausal females, postmenopausal females, and males ................................. 43 7.2 Pregnant females (including potentially pregnant), fetuses, infants and small children ........................................................................................................................ 43 7.2.1 Pregnant females (including potentially pregnant) and fetuses......................... 43 7.2.2 Infants and small children.................................................................................... 44 8 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 44 8.1 Premenopausal females, postmenopausal females, and males ................................. 44 8.1.1 Expected upper limit for safe standard daily intakes of soy isoflavone.............. 44 8.1.2 Expected upper limit for safe daily extra dietary intake of soy isoflavone as a food for specified health use.................................................................................. 45 8.2 Regarding pregnant females, fetuses, infants and small children ............................ 45 9 Conclusions........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bioactive Phenolic Compounds of Soybean
    * Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 Bioactive phenolic compounds of soybean ( Glycine max cv. Merit): modifications by 2 different microbial fermentations 3 4 5 M. Dueñas 2; T. Hernández 1; S. Robredo 1; *I. Estrella 1; R. Muñoz 1 6 7 1Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales. C.S.I.C. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid. Spain. Fax: 34-915644853. 8 [email protected] 9 2Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles, Unidad de Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de 10 Salamanca. Campus Miguel de Unamuno. 37007 Salamanca. Spain. 11 12 *Corresponding author 13 14 Running title: Changes in phenolic compounds of soybeans by microbial fermentations 15 16 17 Abstract 18 Phenolic compounds of soybeans ( Glycine max ) are partially responsible of their beneficial 19 health effects. The most abundant phenolics in soybeans are isoflavones, mainly daidzein, 20 glycitein, and genistein and several derivatives of them. Other phenolic compounds are also 21 present but they have been minimally studied. In this work, the soybean seeds were fermented by 22 the microbiota present on the seeds or by inoculation with Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae or 23 Bacillus subtilis . The effect of microbial fermentation on the phenolic composition of soybeans 24 was studied. All the assayed microorganisms brought out variations in phenolics. An increase in 25 the concentration of phenolic acids was observed. Flavonoids were differently metabolized 26 depending on the microorganism used. In all samples the most important changes were produced 27 in the isoflavones content, observing an increase on the aglycones, glycitein, daidzein and 28 genistein. 29 30 Key words : soybean, fermentation, phenolic compounds, isoflavones 31 1 32 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability As a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications
    antioxidants Review Plant Phenolics: Bioavailability as a Key Determinant of Their Potential Health-Promoting Applications Patricia Cosme , Ana B. Rodríguez, Javier Espino * and María Garrido * Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (A.B.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (M.G.); Tel.: +34-92-428-9796 (J.E. & M.G.) Received: 22 October 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Abstract: Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom that can be categorized as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Interest in phenolic compounds has dramatically increased during the last decade due to their biological effects and promising therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the importance of phenolic compounds’ bioavailability to accomplish their physiological functions, and highlight main factors affecting such parameter throughout metabolism of phenolics, from absorption to excretion. Besides, we give an updated overview of the health benefits of phenolic compounds, which are mainly linked to both their direct (e.g., free-radical scavenging ability) and indirect (e.g., by stimulating activity of antioxidant enzymes) antioxidant properties. Such antioxidant actions reportedly help them to prevent chronic and oxidative stress-related disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. Last, we comment on development of cutting-edge delivery systems intended to improve bioavailability and enhance stability of phenolic compounds in the human body. Keywords: antioxidant activity; bioavailability; flavonoids; health benefits; phenolic compounds 1. Introduction Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom with around 8000 different phenolic structures [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Antiproliferative Effects of Isoflavones on Human Cancer Cell Lines Established from the Gastrointestinal Tract 1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 53, 5815-5821, December 1, 1993] Antiproliferative Effects of Isoflavones on Human Cancer Cell Lines Established from the Gastrointestinal Tract 1 Kazuyoshi Yanagihara, 2 Akihiro Ito, Tetsuya Toge, and Michitaka Numoto Department of Pathology [K. Y, M. N.], Cancer Research [A. L], and Surgery iT. T.], Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734, Japan ABSTRACT MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven isoflavones, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, genistin, prunectin, Establishment of Cancer Cell Lines. Tumor tissues were trimmed of fat puerarin, and pseudobaptigenin were tested for cytostatic and cytotoxic and necrotic portions and minced with scalpels. The tissue pieces were trans- effects on 10 newly established cancer cell lines of the human gastrointes- ferred, together with medium, at 10 to 15 fragments/dish to 60-mm culture tinal origin. Proliferation of HSC-41E6, HSC-45M2, and SH101-P4 stom- dishes (Falcon, Lincoln Park, N J). The patient's ascitic tumor cells were ach cancer cell lines was strongly inhibited by biochanin A and genistein, harvested by centrifugation (1000 rpm for 10 min) and plated into 60-mm whereas other stomach, esophageal, and colon cancer lines were moder- dishes. Culture dishes initially selectively trypsinized [trypsin, 0.05% (w/v); ately suppressed by both compounds. Biochanin A and genistein were EDTA, 0.02% (w/v)], to remove overgrowing fibroblasts. In addition, we cytostatic at low concentrations (<20 pg/ml for biochanin A, <10/tg/ml for attempted to remove the fibroblasts mechanically and to transfer the tumor genistein) and were cytotoxic at higher concentrations (>40 pg/ml for cells selectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Structure and Physiological Function of Chloride Channels
    Physiol Rev 82: 503–568, 2002; 10.1152/physrev.00029.2001. Molecular Structure and Physiological Function of Chloride Channels THOMAS J. JENTSCH, VALENTIN STEIN, FRANK WEINREICH, AND ANSELM A. ZDEBIK Zentrum fu¨r Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universita¨t Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany I. Introduction 504 II. Cellular Functions of Chloride Channels 506 A. Plasma membrane channels 506 B. Channels of intracellular organelles 507 III. The CLC Chloride Channel Family 508 A. General features of CLC channels 510 B. ClC-0: the Torpedo electric organ ClϪ channel 516 C. ClC-1: a muscle-specific ClϪ channel that stabilizes the membrane voltage 517 D. ClC-2: a broadly expressed channel activated by hyperpolarization, cell swelling, and acidic pH 519 Ϫ E. ClC-K/barttin channels: Cl channels involved in transepithelial transport in the kidney and the Downloaded from inner ear 523 F. ClC-3: an intracellular ClϪ channel that is present in endosomes and synaptic vesicles 525 G. ClC-4: a poorly characterized vesicular channel 527 H. ClC-5: an endosomal channel involved in renal endocytosis 527 I. ClC-6: an intracellular channel of unknown function 531 J. ClC-7: a lysosomal ClϪ channel whose disruption leads to osteopetrosis in mice and humans 531 K. CLC proteins in model organisms 532 on October 3, 2014 IV. Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator: a cAMP-Activated Chloride Channel 533 A. Structure and function of the CFTR ClϪ channel 533 B. Cellular regulation of CFTR activity 534 C. CFTR as a regulator of other ion channels 534 V. Swelling-Activated Chloride Channels 535 A. Biophysical characteristics of swelling-activated ClϪ currents 536 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Soy Isoflavones: Database Development, Estrogenic Activity of Glycitein and Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Daidzein Tongtong Song Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1998 Soy isoflavones: database development, estrogenic activity of glycitein and hypocholesterolemic effect of daidzein Tongtong Song Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Food Science Commons, and the Human and Clinical Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Song, Tongtong, "Soy isoflavones: database development, estrogenic activity of glycitein and hypocholesterolemic effect of daidzein " (1998). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 12528. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/12528 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fece, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenolics in Human Health
    International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 5, October 2014 Phenolics in Human Health T. Ozcan, A. Akpinar-Bayizit, L. Yilmaz-Ersan, and B. Delikanli with proteins. The high antioxidant capacity makes Abstract—Recent research focuses on health benefits of polyphenols as an important key factor which is involved in phytochemicals, especially antioxidant and antimicrobial the chemical defense of plants against pathogens and properties of phenolic compounds, which is known to exert predators and in plant-plant interferences [9]. preventive activity against infectious and degenerative diseases, inflammation and allergies via antioxidant, antimicrobial and proteins/enzymes neutralization/modulation mechanisms. Phenolic compounds are reactive metabolites in a wide range of plant-derived foods and mainly divided in four groups: phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and tannins. They work as terminators of free radicals and chelators of metal ions that are capable of catalyzing lipid oxidation. Therefore, this review examines the functional properties of phenolics. Index Terms—Health, functional, phenolic compounds. I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, fruits and vegetables receive considerable interest depending on type, number, and mode of action of the different components, so called as “phytochemicals”, for their presumed role in the prevention of various chronic diseases including cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Plants are rich sources of functional dietary micronutrients, fibers and phytochemicals, such
    [Show full text]
  • The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants
    medicines Review The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants William N. Setzer 1,2 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 2 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA Received: 25 October 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines. Keywords: Cherokee; Native American; traditional herbal medicine; chemical constituents; pharmacology 1. Introduction Natural products have been an important source of medicinal agents throughout history and modern medicine continues to rely on traditional knowledge for treatment of human maladies [1]. Traditional medicines such as Traditional Chinese Medicine [2], Ayurvedic [3], and medicinal plants from Latin America [4] have proven to be rich resources of biologically active compounds and potential new drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Isoflavone Dose and Estrogen Receptor
    Journal of Personalized Medicine Article From Proteomics to Personalized Medicine: The Importance of Isoflavone Dose and Estrogen Receptor Status in Breast Cancer Cells 1 2, 1,3 4 Maria Ilies, , Alina Uifălean * , Sergiu Pas, ca , Vishnu Mukund Dhople , Michael Lalk 5 , Cristina Adela Iuga 1,2 and Elke Hammer 4,6 1 MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics, “Iuliu Hat, ieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, no. 4–6 Louis Pasteur st., 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] (M.I.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (C.A.I.) 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hat, ieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania 3 Department of Hematology, “Iuliu Hat, ieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania 4 Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; [email protected] (V.M.D.); [email protected] (E.H.) 5 Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; [email protected] 6 DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 17 December 2020; Published: 19 December 2020 Abstract: Continuing efforts are directed towards finding alternative breast cancer chemotherapeutics, with improved safety and efficacy profiles. Soy isoflavones represent promising agents but, despite extensive research, limited information exists regarding their impact on the breast cancer cell proteome. The purpose of this study was to compare the proteomic profiles of MCF-7 (estrogen responsive) and MDA-MB-231 (estrogen non-responsive) breast cancer cells exposed to different concentrations of genistein, daidzein, and a soy seed extract, using a high throughput LC–UDMSE protein profiling approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptome Analysis of Pueraria Candollei Var
    Suntichaikamolkul et al. BMC Plant Biology (2019) 19:581 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2205-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Transcriptome analysis of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica for gene discovery in the biosyntheses of isoflavones and miroestrol Nithiwat Suntichaikamolkul1, Kittitya Tantisuwanichkul1, Pinidphon Prombutara2, Khwanlada Kobtrakul3, Julie Zumsteg4, Siriporn Wannachart5, Hubert Schaller4, Mami Yamazaki6, Kazuki Saito6, Wanchai De-eknamkul7, Sornkanok Vimolmangkang7 and Supaart Sirikantaramas1,2* Abstract Background: Pueraria candollei var. mirifica, a Thai medicinal plant used traditionally as a rejuvenating herb, is known as a rich source of phytoestrogens, including isoflavonoids and the highly estrogenic miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol. Although these active constituents in P. candollei var. mirifica have been known for some time, actual knowledge regarding their biosynthetic genes remains unknown. Results: Miroestrol biosynthesis was reconsidered and the most plausible mechanism starting from the isoflavonoid daidzein was proposed. A de novo transcriptome analysis was conducted using combined P. candollei var. mirifica tissues of young leaves, mature leaves, tuberous cortices, and cortex-excised tubers. A total of 166,923 contigs was assembled for functional annotation using protein databases and as a library for identification of genes that are potentially involved in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoids and miroestrol. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes from four separate libraries were identified as candidates involved in these biosynthetic pathways, and their respective expressions were validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Notably, isoflavonoid and miroestrol profiling generated by LC-MS/MS was positively correlated with expression levels of isoflavonoid biosynthetic genes across the four types of tissues. Moreover, we identified R2R3 MYB transcription factors that may be involved in the regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in P.
    [Show full text]
  • Soy Isoflavone: the Multipurpose Phytochemical (Review)
    BIOMEDICAL REPORTS 1: 697-701, 2013 Soy isoflavone: The multipurpose phytochemical (Review) QINGLU WANG1, XIAOYUE GE1, XUEWEN TIAN2, YUJUN ZHANG1, JIE ZHANG1 and PINGPING ZHANG1 1Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213; 2Shandong Research Center of Sports Science, Jinan, Shandong 250102, P.R. China Received April 10, 2013; Accepted May 21, 2013 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.129 Abstract. Soy isoflavones are compounds found in soybean specifically Seventh-day Adventists and vegetarians, have used and soybean products. They have been reported to possess soyfoods for ~100 years, although the quintessential soyfood numerous physiological properties, such as antitumor, anti- tofu was first introduced on a large scale to the general US menopausal (female) osteoporosis and anti-aging. They have population in the early 1970s. Health-conscious and ecologi- also been reported to improve learning and memory skills in cally-minded consumers were particularly attracted to soy at menopausal women and aid in the prevention and treatment that time since it was perceived as a source of high quality of heart disease, diabetes and Kawasaki disease (KD). In this protein, low in saturated fat, that was more efficiently produced review, the effects of soy isoflavones on various diseases were compared to animal sources of protein. A significant increase analyzed. Based on the analysis, it was hypothesized that the in soyfood consumption occurred during the last decade of the function of soybean isoflavones in the prevention and treat- 20th century, mainly due to the belief among many consumers ment of various diseases results from their phytoestrogen and that soyfoods may offer health benefits, independent of their antioxidant properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model
    plants Review Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration Margarita García-Calderón 1, Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado 1, Peter Palove-Balang 2, Marco Betti 1 and Antonio J. Márquez 1,* 1 Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; [email protected] (M.G.-C.); [email protected] (C.M.P.-D.); [email protected] (M.B.) 2 Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovakia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-954557145 Received: 28 April 2020; Accepted: 18 June 2020; Published: 20 June 2020 Abstract: Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase.
    [Show full text]
  • Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women
    nutrients Review Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review 1,2, 1, 3,4, Li-Ru Chen y, Nai-Yu Ko y and Kuo-Hu Chen * 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; [email protected] (L.-R.C.); [email protected] (N.-Y.K.) 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Tzu-Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 23142, Taiwan 4 School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-6628-9779 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 17 September 2019; Accepted: 29 October 2019; Published: 4 November 2019 Abstract: Isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment for menopausal symptoms for people who cannot or are unwilling to take hormone replacement therapy. However, there is still no consensus on the effects of isoflavones despite over two decades of vigorous research. This systematic review aims to summarize the current literature on isoflavone supplements, focusing on the active ingredients daidzein, genistein, and S-equol, and provide a framework to guide future research. We performed a literature search in Ovid Medline using the search terms “isoflavone” and “menopause”, which yielded 95 abstracts and 68 full-text articles. We found that isoflavones reduce hot flashes even accounting for placebo effect, attenuate lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) loss, show beneficial effects on systolic blood pressure during early menopause, and improve glycemic control in vitro. There are currently no conclusive benefits of isoflavones on urogenital symptoms and cognition.
    [Show full text]