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Biology of the Seed-Corn Maggot in the Coastal Plain of the South

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Biology of the Seed-Corn Maggot in the Coastal Plain of the South ~ I~~ ~ 128 Iii ~ 1I111~ ~ lSi ~II~ Ij,iW 11,1.0 Ij,iliij w II:,j ... ~ ... ~ iii iii ~ ~ ~ ~ I.i ........ .. 1.1 ........ 111111.8 - '"" 1.2: 111111.4 11111 1.6 "'" 1.25 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART N~TIONAL BURE.~U Of STANDAR~5-1963-A NATIONAL BUREAU or STANC·ARDS-1963-A D \.lCO~-\ Technical Bulletin No. 723 June 1940 UNITED,S'l'ATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRI(~liLT(JRE W4.~:p:INGTON, D. £. Jliology' of the Seed -Corn Maggot in the ~ '~Coasta\ Plain of the South Atlantic States 1 By W.•J. R~!D, JR. _-:'Assistant entomologist, Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigatiom, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine 2 CONTENTS Page Introducti"n.................................... 1 Biolot;iclli studies-Continued History apd di~t~iblltion ••••.•... _ _. ...• .. .. 2 The egg.................................... 10 Systematlr pO<lllOn .••• _.........._...._....... 2 Tho lan·a........................... ....... 13 Desrript'ons or tnr singes...................... :3 'rho pupa.................................. 20 The aduIL......._..••••.••.•_....__ ....... The eg~ __ .. __________ •___ ....__ ~ .. __ .. _______ _ ~ ~~~i~~I~}~·cycie~:·:=:;==:=::::::=:::::::::: ~ 'rhe larva .................................. 51 i\'lmber or ~eneration~.... ........... ..... ~6 The pllPIl ................................. 7 S~u~onfi) QCCUrrenLt) _ ..... _~ ~~ ........ __ oo .... _ __ ____ 36 Host plnnts lI'1U othu larval rood ............... 7 Xatural ('uemi('~~_ .. _____ ~." ___ ._ ..•".", .. _.... _... __ 38 TIiol...gi<-al studi~s ............................... Rearing metbod< .......................... ~ ~W~~.:lt':ir.; cited:::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~ ~ IXTRODUGnON The seed-corn maggot 3 (Hylemya Ci{{Cl'Ul'l£ (Rone!..)) is the larva of a .fly that is widely distributed throughout the Temperate Zones. It is known to have an extensive range of food plants, among which are several important vegrfuble crops, such as potatoes, beans, spinach, cabbage, melons, and peas, and is thus highly injurious, The investigations reported in this bulletin were conducted from 1925 to 1935, inclusive, in Pamlico County and at Ch:1dboum, N. C., an~l in Charleston and Beaufort Counties, S. C. The immediate objective was to Jearn the habits of th'e insect so that a means of pre­ venting its injury to potato seed piece£ and to spinach seedlings might be developed. The investigations w,~re of great value in devising control measures for these crops, the ( etails of which have been pub­ lished separately (20, 21).4 It is pOSSIble tha.t the biological data re­ ported herein may be useful in formulating means of protecting other crops from attack by the seed-corn maggot. I Submitted ror publication June 15, 1939. , Acknowledgements are due to W. A. Thomas ror hissllpervision or the stndies and his mluable ad"ice, to D. G. Hall for his descriptions and drawings or the variolls stages or the insects, to Clay G. HulT for his mi· uable sLlggestions, and to C. O. Rare ror his assistance in the preparation 01 rertain parts of the manuscript. 3 Order Diptera, ramily 1\[u~cidae• • Italic numbers in parentheses reler to Literature Cited. p. 41, 180895-40 1 2 TECHNICAL BL'LLETINi23, 1:. S. DEPT. OF AGRICL'LTURE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION The insect now known in the United States and in most other English-speaking countries as the seed-corn maggot (1) has been given several other common names in economic literature. Among these have been the following: "deceiving wheat fly," in 1856 (5, p. 301) j "serd-corn flower-fly," in 1870 (30) j "anthomyia egg parasite," in 1877 (23, Rept. 9); "seed-corn fly," in 1882 (16, p.199); "bean fly," in 1896 (17, p.l11)j "bean maggot," in 1905 (31,p.123); and "spin­ ach bud worm," in 1932 (11). Hylemya cilic7'Ura has also been discussed in American economic literature under the names Phorbia, jusc1.ceps Zett., Anthomyia zeae Riley, Pegomyiajusciceps Zett., Ohol'tophilajusciceps Zett., Hylemyia deceptiva Fitch, Anthomyia augustifrons Meigen, Ohortophila cilic7'Ura Rond., Phorbia cilicrul'a Rond., and A.nthomyia radicum var catalopteni Riley. The seed-corn maggot occurs throughout the greater portion of the United States. Chittenden5 records that "it ranges through several life zones from Calluda to the Me~-icfln border and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, iIlllabiting all arable portions of North America." According to Parks, in his discussion of Schoene's article (27, p. 133), it occurs at altitudes as high flS 4,500 feet above sen level. The first record of its occurrence in North America apparently is that of Fitch (5), who in 1856 wrote that adults of Hylemyia deceptira, the deceiving wheat fly, were found in abundance upon the flowering heads of wheat during June of theprevious year. Riley (23, Rept.1), in 1869, recorded the insect under the name "seed-corn magaot, Anthomyia Zeae (Riley)," as attacking corn in New Jersey. Chittenden (4) stated that "the seed-corn maggot is f 'lery likely responsible for the damage attributed to the cabbage mqggot and to the onion maggot in the States south of New Jersey. The seed-corn maggot occUrs also in Alaska, Canada, Bermuda, South America, Europe, Asia, ~outh Africa, Ilnd the Hawaiian Xslands. SYSTEMATIC POSITION 6 The seed-corn maggot (Hylemya cilicrura.), first described by Ron­ dani (26, p . .98) in the genus Ohortophila, has since been described a number of times. The synonymy has been given by Huckett(13,p. 24). Several authors have stated recently that some doubt e~-ists as to the validity of the name cilicrura. They advance the opinion that Hylemya, juscicf-ps (Zett.) (32. p. 15.52) represents an older name. In 1933 Ringdahl (24, p. 24) pI:Lced H. cilicrura (Ronel.) as a synonym of H. juscicep.s (Zett.). In c..)rrespondence ,\-ith the author, H. C. Huckett wrote on Jammry 2";", 1935, that the juscicep8 recorded by Malloch (18) is the samespecir-s described by Ringdahl (24) as HyLemya pilifemur. Huckctt (13, p. 25) previously had stated, "entil recently Hylemllia cilicura Rond. has heen confused ,,,-ith II. ju.sciceps Zett. According to Stein (1916) [(28, p. 167)j, however, cilicrura Rond. and fusciceps Zett. are two distinct species." , Unpublished notes . • Written by D. G. Hall from data compiled by author. BIOLOGY Q},' SEED-CORN MAGGOT IN SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES 3 The late J. M. Aldrich collected specimens of Hylemya jusciceps several years ago in Alaska. In con-espondencehe stated that it was obvious that two distinct species eJ..isted in North America, and, in his opinion, the Alaska specimens represented the Europeanjusciceps, and tile economic damages caused by the seed-corn maggot in the United States were due to H. cilicrura. Doubt will exist in the minds of many students of North American dipterology in regard to the use of several names of muscoid flies pro-. posed by older authors until type specimens of such species have been examined by competent specialists; but although it is possible that there are older names for the species herein called Hylemya cilicrura (Rondani), they are not accept.able until sufficient proof is given of their authenticity. Specimens of the species studied in the present investigations were determined by H. C. Huckett in 1925 and by J. M. Aldrich in 1929 as being the seed-corn maggot H. cilicrura (Rond.). DESCRIPTIONS OF THE STAGES 7 THE ADULT (Figs. 1-3) The genus described by Robineau-Desvoidy as Hylemya (25, p. 550) includes flies with the following characters: Head (fig. l).-Eyes bare, separated in the males rarely more than by the dis­ tance between the posterior ocelli; vibrissal angle and oral margin but slightly pro­ truding anteriorly at most when viewed in profile; hairs not extending on face; ?ntennae not conspicuously separated from each other at base, arista pubescent; cheeks narrow, the oral margin not constricted anteriorly by the approximation of the vibrissae in extent equal to or greater than the breadth of the cheek directly ventrad of the eyc. Thorax.-Gray pollinose, with three postsutural dorsocentral bristles; hypo­ pleura, pteropleura, and propleura bare; under surface of scutellum "ith fine, soft, erect hair; metascutellum absent. Legs.-Black; hind tibia of male with a series of hairs or setulae on the postero­ ventral surface; hind tibia of female with well-developed cruciate bristles. FIGURE I.-Head of adult female of Wings.-Hyaline; anal vein at least Hylemya cilicrura, lateral view. weakly extending to the wing margin; lower • calpyter not conspicuously protruding beyond the upper and subequal. The species Hylemya cilicrura may be characterized as follows: .Male.-Midfemur with posteroventral surface bare except for two or three al?ical setae: directed apicad; midtarsus without long hairs on dorsum; foretibia WIth strong curved postcroventral apicel bristle. which is usually blunt; midtibia without .!~croventral bristles; hind tibia with only one anteroventral apical bristle, j '.le position for the posteroventral bristle being filled by a series of fine spinulae; hind pulvillus equal to or smaller in size thaI! those of midleg or foreleg. The male genitalia (fig. 2) are unique. Female (fig. 3).-Parafacials gray pollinose, in profile not prominent, the breadth at base of antennae not equal to width of third antennal segment; pro­ 7 Prepared by D. O. Hall. 4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 723, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE u\) c A FIGURE 2.-Male genitalia of Hylemya ciUcrura: A, Rear view of forceps; B, left . latcral view of hypopygeal composite; C, fifth stcrnite. r FIGURE 3.-Adult fcmale of Hylemya cilicrura, XI6. BIOLOGY OF SEED-CORN :MAGGOT IX SOUTH ATLAXTIC STATES 5 boscis neither thickened nor highly polished; abdomen densely gray pollinose, with a trace of a dorsocentral vitta, the fifth tergum on disk with short oppressed setulae only, the marginal bristles normal; midtibia without an anteroventral bristle; hind tibia with a preapical setula on the posteroventral surface, and with a stout posteroventral apicad bristle, the preapical posteroventral bristle being replaced by a fringe of setulae.
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