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Banat′S Journal of Biotechnology MONITORING of THE Available on-line at http://www.bjbabe.ro Banats Journal of Biotechnology 2012, III(6), MONITORING OF THE ENTOMOFAUNA IN ECOLOGICAL CROP ROTATION DOI: 10.7904/2068 – 4738 – III(6) – 104 Evgeniya D. ZHEKOVA Institute of Agriculture and Seed Science “Obraztsov chiflik”, 7007 – Rousse, str.”Prof. Ivan Ivanov” № 1, Bulgaria E–mail: [email protected] Abstract: During the period 2009–2010 a monitoring of entomofauna was performed in environmentally justified crop rotation including rotation of legumes (beans, soybean) and cereals (wheat, wintering oats) in two variants–control (without fertilization), and foliar fertilization by Humustim humate fertilizer. Conventional entomological methods were used for determination of species and population density of harmful plants and their entomophaga. The results were processed by crops. Differences in species composition of entomofauna were found in variants fertilized by Humustim, compared to those without fertilization. In no one of the four crops pests in density over Economic Threshold Level (ETL) were detected. Diversity of entomophaga was explained via the favorable ecological environmental conditions and namely by the presence of the trophic factor and the lack of chemical treatments with insecticides. Keywords: entomofauna, ecological crop rotation. Introduction cereals under conditions of organic Cereals and legumes are significant farming. structure–defining crops. Because of their wide spread in Material and methods agriculture, their pests and the chemicals The investigation was conducted for control were explored in details during the period 2009–2010 at the [DONCHEV, 1961; DERIMANOV, 1962; KRUSTEVAQ 1995; Experimental field of Institute of YANKOVA et al, 2004; NIKOLOVA, 2006; DIMITROV, 2008]. agriculture and seed science “Obraztsov But one–sided and long–term chiflik”–Rousse in four–pole crop rotation, application of the conventional plant including growing and rotation of the protection leads to many negative crops–beans, wheat, soybeans and subsequences, as one of them being wintering oats under conditions of organic violation of the biological equilibrium in farming. agrocenosis. The trial started after the Block An alternative of the chemical method in two variants control (without method is the integrated plant protection fertilization) and foliar fertilization by and the organic farming [KAROV, 1999]. humate “Humustim” fertilizer in four The organic farming is becoming replications, harvesting plot being 52,5 more popular because of the m2. contemporary requirements for protecting The growing of crops was according of human and animal health in the the requirements of Ordinance N environment. In the system of the organic 22/04.07.2001 of MAF about organic plant farming it is relied on application of production. appropriate crop rotation, organic In order species composition of fertilizers, biological and agro technical harmful and useful entomofauna to be pest control [STANCHEVA, 2003; STOICHEV, 2004]. determined during the vegetation of The objective of the study was crops, monitoring was performed every species composition and population seven days in clear and calm weather. abundance of harmful and useful A conventional cutting method was entomofauna in ecologically justified crop used with a standard entomological sack rotation, including legumes in rotation with (0,3 x 0,7 x 1,0 m)–25 slopes = 5 m2, as 104 Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Contact: web: http://www.bjbabe.ro, e-mail: bjb@usab–tm.ro insects caught were killed and identified participation, subdominant–from 5 to by type. 15%, the secondary–from 1 to 5%. The perambulating method was used for complete monitoring the trial. Results The results were processed by As a result of this investigation it crops. The classification of species was was found: made after BOICHEV, 1975, according which: 1. Oats–The total number of insects the dominant species showed over 15% caught in 2009 was 2317 pcs., and in 2010 – 980 pcs., distributed by as follows: Number Order 2009 2010 Coleoptera 173 248 Diptera 788 88 Heteroptera 240 118 Homoptera/ suborders Aphididae + Cicadinea/ 871+ 90 103 + 149 Hymenoptera 30 18 Thysanoptera 123 250 Orthoptera 2 5 Lepidoptera 0 1 Table 1. The most commonly found insects in both variants in oats 2009 2010 Insects With fertilization, Without With Without pcs. fertilization,pcs. fertilization,pcs. fertilization, pcs. thrips 44 49 100 150 cicads 45 46 39 110 aphids 348 547 58 103 ladybug 11 6 7 1 caspid grain bug 83 60 40 53 wheat sawfly 0 2 0 4 nabis 1 4 3 7 wheat fly 119 70 33 14 In 2009 alphids /Sitobion avenae L. Of useful insects 14–vesicular and Schizaphis graminum Rond./ and ladybug /Coccinula wheat fly /family Chloropidae/ dominated. quatuordecimpustulata L./ and nabis Thrips /Haplothrips tritici Kurd. and /genus Nabis/ were the most commonly Stenothrps graminum Uzel. / and found. The total number of insects pentatomid eurygaster /Eurygaster registered in the variant with Humustim integriceps Put./ were subdominants. fertilizer in 2009 was 1173 pcs., and in Of useful insects 7–spotted ladybug 2010–491 pcs. In 2009 in the variant / Coccinella septempunctata L. / and without fertilization, 1144 pcs. were nabis /genus Nabis/ were most commonly registered, and in 2010–980 pcs. found. The most commonly found insects In 2010 thrips /Haplothrips tritici in both variants were shown in Table 1. Kurd. and Stenothrps graminum Uzel./ Some differences in species and broad–bean weevil /Bruchus composition of the entomofauna were rufimanus Boh./ dominated. Pentatomid observed by variants. eurygaster /Eurygaster integriceps Put./ In 2009 in variant fertilized with and aphids /Sitobion avenae L. and Humustim the following species were Schizaphis graminum Rond./ were registered, not being found in variant subdominant. without fertilization: cabbage stem flea 105 Available on-line at http://www.bjbabe.ro Banats Journal of Biotechnology 2012, III(6), beetle /Psylliodes chrysocephala L./, registered, not being found in variant Sitona beetle /g. Sitona/, flea beetle/ without fertilization: Malachius Phyllotreta atra F./, 14–spotted ladybug bipustslatus L., earth fleahopper /Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata L./, /Phyllotreta armoracia Koch./, beet scale Aelia acuminata L. and dolycoris bug /Cassida nebulosa L./ and 14–spotted /Dolycoris baccarum L./. ladybug /Propylea quatuordecimpunctata In variant without fertilization by L./. Humustim the following species were In the variant without Humustim found, not being registered in variant with fertilizer the following species were fertilization: 14–vesicular ladybug registered, not being found in variant with /Coccinella quatuordecimpustulata L./, fertilization: pea weevil /Bruchus pisorum pea weevil /Bruchus pisorum (pisi) L./, (pisi) L./, wheat sawfly–borrer / Cephus alfalfa plant bug /Adelphocoris lineolatus pygmaeus L./ and tarnish plant bug of g. Goeze./, wheat sawfly–borer / Cephus Lygus. pygmaeus L./, spotted ladybug /Stethorus 2. Wheat–The total number of punctillum Ws./, and cantaris /Cantaris insects caught in 2009 was 1485 pcs., sp./. and in 2010–1005 pcs., distributed by In 2010 in variant fertilized with orders, as follows: Humustim the following species were Number Order 2009 2010 Coleoptera 138 463 Diptera 271 50 Heteroptera 139 123 Homoptera /suborders Aphididae + Cicadinea/ 358+35 13+194 Hymenoptera 59 14 Thysanoptera 477 130 Orthoptera 2 7 Neuroptera 3 8 Lepidoptera 3 3 Table 2. The most commonly found insects in both variants in wheat 2009 2010 Insects With fertilization, Without With Without pcs. fertilization, pcs. fertilization, pcs. fertilization, pcs. aphids 212 156 10 3 wheat fly 51 17 12 2 wheat sawfly–borrer 6 2 4 1 caspid grain bug 83 60 42 39 thrips 200 312 55 75 wide–bean weevil 26 29 91 118 anisoplia beetle 1 3 5 7 ladybug 6 7 31 15 In 2009 aphids /Sitobion avenae L. Subdominants were: thrips /Haplothrips and Schizaphis graminum Rond./, wheat tritici Kurd. and Stenothrps graminum fly /family Chloropidae/ and thrips Uzel./, green cicads /Cicadella viridis L./ /Haplothrips tritici Kurd. and Stenothrps and 14–vesicular ladybug /Coccinula graminum Uzel./ dominated. Pentatomid quatuordecimpustulata L./. eurygaster /Eurygaster integriceps Put./ The total number of insects found in was subdominant. variant fertilized by Humustim in 2009 In 2010 vetch broad–bean weevil was 836 pcs., and in 2010–469 pcs. 649 /Bruchus rufimanus Boh./ dominated. 106 Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Contact: web: http://www.bjbabe.ro, e-mail: bjb@usab–tm.ro pcs. were registered in variant without L./, wheat ear fly /Meromyza nigriventris fertilization in 2009, and in 2010–536 pcs. Meq./ and flea beetle /Phyllotreta atra F./. Insects, the most commonly found In variant without Humustim, the in both variants were shown in Table 2. following species were registered, not In 2009 in variant with fertilization been found in variant with fertilization: by Humustim the following species were Chrysopa carnea Steph., 22–spotted found, not being registered in variant ladybug /Thea vigintiduopunctata L./, 5– without fertilization: large green spotted weevil /Aoromius grasshopper /Tettigonia viridissima L./, quinquepunctatus L./, black wheat dolycoris bug /Dolycoris baccarum L./, sawfly–borrer /Trachelus tabidus F./, Moorish bug /Eurygaster maura L./, blue wheat sawfly–borrer /Cephus pygmaeus corn leech /Oulema lichenis Voet./ and L./ and Psammotettix striatus L.. Telenomus
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