Feed the Future Malawi 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report April 2016
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Feed the Future Malawi 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report April 2016 Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, USAID Contract Number GS-23F-8144H/AID-OAA-M-12-00006, Feed the Future FEEDBACK Recommended Citation: Feed the Future FEEDBACK. 2015. Feed the Future Malawi 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report. Rockville, MD: Westat. USAID Bureau for Food Security Contact: [email protected] Westat Contact: Detra Robinson, MA, PMP, Chief of Party 1600 Research Boulevard Rockville, MD 20850 Tel: (301) 738-3653 Email: [email protected] Table of Contents List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................. vii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. ix Background ...................................................................................................... ix Interim Assessment Indicators .................................................................... ix Interim Assessment Data Sources ............................................................... x Summary of Key Findings .............................................................................. xi 1. Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Feed the Future Overview .............................................................. 1 1.2 Feed the Future ZOI Profile ............................................................ 2 1.2.1 Rationale for ZOI Selection ............................................ 3 1.2.2 Demography of the ZOI .................................................. 4 1.2.3 Agriculture in the ZOI ..................................................... 6 1.3 Purpose of This Report .................................................................... 8 2. Methodologies for Obtaining Interim Values for Feed the Future Indicators ............................................................................................. 9 2.1 Data Sources ....................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Primary Data: The ZOI Interim Survey in Malawi ................................................................................ 11 2.1.2 Comparability of Data Sources Used for the ZOI Interim Assessment ................................................ 16 2.2 Measures and Reporting Conventions Used Throughout This Report ................................................................ 18 2.2.1 Standard Disaggregates .................................................. 18 2.2.2 Reporting Conventions .................................................. 20 3. ZOI Interim Survey Population .................................................................. 22 3.1 Demographics ................................................................................... 22 3.2 Living Conditions ............................................................................. 25 3.3 Education ........................................................................................... 26 4. Household Economic Status ....................................................................... 29 4.1 Daily Per Capita Expenditures ...................................................... 30 4.2 Prevalence and Depth of Poverty in the ZOI ........................... 32 4.2.1 The $1.25 Poverty Threshold ....................................... 33 4.2.2 The National Poverty Threshold ................................. 35 4.2.3 The National Extreme Poverty Threshold ................ 36 5. Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture .................................................. 39 5.1 Overview ........................................................................................... 39 5.2 Production ......................................................................................... 41 5.3 Productive Resources ..................................................................... 44 5.4 Leadership in the Community ....................................................... 47 5.5 Time Use............................................................................................ 49 Feed the Future Malawi 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report iii Table of Contents (continued) 6. Hunger and Dietary Intake .......................................................................... 51 6.1 Household Hunger .......................................................................... 51 6.2 Dietary Intake ................................................................................... 53 6.2.1 Dietary Diversity Among Women Age 15-49 Years ................................................................................... 53 6.2.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding .................................... 57 6.2.3 Consumption of Targeted Nutrient-Rich Value Chain Commodities ............................................. 62 7. Nutritional Status of Women and Children ............................................ 67 7.1 Body Mass Index of Women Age 15-49 Years ......................... 67 7.2 Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight Among Children Under 5 Years .................................................................................. 67 7.2.1 Stunting (Height-for-Age) .............................................. 68 7.2.2 Wasting (Weight-for-Height) ....................................... 70 7.2.3 Underweight (Weight-for-Age) .................................... 72 8. Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................... 75 8.1 Summary of Key Findings ............................................................... 75 8.1.1 Household Economic Status ......................................... 75 8.1.2 WEAI Indicators .............................................................. 75 8.1.3 Hunger and Dietary Intake ............................................ 76 8.1.4 Nutritional Status of Women and Children .............. 76 8.2 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 77 References ........................................................................................................................... 79 List of Appendixes Appendix 1. Supplementary Data and Figures .............................................................. 83 A1.1 Interim Feed the Future Indicator Estimates ............................. 83 Appendix 2. Methodology ................................................................................................. 86 A2.1 Sampling and Weighting ................................................................. 86 A2.2 Poverty Prevalence and Expenditure Methods ......................... 88 Price Adjustments and Conversions ........................................... 90 Currency Conversions Using CPI and PPP ................................ 91 Weights ............................................................................................. 92 National Poverty Thresholds ........................................................ 92 International Poverty Threshold of $1.90 (2011 PPP) ............ 93 A2.3 Criteria for Achieving Adequacy for Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Indicators .................................... 95 Appendix 3. Feed the Future Alignment with Food for Peace for Data Collection in Malawi ..................................................................................... 98 Feed the Future Malawi 2015 Zone of Influence Interim Assessment Report iv List of Tables Feed the Future Zone of Influence indicator estimates: Malawi ........ xiv Table 1.1. Population of individuals, by category, in the ZOI, Malawi 2015 .......... 5 Table 1.2. Number of households, by category, in the ZOI, Malawi 2015 ............ 6 Table 1.3. Agricultural yields and marketed volumes at national levels ................. 7 Table 2.1. Data sources and dates of the baseline and interim Feed the Future indicators ............................................................................................. 9 Table 2.2. Sample size estimate for the four key indicators and exclusive breastfeeding................................................................................................... 13 Table 2.3. Results of the household and individual interviews for the ZOI interim assessment in Malawi 2015 ........................................................... 16 Table 2.4. Seasons of data collection for key indicators in the interim report ............................................................................................................... 17 Table 3.1. Household demographic characteristics .................................................. 23 Table 3.2. Characteristics of the primary male and female adult decisionmakers ............................................................................................... 24 Table 3.3. Household dwelling characteristics ........................................................... 25 Table 3.4. School attendance and educational attainment ...................................... 27 Table 4.1. Daily per capita expenditures by household characteristic (in 2010 USD) ...................................................................................................... 31 Table 4.2. Poverty at the $1.25 (2005 PPP) per person per day threshold ........ 34 Table 4.3. Poverty at the national threshold of 85,852 MK/person/year ............