Krasnaya Zvezda”

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Krasnaya Zvezda” Universidade de Sao~ Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciencias^ Humanas Departamento de Historia´ Programa de Pos-Gradua´ c¸ao~ em Historia´ Economica^ \Krasnaya Zvezda" Uma leitura pol´ıtico-econ^omica da primeira utopia liter´aria sovi´etica Pedro Ramos de Toledo S~ao Paulo 2019 Vers~ao Corrigida Universidade de Sao~ Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciencias^ Humanas Departamento de Historia´ Programa de Pos-Gradua´ c¸ao~ em Historia´ Economica^ \Krasnaya Zvezda" Uma leitura pol´ıtico-econ^omica da primeira utopia liter´aria sovi´etica Pedro Ramos de Toledo Dissertac¸~ao apresentada ao Programa de P´os- Graduac¸~ao em Hist´oria Econ^omica do Depar- tamento de Hist´oria da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ci^encias Humanas da Universidade de S~ao Paulo, para obtenc¸~ao do t´ıtulo de Mestre em Hist´oria. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Bernardo Murtinho Peric´as S~ao Paulo 2019 Vers~ao Corrigida Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Toledo, Pedro T649k "Krasnaya Zvezda": uma leitura político-econômica da primeira utopia literária soviética. / Pedro Toledo ; orientador Luiz Bernardo Pericás. - São Paulo, 2019. 256 f. Dissertação (Mestrado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de História. Área de concentração: História Econômica. 1. Revolução Russa. 2. Bolchevismo. 3. Marxismo. 4. Utopia. I. Pericás, Luiz Bernardo, orient. II. Título. UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE F FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS ENTREGA DO EXEMPLAR CORRIGIDO DA DISSERTAÇÃO/TESE Termo de Ciência e Concordância do (a) orientador (a) Nome do (a) aluno (a): Pedro Ramos de Toledo____________ Data da defesa: __13___/__12___/_2019___ Nome do Prof. (a) orientador (a): Prof. Dr. Luiz Bernardo Murtinho Pericás_ Nos termos da legislação vigente, declaro ESTAR CIENTE do conteúdo deste EXEMPLAR CORRIGIDO elaborado em atenção às sugestões dos membros da comissão Julgadora na sessão de defesa do trabalho, manifestando-me plenamente favorável ao seu encaminhamento e publicação no Portal Digital de Teses da USP. São Paulo, __13__/__02___/__2020_____ (Assinatura do (a) orientador (a) Cr´editos das imagens Capa:\Marciano de Aleksandr Bogd´anov", ilustrac¸~ao de G. Memtchenko, 1979. Introduc¸~ao: Capa da 1a edic¸~ao de \Krasnaya Zvezda", autor desconhecido, 1908. Cap´ıtulo 2:\Bogdanov" (circa 1904). Fotografia extra´ıda do arquivo de Simona Poustilnik, publicada pela primeira vez no Nezavisimaya gazeta, novembro de 1904. Cap´ıtulo 3:\Enno e Leonid visitam o museu", 1a edic¸~ao de \Krasnaya Zvezda", autor desconhecido, 1908. Cap´ıtulo 4:\Lenin como convidado de M. Gorkii joga xadrez com Aleksandr Bogd´anov", fotografia de Yo. A. Zheliabuzhskii, Capri, It´alia, 1908. Conclus~ao:\Rabotniki", ilustrac¸~ao de Vladimir Lebedev, 1923. Aos meus pais, pelo amor e paci^encia incondicionais, A` minha filha Julia, luz da minha vida e raz~ao do meu ser, A` minha amada companheira L´ıvia, amor da minha vida. N~ao imagino meu mundo sem voc^es. Agradecimentos Existe uma fantasia bastante difundida acerca do of´ıcio do pesquisador. Nessa fantasia, o pesquisador ´e geralmente representado como um ser distanciado, dedicado `a solit´aria tarefa de produzir conhecimento, de trazer luz sobre aquilo que n~ao ´e conhecido. Essa vis~ao ´e t~ao rom^antica quanto falsa. Se um texto carrega a marca autoral de seu autor, tamb´em ´e certo que este ´e um trabalho dotado de sociabilidade, em que diversas pessoas deixam suas marcas, mesmo que invis´ıveis, em sua confecc¸~ao. Tal produc¸~ao ´e tribut´aria, como expressou Walter Benjamim de forma t~ao bela, `a \corveia an^onima dos contempor^aneos". Este ´e o momento em que dedicamos algumas palavras de agradecimento a todos aqueles que contribu´ıram muito mais do que estas poucas palavras deixam transparecer. Em primeiro lugar quero agradecer `a minha fam´ılia. Aos meus pais, Ana Maria e Rubens Eduardo, pelo profundo amor e dedicac¸~ao que sempre dedicaram a mim e aos meus irm~aos e pelo exemplo de humanidade que nos proporcionaram; `a L´ıvia, esposa, companheira e amor da minha vida, pelo apoio e carinho incont´aveis e sem os quais este trabalho n~ao seria poss´ıvel; `a minha amada \filota" Bijuca, linda e talentosa, cuja presenca¸ abencoa¸ os meus dias; aos meus irm~aos Julio´ e Caio, pelo companheirismo e exemplo de integridade; aos meus sobrinhos Dudu e Flora, com seus sorrisos largos e risadas gostosas; `a minha tia Lu, pessoa de uma alma gigante, pelos caf´es, bolos e companhia; aos meus sogros Iuri e Kengo e `a minha cunhada Luciana, pelo carinho e apoio. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Luiz Bernardo M. Peric´as, por ter me acompanhado nessa jornada, sempre paciente e atento. Aos Profs. Drs. Ricardo Musse e Jos´e Antonio Vasconcellos, membros v da banca de qualificac¸~ao desta Dissertac¸~ao, pelos preciosos conselhos e considerac¸~oes que em muito contribu´ıram para a elaborac¸~ao deste trabalho. Aos professores Ricardo Musse, Jos´e Antonio Vasconcellos, Marcos Tadeu del Roio, Fabio Mascaros Sobrinho, Uiran Gebara da Silva e Francisco Assis de Queiroz por honrarem este trabalho com seu aceite para a participac¸~ao da banca de defesa. Ao meu amigo e camarada Uiran, pela generosidade de seus conselhos, pela leitura cuidadosa e palavras de apoio. Voc^e vale seu peso em ouro, meu caro. Ao meu comparsa Tiago Atorre, visto pela ultima´ vez cavando buracos na terra dos cangurus. Voc^e faz uma falta danada, magrica.¸ Esse mundo n~ao te merece. Agradeco¸ tamb´em `as minhas queridas amigas Carine, Sofia e N´adia, e ao querido amigo Rangel, que acompanharam e participaram do desenvolver deste trabalho em nossas reuni~oes semanais. Para a Carine, um docinho; para a Sof´ıssima, um cuscuz; para o Rangel, lasanha de funghi secchi; e para a N´adia, mulher guerreira, alguma iguaria sem carne. Deixo meu agradecimento aos amigos que fiz no decorrer da P´os-Graduac¸~ao e em especial `a Ra´ıssa e ao Robson, casal de ouro com o qual consumi muitos litros de caf´e e com quem tive excelentes conversas. Lembrem-se: Star Trek > > > Star Wars. Fica registrado meu abraco¸ especial ao pessoal do LEMARX: Fernando, Francisco, Anderson, Ilan, Anoush, Thomas e Mateus que, sob a coordenac¸~ao do Prof. Musse, me proporcionaram um ambiente rico em debates e reflex~oes. A` minha querida professora de russo Aninha, que tem me aguentado nos ultimos´ 15 meses, agradeco¸ pelas aulas e pela enorme ajuda na transliterac¸~ao e no cotejamento da traduc¸~ao da obra aqui analisada, \Krasnaya Zvezda". O comunismo triunfar´a, guerreirinha. E, n~ao menos importante, um abraco¸ de sequoia a todos os meus amigos que acompanham minhas presepadas h´a mais de duas d´ecadas: Ao Tiago e `a Veruska, os melhores m´oveis da minha casa; `a Camila, t~ao brilhante quanto generosa; ao Berns e `a Claudinha, pelas pessoas lindas que s~ao; ao Hans e `a Carol, pela maravilhosa companhia; ao Nogs, Fi e Mau, Paulinho e vi Andr´e, exemplos de que alguns afetos n~ao se apagam com tempo; ao Rodolfo e `a Alana, pelas noites cheias de dados e amizades; `a Lana, por cuidar dos meus gatos como se fossem seus (mas n~ao s~ao, viu?); A Lucas, pelas feijucas incr´ıveis; ao Raiji, alma iluminada e unica´ lembranca¸ boa que tenho do quartel; ao Marcosa, o cara mais porreta de Gotham City; ao Luiz, artista brilhante e pai do ic^onico Rato Robson; ao Mac´e, cuja generosidade s´o ´e menor que sua colec¸~ao de jogos de tabuleiros. A` CNPq, agradeco¸ pela bolsa concedida. Aos secret´arios do Programa de P´os-Graduac¸~ao, pelo relevante servico¸ que prestam para a pesquisa nacional. E a todos os marcianos que, n´aufragos nestes tempos sombrios, n~ao perdem de vista um novo mundo poss´ıvel. vii Resumo Dentre os diversos pensadores russos que compunham a velha guarda bolche- vique na d´ecada de 1900, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Malinovskii (Bogd´anov) ´e talvez a personagem menos estudada pela historiografia do per´ıodo pr´e- revolucion´ario russo, embora tenha desempenhado um papel crucial nos primeiros anos de formac¸~ao do Partido Oper´ario Social Democrata Russo (POSDR) e sua obra tenha tido grande import^ancia no campo da cultura nas primeiras d´ecadas do s´eculo XX. Apenas recentemente ´e que a obra de Bogd´anov passou a receber atenc¸~ao de estudiosos no Ocidente. Dentre seus trabalhos publicados at´e o final dos anos 1920, posteriormente censurados sob o regime estalinista, destaca-se \Krasnaya Zvezda" (Estrela Vermelha), publicada em 1908 em meio a um importante debate t´atico e filos´ofico com Lenin. Nessa obra de ficc¸~ao cient´ıfica, Bogd´anov, atrav´es dos olhos de um jovem bolchevique, apresenta a seus leitores uma utopia comunista em Marte, resultante de uma revoluc¸~ao levada a cabo trezentos anos antes dos eventos de 1905. Esta pesquisa analisa a obra \Estrela Vermelha" de Aleksandr Bogd´anov, tendo como pano de fundo os diversos debates formativos da In- telligentsia social-democrata russa e, de forma mais espec´ıfica, a controv´ersia estabelecida entre Lenin e Bogd´anov sobre os caminhos pol´ıticos e econ^omicos a serem trilhados para a construc¸~ao do socialismo. Assim, este trabalho contribui para mais bem compreendermos as imbricac¸~oes entre os debates existentes no seio da Intelligentsia revolucion´aria e sua pr´axis delimitada pelas especificidades do cen´ario hist´orico russo a partir das ideias pol´ıticas e econ^omicas de Bogd´anov, expressas como exerc´ıcio imag´etico em sua utopia liter´aria.
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