May, 1916 15 Cents Review A CRITICAL SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIALISM

WITHDRAW FROM MEXICO!

Dangers of a Citizen Army

Is India's Loyalty Forced?

Free Speech and the Flag

NEW REVIEW PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION 256 Broadway, New York Review Contents, May, 1916 REPRESENTATIVE SOCIALIST OPINIONS PAGE CURRENT AFFAIRS: Leaders 135 Withdraw from Mexico!; The Kaiser's Nationalism; The Teachers Organize; of L. B. Boudin's Congressman London on Immigration. Notes 138 IMMIGRATION PROBLEMS 143 Moses Oppenheimer THE DANGERS OF A CITIZEN ARMY 144 Frank Bohn THE ISSUE IN SCHENECTADY 146 SOCIALISM AND WAR Isaac A. Hourwich COMPANY OWNED TOWNS IN CALI- FORNIA 148 Austin Lewis INDIANS FORCED LOYALTY 149 Eugene V. Debs—Boudin's Socialism and War is a masterly re- Laj pat Rai HYPHENATED POETS 151 view and summing up of the war from a Socialist viewpoint and Ernest A. Boyd deserves the widest possible reading and circulation. THE THIRD INTERNATIONALE 153 FREE SPEECH AND FLAG IDOLATRY 155 Theodore Schroeder Joshua Wanhope—Boudin's work is well worthy the attention of FICTION STANDARDS-^OLD AND NEW 157 Mary S. Oppenheimer every careful student of the problems raised by the war. BETWEEN THE LINES 159 Richard Perin Appleton THE PLAYS 161 A. M. Simons—It is the only war book by an American Socialist The German Way; Erdgeist; that has added anything to the Socialist view of the war. Justice. BOOK REVIEWS 162 "The Sorrows of Belgium"; A Big Novel in a Bigger Bun- Austin Lewis—Boudin's Socialism and War is to a Socialist a dle; Meteorological Magic; In- most striking utterance on the conflict. * * * No student of modern equality of Races. conditions can afford to miss it. A SOCIALIST DIGEST 166 The Split in the Social Democracy; Magon Brothers Arrested Again; Ger- man Labor Unions and the Class Struggle; Fooling the German Censor. Isaac A. Hourwich—This is an honest book, which is quite rare in Copyright, 1916 by the New Review Publishing Ass'n. these days. The author starts by candidly admitting the contradic- Reprint permitted if Credit is Given. tions, brought to view by the war, between Socialist theory and practice, and seeks a way out.

Leo Deutsch—Boudin's new book has all the good qualities of his To Our Readers volume on the Theoretical System of Karl Marx—comprehensive- ness, depth of analysis and a thorough knowledge of the subject un- der consideration. Boudin has something new and interesting to tell to all his readers—to those familiar with the subject as well as The paper market has been those new to the same. / demoralized by the war to an unprecedented extent. All publishers suffer, particularly California Social Democrat—Of all that has been said and written, small publishers. Hot only L. B. Boudin's book, Socialism and War, is probably the most con- has the price of white paper risen tremendously, but some- cise and inclusive statement of the problem. times the paper cannot be had. This is why the present issue of the NEW REVIEW is Handsomely Bound in Cloth. $1.10, Postpaid. printed on inferior paper._

We will endeavor to secure our regular stock for our next issue. But it does not depend NEW REVIEW PUBLISHING upon us, but upon the condi- tions of the paper market. ASSOCIATION 256 Broadway, New York City. New Review A CRITICAL SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIALISM VOL. IV. 15c. a copy May, 1916 $1.50 a year No. 5

Hence their great joy at the news of the "punitive expedition." Current Affairs To imagine that Mr. Wilson and his immediate advisers are so stupid that they could not see what Withdraw From Mexico! was clear to everybody else, is, of course, utterly absurd. The Administration went into Mexico with HE inevitable has happened. The first clash its eyes open and fully expecting all that has hap- between our troops and the peaceful Mexican pened since. When Mr. Wilson gave the order to T population has occurred. In this first clash our troops to cross the border into Mexico he knew two American soldiers and forty Mexican civilians that long before they would get anywhere near lost their lives. That this clash was bound to occur Villa, "dead or alive," our soldiers would be killing sooner or later was evident all along, and must have civilian Mexicans and occasionally be killed by them. been known to the Administration in Washington, The sending of our troops into Mexico was there- as it was known to and hoped for by the interests fore either a momentous crime or a stupendous piece clamoring for intervention. That many more are of hypocrisy. Possibly both. bound to occur if our troops remain in Mexico much That Mr. Wilson does not want any war with longer is equally self-evident. And this, quite irre- Mexico is perhaps true. In fact very likely so. It spective of whether or not our soldiers in Mexico has been Mr. Wilson's chief characteristic since he are "looking for trouble," and deliberately provok- has assumed office to mean well and do wrong. He ing the Mexicans to deeds of violence. The fact that lacks the backbone which is necessary to translate in the clash at Parral only two Americans were good intentions into proper deeds. He was opposed killed as against forty Mexicans would go far to dis- to Preparedness, but was bowled over by Mr. Roose- prove the "peacefulness" of our troops there, and velt—swept off his feet by the Preparedness wave. would certainly indicate that the "attack" by the He is opposed to intervention in Mexico, but dared Mexicans was provoked. But even if the semi- not oppose the Hearsts, the Otises, and the clamor official version of the affair published by our "patri- of their yellow press. When the interventionists otic" newspapers be taken as true, the real character staged the Columbus "raid" he was bowled over and of this shameful business remains the san:e. The into the "punitive expedition"; probably hoping, like fact is that the very presence of our soldiers in Mr. Micawber, that "something might turn up" to Mexico is provocation enough to the Mexican popu- extricate us from the difficulty. lation. Unfortunately the nefarious business is such that You cannot send your armed forces into a neigh- nothing can "turn up" to extricate us from its boring country on a "punitive expedition" and ex- meshes. On the contrary: the further we go, the pect the inhabitants of that country to receive them more deeply involved we become; and whatever may with open arms; no matter what the official attiude now be expected to "turn up" will make our turning of the de jure or de facto government of that coun- back more difficult. try may be. This is particularly true in a case where The fact is that we have but one alternative left: your intentions to "intervene" in, or "protect," the either instant withdrawal of our troops, or "inter- neighboring country have been heralded far and vention," war, and conquest. wide, and there is more than reasonable ground to As Senator Stone, the chairman of the Senate believe that the "raid" which brought about the Committee on Foreign Affairs, has very frankly put "punitive expedition" was a "put up job" and the it: "The only alternative to withdrawing our troops "punitive expedition" itself merely the opening is intervention, sooner or later." phase of a permanent occupation. The clash be- Which shall it be: withdrawal or intervention? tween our troops and the Mexican population could This is the question that is up to Mr. Wilson. But therefore be foreseen and safely predicted the day this question is also up to the working class of this when our first soldiers crossed the border. It was country. If it raises its voice in favor of withdrawal foreseen and predicted by the interventionists. it may stiffen Mr. Wilson's back, and he may yet 136 NEW REVIEW defy the criminal clique clamoring for intervention, The new nationalism in the East of Europe is in- and order the withdrawal of our troops before it is vented to avoid the terms annexation or conquest, at too late. The workers of this country must there- which even some of Scheidemann's followers might fore let their voice be heard in the clear and ex- balk. Poland and the Baltic provinces are a tooth- plicit demand: some morsel to the German annexationists. On the WITHDRAW FROM MEXICO ! land east of the Baltic dwell the feudal landlords, L. B. B. German of origin and tongue, closely akin to the Prussian Junkers in their economic and political The Kaiser's Nationalism make-up. They have changed masters time and NCE again the mouthpiece of the Kaiser has again, ever willing to serve new sovereigns as long spoken in the Reichstag about peace terms. as their feudal prerogatives were not abridged. They O His words were aimed less at the deputies have furnished the Czar innumerable willing tools than at those outside, both in Germany and beyond. of oppression. They are ready to serve the Kaiser The groans for the end of the slaughter are getting on the terms of their former allegiance. Every Prus- more and more insistent, in spite of the censored sian Junker knows that if he knows little else. This newspapers and letters. They indicate a rising de- independent Nationalism simply means the exploita- mand for the terms of peace acceptable to official tion of the quasi-independent nationalities by Ger- Germany. That is the meaning of von Bethmann- man capitalism.—M. O. Hollweg's latest utterance. The chancellor was forced to shift his ground, to come more into the open. Mere phrases about the The Teachers Organize defense of Germany's soil, her dignity and security, were found altogether inadequate. HE teachers of New York City have just Forced to make concrete statements, the chancellor formed a union and affiliated it with the A. F. delivered no harangue about "the freedom of the T of L. This step, no longer revolutionary even seas" or "the place in the sun." He buckled on the in America, will do much to bring an important body armor of gallant chivalry and appeared in the arena of public servants abreast of the times. In England, as the champion of the oppressed minor nationali- a powerful teachers' organization has existed on a ties. It is by no means a new part. It has been trade union basis for more than twenty years. What played before by such actors as Napoleon III. and the is the result? Three representatives in the House Russian Czars. of Commons stand guard over the teachers' interests, As an impersonator of that role, the German chan- their pay is high, their profession is respected, and cellor is awkwardly handicapped. The history of their opinion is valued and courted by education Hohenzollern policy weighs him down. Over the authorities throughout the nation. In consequence, face of the world flits a sardonic smile when Prussia the elementary grade teacher in a London public advocates the national claims of the Poles, Lithuan- school is treated somewhat like a human being, en- ians, yea, even the Belgian Flemings, their sacred joys greater freedom from irksome supervision, and right to the use of their varied tongues. Von Beth- has more to say about the conditions of his or her mann-Hollweg assumes that the world outside of work than the teacher of the same grade in any other Germany knows nothing about the ruthless way in large city on record. which the Polish, Danish and French speaking sub- Contrast the London situation with that of the jects of the Kaiser have been maltreated these many hitherto non-unionized teacher in New York. The years for the crime of using their mother tongues. unlucky woman (or man) who serves in the New Possibly the chancellor thinks Talleyrand's saying York schools is trained like a high-grade profes- that "language is used to conceal thought" still holds sional, paid like a low-grade artisan, treated like a true. The world, however, is now a century older. factory hand, and worked like a machine. The It has learned a little. It has learned, among other treadmill to which the requirements of the curricu- things, to dissect diplomatic phrases, to guess the lum and the caprices of tyrannic supervisors con- real meaning behind them. demn them is so crushing to the spirit and exhaust- It is perfectly plain what the chancellor, or his ing to the body that Ixion's revolving fate is, by master, has in mind regarding the former Russian comparison, a picnic in a Ferris wheel. territory now occupied by German military forces: What people do not realize is that there has crept an Eastern replica of the "Rheinish Confederation" into our school system a hierarchy of officials who of the first Napoleon, a nominally independent na- lord it over the teacher, and exercise a more arbi- tionalism entirely under Prussian influence and con- trary power than any hierarchy of officers in a regu- trol. The Flemings are thrown in for good measure, lar army. From a physical point of view the life of as a sort of blind. They certainly are not clamoring a private at the mercy of a Prussian drill sergeant for liberation by the Kaiser. may be rougher than the life of a New York peda- CURRENT AFFAIRS 137 gogue at the mercy of an inspecting superintendent. Congressman London On Mentally or spiritually, the difference is all in favor of the Prussian private. For no Potsdam Junker Immigration would dare be guilty pf such insolence in office, HE Burnett-Smith Immigration Bill has passed cynical indifference to merit, or ruthless display of the House of Representatives and is now power as the examiners practise daily in the schools T pending in the Senate. When the bill was they control. Our children feel this tyranny no less under consideration by the House Committee on keenly than their teachers. The visit of an examin- Immigration and Naturalization, our Socialist Con- ing superintendent is as welcome to them as a cat to gressman appeared before the Committee and spoke a bowl of gold fishes. His presence in the classroom, in part as follows: while the teacher cringes humbly at the blackboard "I am opposed to the literacy test, although, as and the children shrink nervously in their seats, is Mr. Morrison knows, I have devoted all of my con- a spectacle to incense every spirited man or woman scious life to the interests of organized labor. I be- and to shatter the confidence of the blindest parent lieve organized labor has been the greatest factor for in this bureaucratic training of their offspring. good, not only for the working class but for the The Union will have to make clear to the public American people. However, in opposing immigra- why it aims at the elevation of the teacher to a place tion, they are on the wrong track. They point only of independence and self-respect. This elevation is to the immigrant as their enemy. Instead, they the most essential step in any real reform of com- should take the millions of women and children who mon school education. How can we improve the compete with the men out of the factories and mills. pupil unless we first improve the master? An un- They might as well prohibit the birth of children, derpaid teacher means an undertaught child, a ha- because every child that is born to a working man is rassed teacher means a harassed child. We hear a greater burden upon him than any immigrant that a great deal nowadays about the "new" educa- may arrive. They are following the old fallacy tion. Enthusiasts paint idyllic pictures of the advocated by Malthus in 1798. He spoke of the evils Gary plan, the Lanier plan, and other plans that are to mankind of overpopulation when America had a to transform the schoolroom from a prison to an population of only about 3,000,000 people. . earthly Paradise. And many fine words are spoken To my way of thinking, every human being has a about replacing the old unconscious education by right to go to any part of the world, and no man the new self-conscious education. But fine words has a right to claim that any particular section of butter no parsnips. The amiable theorists who re- this globe has been specially designed by the Al- commend the Gary plan completely overlook the mighty for him. God has never issued any such agents on whom the execution of this plan devolves. decree. What results can we expect from a Gary plan in the "Mr. JOHNSON. Do you include the Chinese? hands of a typical public school teacher? Exactly "Mr. LONDON. The Chinese are human beings. what we might expect from a compound microscope The question of the Chinese and Japanese creates in the hands of a Hottentot. another difficult race problem, and, so far, the United If our reformers neglect this indispensable pre- States have been unable to solve the race problem liminary reform, their efforts will resemble those of they have on their hands now. Therefore, it would the man with a gloomy room, who put a more cheer- be very unwise to create additional race problems, ful paper on the wall, laid a more buoyant carpet on and it is a very serious matter whether anybody the floor, and gave a more brilliant varnish to the should advocate a state of affairs that would create furniture, but forgot to insert another window. The a new problem." inference is patent. The free teacher, the teacher Thus, on the one hand, "every human being has a relieved of supervisory persecution, the teacher who right to go to any part of the world," and "the Chi- is given something to say about the pupil's training nese are human beings," consequently—you might as well as something to know about it—above all— infer—the Chinese have a right to go to any part of the teacher with a good income, adequate leisure, the world, including the United States. But, on the and b. rains enough to put these personal advantages other hand, the admission of the Chinese and the to a social use, is the additional window through Japanese would add "another difficult race problem" which the light of a better education must pass. to the Negro problem, and "it would be very unwise This conclusion is a ready weapon. It is the handle to create additional race problems," therefore no- by which the Teachers' Union should swing its pro- body "should advocate a state of affairs that would gram and stamp its purposes on the community. If create a new problem." Plainly speaking, nobody it does so adroitly, it need not fear that even the should object to the provision of the pending bill ex- bogey of a unionized teacher will deprive it of intel- tending Chinese exclusion to the Japanese and other ligent public support or hamper it in becoming a Asiatics. power towards democracy in our schools.—F. G. Mr. London being the sole representative of the 138 NEW REVIEW Socialist Party in Congress, his statement will be French Socialists and the growing influence of the taken to express the official position of the Socialist peace propaganda within the French Party. Party on immigration. While a large portion of the It is significant of the difference of conditions in party membership will doubtless endorse his posi- the Socialist parties in Germany and France, re- tion, it is well to remember that the Socialist party spectively, that the war-enthusiast Herve should feel as a national body has never officially committed constrained to resign from the French Party's Ex- itself to that policy. In 1907 Mr. Morris Hillquit ecutive Council because he finds himself out of har- was instructed by the party to introduce, at the mony with the majority of the party, at the very Stuttgart International Congress, a resolution time when Haase was forced out of the German against the immigration of "backward races," but Party's Executive Committee because of his opposi- the resolution was defeated by a majority of 900 tion to war. against 100. Since that time a resolution to the Whether or not Herve's resignation from the same effect was adopted at the State Convention of party's Executive Council also means his withdrawal the Social Democratic Party of Wisconsin in 1910. from the party itself, it is hard to say from the mea- The matter was brought up at the national conven- gre reports which reach us from France in war time. tions of the party in 1908, 1910, and 1912, commit- But that is by no means impossible. Herve's career tees were appointed to "study" the immigration has been so erratic that almost anything may be question (Mr. London was on one of those commit- expected of him. And while no one doubts his hon- tees) , but no other action has ever been taken. esty or sincerity of purpose, his qualities of mind Speaking as-the sole representative of the Socialist and temperament—particularly temperament—are Party in Congress, Mr. London accordingly had no such as to make his passing from one extreme to authority to declare in favor of Asiatic exclusion. another a very easy matter. Neither could he have derived this authority from Herve's voluntary retirement from the Executive the Socialist organization of his own Twelfth Con- Council of the French Socialist Party also calls to gressional District of the State of New York, or mind what to many seemed the anomaly of his pres- from the voters of that district, -as they are in favor ence on that Council for many years past, and points of unrestricted immigration. to a difference in the methods of internal adminis- Mr. London, by his compromise, apparently in- tration between the French Socialist Party and some tended to conciliate the American Federation of other Socialist parties—the American Socialist Labor, whose secretary was present at the hearing Party for example—well worth noting. while the Congressman addressed the Committee. During practically all of the years of his member- But his diplomacy is doomed to failure. Asiatic ex- ship in the Executive Council, Herve was in a hope- clusion is, after all, but a local issue, confined to the less minority within the French Socialist Party. Pacific Coast. Those who believe that restriction of And with his bellicose temperament and far-famed immigration will improve the condition of American power of invective he was always a thorn in the side labor are more concerned about the three millions of of the leaders representing the majority sentiment European immigrants than about the 48,000 Jap- of the party. But neither his theoretical heresies, anese who were added to the population of the nor his practical non-conformism in methods and United States from the census of 1900 to that of modes of agitation, had any effect upon his position 1910. As Congressman Johnson of the Committee on the Executive Council. The French Socialist on Immigration put it at the same hearing—"if a Party believes in minority representation. As Paul Japanese and a Greek are contesting for a job at Lafargue once put it: "We keep Herve on the Ex- $1.10 a day, is not that an economic problem in the ecutive Council because he is in a minority." United States?" L. B. B. Logic is certainly on his side. Whoever acquiesces in Asiatic exclusion cannot consistently oppose immi- Poor Economy and Worse Radicalism gration restriction in general. There can be no com- OME time ago the National Committee of the promise between the position of the Stuttgart Inter- Socialist Party decided not to hold its regular national Socialist Congress and that of the American S annual meeting this year, owing to the fact Federation of Labor.—/. A. H. that the National Convention was expected to be held at about the same time when the National Committee was wont to meet. Then the party mem- Herve Resigns bership decided by referendum that there should be USTAVE HERVE, former anti-militarist no National Convention. Since the referendum agitator and latter-day war-enthusiast, has several attempts have been made to reconsider the G resigned from the Executive Council of the decision abolishing the meeting of the National French Socialist Party. The reason for his resigna- Committee, but so far none of them have met with tion is the slackening of the war ardor among the any success. As a result, all the important matters CURRENT AFFAIRS 139 connected with the coming National campaign, as hopes to land it is hard to say, but we venture the well as all the momentous questions growing out of shrewd guess that he is aiming as high as the United the European War and the Preparedness agitation, States Supreme Court, or at least the New York are practically left in the hands of a small executive State Court of Appeals. There has been a vacancy committee of five. That this is anything but a satis- in each of these great tribunals during the past few factory situation goes without saying. But in the months, and certain activities of Mr. Gompers co- present mood of the party there seems little hope of incident with these vacancies clearly point to the improvement. fact that he is endeavoring to qualify for either or The opposition tp the National Convention as well both. as to the meeting of the National Committee is based Whether or not the Grand Old Man of the Ameri- mainly on two grounds: Some "practical men" in can labor movement will succeed in his ambitious the party think that a lot of money can be saved by designs upon the bench we do not pretend to be able not holding any conventions or any meetings of the to forecast. There is no historic precedent for it. National Committee. And some of the "radicals" Until a few years ago, and as long as the policy of within the party think that since our National Con- "no politics in the union" was adhered to, the highest ventions and National Committee meetings are "run" office a labor leader ever attained was that of Com- by the opportunists it is just as well not to have any missioner General of Immigration. But with the in- at all. auguration, a few years ago, of the policy of "re- There is, of course, no doubt that considerable warding our friends and punishing our enemies," a money can be saved by not holding any conventions new era seems to have dawned upon the labor move- or delegate meetings of any kind. But even more ment of this country. With ex-labor leaders sitting money could be saved by maintaining no national in the cabinet, there seem to be no political heights organization, or any State organizations for that to which an able and ambitious labor leader might matter, and doing away with a lot of other "useless" not climb. Not even the sanctus sanctorum of things in our movement. To spend enormous sums American political institutions—the United States of money on a vast and intricate organization-ma- Supreme Court—is quite beyond his reach. chinery and to deprive it of the proper guiding spirit But whether or not Mr. Gompers actually suc- and working efficiency in order to save a paltry few ceeds in landing upon the bench, one thing he has thousand dollars is certainly poor economy. already succeeded in—in -proving his eminent fitness for the same. In fact, "pre-eminent" would express And the "radicals'" objections to convention and it more correctly. For persons of Mr. Gompers* N. C. meeting are no better, if not actually worse. typically judicial cast of mind are becoming rather That the National Convention of 1912, with its rare, even in the circles from which the higher ranks "Section Six," etc., should have made some of the of our judiciary used to be recruited. With Mr. party membership think with horror of all party Perkins as an apostle of profit-sharing and Mr. Gary conventions and meetings of delegates is not surpris- showing dangerous leanings towards government ing. But the remedy applied by them is worse than regulation of industry, even some of our "best" cor- the disease itself. If the party is ever to come out poration lawyers would fail to qualify as fit succes- of the slough of despond into which it has been sors to those of our judges whom Mr. Roosevelt so steered by our opportunist leadership during the irreverently described as "fossilized." past years, general discussions such as are carried on at and in connection with General Conventions If this goes on much longer, the only place where are absolutely indispensable. And when no General an honest, old-fashioned oipholder of the Constitution Convention can be had, a meeting of the National and protector of the "freedom of contract" could be Committee is the next best thing. found would be the labor movement; or the Ameri- can Federation of Labor, to be more exact. By all means, let the National Committee meet and perform the duties imposed upon it by the Con- Of course we haven't reached that point yet. stitution of the party. L. B. B. There still are—the Lord be thanked—good, old- fashioned corporation-lawyers who believe in free- dom of contract and abhor all governmental inter- Mr. Gompers Qualifying for the Bench ference with the liberties of the people. These are URING the past couple of years or so, it has mainly in the employ of good, old-fashioned indus- been becoming increasingly manifest as time trial magnates who still believe in "the public be D went on that Mr. Samuel Gompers is pos- damned" as a business policy. But we defy any one sessed of the laudable ambition to don the judicial of these survivals of the fast-becoming-extinct race robe. And during the past few months it has be- of constitutional lawyers to turn out anything as come quite evident that he is an- active candidate for fine in defense of the good old doctrine of laissez judicial office. Just what particular judgeship he faire and freedom of contract as Mr. Gompers' arti- 140 NEW REVIEW cles in the last couple of issues of the American Fed- August Tribunal on Earth"; but we believe that Mr. erationist, nor his recent speech before a Committee Gompers will find its atmosphere more congenial to of Congress in opposition to Congressman London's his spirit than that of the federal Supreme Court. Health Insurance resolution. We have a lurking suspicion that the U. S. Su- Not since the late Justice Peckham has delivered preme Court is not as strong now on "freedom of his famous opinion in the case of Lochner v. New contract" and "liberty of the individual" as it was a York, some twelve years ago, declaring the New decade or so ago. It should be remembered that York eight hour law for bakery workers unconsti- Lochner vs. New York was decided by a bare major- tutional, has anything written against labor legisla- ity of 5 to 4. Since then, all but one of the judges tion had the true ring of the fiery periods which Mr. who stood with Justice Peckham for the sacred Gompers has penned within the last two months principles of laissez faire have gone the way of all against the eight hour law, minimum wage laws, and flesh, to be succeeded by men of a newer generation, health insurance laws. In fact, even Mr. Justice men whose orthodoxy in this respect is not quite Peckham's brilliant prose pales in the presence of above suspicion; while all but one of the judges who the poetical heights reached by Mr. Gompers in de- voted for the abrogation of the liberty of the bakery fense of the principle of the free exploitation of workers by giving them a legal eight hour day are labor. A comparison of choice passages from Mr. still on that bench. The prevailing tone of its deci- Justice Peckham's celebrated opinion and Mr. Gom- sions is therefore not quite what it used to be. On pers' recent writings will show that in falling upon the whole the court seems to be leaning to the opin- Mr. Gompers, the judicial robe worn by Judge Peck- ion of Mr. Justice Holmes, who dissented vigorously ham would attain added lustre. from the decision in the Lochner case, giving it as Said Judge Peckham in Lochner vs. New York: his opinion that the Fourteenth Amendment has not "There is no reasonable ground for interfering made Spencer's Social Statics a part of the U. S. with the liberty of person or the right of free con- Constitution. Such a view would undoubtedly not tract, by determining the hours of labor, in the occu- harmonize with Mr. Gompers' expressed view that pation of a baker. There is no contention that Spencer's Social Statics are part of the philosophy of bakers as a class are not equal in intelligence and the American Labor movement, and should, there- capacity to men in other trades or manual occupa- fore, be part of any Constitution that is intended to tions, or that they are not able to assert their rights protect "voluntary institutions." and care for themselves without the protecting arm On the other hand, the New York Court of Ap- of the State, interfering with their independence of peals still seems to breathe the spirit of voluntarism judgment and of action. They are in no sense wards in its pristine purity. It holds aloft the ancient tra- of the State." ditions of Spencerianism — modern heresies evi- Says Mr. Gompers in the April Federationist: dently not having made any impression upon it. The decision in Ives vs. South Buffalo Railway Com- "Compulsory sickness insurance for workers is pany, declaring the New York Workmen's Compen- based upon the theory that they are unable to look sation Law unconstitutional was unanimous, and after their own interests and the State must inter- most of Judge Werner's associates who concurred pose its authority and wisdom and assume the rela- with him in deciding that case are happily still tion of parent or guardian. among the living. Mr. Gompers should feel decidely "There is something in the very suggestion of this at home in their company. relationship and this policy that is repugnant to free- Besides, there seems to be a particular fitness of born citizens. Because it is at variance with our things in the direct succession of -Mr. Gompers to concepts of voluntary institutions and freedom for the seat of Mr. Justice Werner. There is so much individuals, Labor questions its wisdom." similarity in their thought processes. Their minds There cannot, therefore, be the slightest doubt of seem to have been fashioned in the same mould. To the fact that Mr. Samuel Gompers is pre-eminently cite but one example: fit to occupy the place on our Supreme Court Bench once filled by the Hon. Rufus W. Peckham. In his famous opinion in the Ives case, Mr. Justice But it is even more fit that Mr. Gompers should Werner said that workmen's compensation laws be made a member of the New York State Court of might be good enough for Germany, but wouldn't do Appeals—filling the niche in that court left vacant for the United States. Now hear Mr. Gompers in by the recent death of Mr. Justice Werner, the the April Federationist: author of that great court's celebrated opinion in "It is difficult to make a parallel between our the case of Ives vs. South Buifalo Railway Company, country and Germany. The spirit of the people and declaring the New York Workmen's Compensation the institutions of the country are so totally differ- Law unconstitutional. The New York Court of Ap- ent. In Germany, the principle of State control and peals may not be as exalted a tribunal as "The Most regulation is accepted. The whole of the govern- CURRENT AFFAIRS 141 ment and regulation of social relations and private In this connection we desire to again call the at- relations are under the control and direction of the tention of our readers to the "open letter" which the central government. . . . The workers of America Lettish Socialist Party addressed to the German adhere to voluntary institutions in preference to Socialist Party on August 20th, -last, and published compulsory systems which are held to be not only in the Socialist Digest department of the NEW impractical but a menace to their rights, welfare REVIEW in our issue of November 15, 1915. The and their liberty." opening paragraphs of that remarkable document If it were not for Mr. Gompers' well-known read as follows: probity we might almost suspect him of having "With the victory of the German murderous guns, plagiarized Judge Werner. voices are heard in commanding circles of Germany And then, think of the truly poetic justice in hav- demanding the annexation of the Baltic provinces in ing the great opponent of Workmen's Health Insur- the interest of German imperialism, at the same time ance legislation inherit the dignity and the emolu- putting forth the hypocritical phrase of 'liberation' ments of the great nullifier of the Workmen's Com- of this territory from the Russian yoke. It is to be pensation Law! regretted that the fairy tale of 'liberation' through Judge Werner's mantle has fallen upon Mr. Gom- the grace of Hindenburg finds an open ear among pers—his robe should go with it.—L. B. B. those German social-democrats who hope for liberty and democracy not from proletarian mass will and Damning With Faint Praise mass struggle but from the victory of the military N speaking of the nomination of Allan L. Ben- power and the insight of the ruling classes. This son as the presidential candidate of the Socialist compels us to issue the following declaration: I Party, the New Republic says: "The Lettish population of Courland and Livonia "Mr. Benson ought to make an excellent campaign. does not want any 'liberation' through the German He does not suffer from a Marxian technique. He military power. The Lettish masses cherish no hate talks the language of American radicalism, and his of the German people, but they justly fear that a approach is more like that of the older muckrakers possible annexation by Germany would strengthen than of the hard intellectualists who constitute the anew the shaken domination of the Baltic-German priesthood of Socialism. Mr. Benson will carry Junkers. The Baltic provinces are united with much conviction because he begins not with a few Russia economically and politically, and any annex- concepts about property and the class struggle, but ation would inflict heavy blows on the whole life of with a rough-and-tumble experience of American the country. But first of all: the class-conscious business and politics." Lettish proletariat which has struggled for decades We do not know whether Comrade Benson is shoulder to shoulder with the revolutionary Russian thinking of suing the Neiv Republic for libel. But proletariat is firmly convinced of the inevitable vic- we have no doubt that the New Republic will soon tory of the Russian revolution, and expects its free- get its answer from Comrade Benson in a "key-note" dom solely and exclusively from this victory, but address in which the class struggle raging within never from the victory of the German (or the Rus- our social system and the class character of our sian) guns, Zeppelins and submarines." movement will be duly emphasized.—L. B. B. Let this protest be heard far and wide! Let it reach the ears of the rank and file of the German Lest We Forget Socialist Party. It may not deter Messrs. Scheide- N view of the hypocritical statement of the Ger- mann, Ebert, David & Co. from their course. But man Imperial Chancellor about Germany's plans it may keep the Socialist proletariat of Germany I of "liberation" for the "submerged nationali- from following these misleaders of the working ties" within the domain of its enemies, particularly class.—L. B. B. Russia, and the even more hypocritical approval of these plans by the socialist majority in the Reichs- The Right Answer to Wrong Criticism tag, it is well to remember that the nationalities in HE Bethlehem Steel Corporation, in its annual question do not want to be "liberated" by Germany, T report to the stockholders, says, among other and that the majority leaders of the German Social- things: ist Party know it. This fact should always be borne "Your attention is called to the fact that a bill in mind, and should be reiterated by our press as is pending in Congress and has, with the support of often as possible — so that Messrs. Scheidemann, the Secretary of the Navy, been recommended for Ebert, David & Co. may know that the socialists of passage by the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs the neutral countries are "on" to them and their providing for the building by the government at an hypocritical cant. expense of $11,000,000 an armor plant with a ca- 142 NEW REVIEW pacity of 20,000 tons a year. and we must not limit our attack to Militarism, "This capacity provides for more than double which is merely the agent or symptom of the Im- what have been the average actual requirements of perialistic structure.—M. B. the U. S. for armor over the past 20 years, and if such a bill is passed the value of the existing armor Stray Notes plants in this country will be virtually destroyed. Bethlehem Steel Company has more than $7,000,000 Mr. George Sylvester Viereck threatens to vote now invested in its plant devoted to this use, and the Socialist ticket at the next Presidential election, useless for any other purpose. and to have many other German patriots resident in "Your officers have appeared before the Senate the United States do so. There is, of course, no way Committee on Naval Affairs and urged the defeat in which the Socialist Party could protect itself of the pending measure. As it is frankly declared against such an invasion of Huns. No amount of that the sole purpose of the proposed enterprise is "preparedness" will do against an enemy who that the government may secure its armor at a lower works in the secrecy of the ballot box. Nor will in- price, your officers have submitted the following junction proceedings lie. But the Socialist Party proposition to the Federal Government: should lose no time to make it clear to Mr. Viereck "We will agree to permit any well known firm of and his friends that their votes are not wanted. chartered public accountants to inventory our plant and make careful estimates of the cost of manufac- The New Jersey Parole Board has refused to ture; with that data we will meet the Secretary of parole Pat Quinlan. The New Jersey Parole Board the Navy and agree to manufacture armor at a knows by whose grace and why it is there. Let us price which will be entirely satisfactory to the Sec- hope that the working class of this country will retary of the Navy as being quite as low as the price soon come to understand why Pat Quinlan was put at which the Government could possibly manufac- and is kept where he is. ture armor on its own account after taking into ac- count all proper charges. As a concrete working Bernard Shaw has been talking some common basis for such negotiations Bethlehem Steel Com- sense to the Irish. It is a pity that the Jews have no pany has offered to manufacture one-third of the Bernard Shaw among them. Not only is common armor plate required for contemplated five year sense much more rare, since the war, among the naval programme (estimated approximately at Jews than among the Irish, but the consequences of 120,000 tons) for a price of $395 per ton for side this lack of common sense are much more tragical armor as compared with the price of $425 per ton for the Jews than for the Irish. now obtaining." "It may be added that while all other steel prices The editor of the New York Call is evidently have greatly increased, the foregoing figure at which badly in need of an occasional reminder—which we now offer to make armor for the United States is ought to be administered to him from time to time not only a lower price than has been paid by the Gov- by the proper authorities—that the attitude of a ernment for more than ten years but it is also a Socilaist Party organ on the question of labor legis- substantially lower price than is paid for armor by lation should be governed by the Socialist Party Japan, Austria, Germany, France, or England." platform, and not by Mr. Gompers' opinions on the Even if this proposition is rejected it would be subject. futile to argue that since the Government is in a position to manufacture double the war material that the Steel Corporation turned out, -the danger of At the recent hearing on the London Health In- war is altered or lessened. As long as the enlarge- surance resolution Mr. Gompers gave it as his opin- ment of markets for products and capital is indis- ion, that if the statistics quoted by some of the pensible, necessarily by force as a last resort, just speakers as to the condition of the workers of this so long are we in danger of war, irrespective of country be true, then the fifty years of his, Mr. whether the instruments of the process are of public Gompers', activity in the labor movement was so or private manufacture. much time wasted. He did not say whether for The importance of war-profits is entirely second- himself or the labor movement. But whichever he ary to the larger fact that guns and ammunition are had in mind, we can assure Mr. Gompers that the the best salesmen to sell products other than them- statistics in question are quite true. selves. We Socialists must therefore attack the present Germany fighting for the freedom of small nation- system not because it makes its guns at an exces- alities, and us getting ready to fight for the rights sive price, but because it should have an inherent of humanity. need for guns at any price. This is Imperialism, It is to laugh. IMMIGRATION PROBLEMS. 143 Immigration Problems By Moses Oppenheimer HEN I came to this country, a generation Incidentally, Theodore Roosevelt seized upon the ago, the waves of immigration were far hysteria caused by the assassination of President W from being as high as they became in the McKinley to graft upon the immigration law most last decade. There were trade unions patterned drastic provisions against political refugees, styled chiefly after those of Great Britain. There was also as anarchists, without encountering any serious op- the rising organization of the Knights of Labor, position on the part of the American working class. more progressive and more aggressive than the Still unrest and discontent grew. Still the A. F. other hosts.- Sam Gompers had not yet become a of L. leaders cast about for means to stem the wave national figure, being then only a humble member of immigration. Their efforts culminated in the of a cigar makers union and a devoted disciple of Burnett Immigration bill with its literacy test. his master, Daniel Strasser. Whether this bill, twice rejected, will now be en- In those days labor was not crying out insistently acted is a matter of speculation. One thing is cer- for anti-immigration laws, except in two specific tain, though. It will not bring the relief hoped for cases: A strong and justifiable demand was made by its sponsors and advocates. Economic laws will for the prohibition of importing European labor un- continue to operate in spite of petty political obsta- der contract, and for the exclusion of Chinese cool- cles. The problem of immigration will remain a ies, imported as semi-slaves. hard nut, not to be cracked by antiquated methods. It was asserted in support of the first demand that Labor must learn to face the situation courage- the masters of the mine and metal industry were ously and intelligently. Instead of looking upon the maintaining a force of agents in Europe importing newcomers as hostile competitors it must take ef- workers under contract, luring their victims with fective measures to make of them useful auxiliaries false pretenses and promises and using them to in the common struggle against the masters. down American workers by the competition thus The bulk of the immigrants come here to stay, to artificially and artfully created. On much the same become a part of our national life. Hence their grounds the workers of the Far West, particularly assimilation is of the utmost importance. They the Pacific Slope, cried for the exclusion of Chinese must not be encouraged in their tendency toward workers. Denis Kearney, the notorious "sand lots clannishness, forming compact colonies, keeping orator" of San Francisco, was elected mayor of the aloof from their fellow workers because of the dif- Golden Gate City on that issue. ference of language. Every big strike encounters The laws so vehemently called for were enacted, this difficulty. The cunning masters know how to and, on the whole, fairly well enforced. We all profit by it. They contemptuously refer to their know, though, that they did not usher in the mil- profit producers as Dagos, Wops, Hunkies, Kikes, lennium for American workers. and so forth. They surround them with an atmos- Organized labor remained unhappy. It diag- phere of hostility much as the master class in the nosed its ailments and concluded that its main ene- South does regarding the Negro. mies are the fellow-workers that flock to these shores To break this spell, the immigrants must learn at from other lands. To that quack diagnosis stuck least the elements of the English language and and stick even now many who had been drinking at familiarize themselves with the essence of American the well of socialism abroad in the days of their conditions and institutions. youth and enthusiasm. Night schools in many places endeavor to teach The agitation against immigration continued, al- the language of the country. Such action should be though a congressional commission sent to Europe encouraged, spread all over the land. It should be in the nineties of the last century could not discover made an integral part of our public school system the bugaboo of an organized conspiracy to bring everywhere. Of course, workers cannot profit much hordes of unwelcome laborers over here. There was by such instruction if they have to come to school more tinkering with the immigration law without tired in body and soul. Hence a shortening of the materially diminishing the influx. Instead of draw- workday is closely connected with this educational ing, as heretofore, from Germany, Great Britain and work. Scandinavia, the American labor market now drew While the teaching of the language may be left to increasingly from Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia the agencies of public education, if honestly under- and other southeast European nations, even from taken by them, the situation is altogether different Asia Minor. American labor failed to perceive that in regard to the information the workers should owing to the rapid development of capitalism tre- obtain as to our conditions and institutions. In this mendous economic forces kept on operating like a respect we have grave reasons for mistrust. There gigantic sucking pump. is real danger that the teaching would be mislead- 144 NEW REVIEW ing, colored, distorted. The task of giving the actual the Negro and the "white trash." In other fields facts will have to be undertaken by those in full the newcomers would be used as mass strike pre- sympathy with labor. This side of the problem has venters or strike-breakers. All the fine phrases of thus far been scarcely visualized, its solution not yet the labor philanthropists only conceal the actual been attempted. purpose of the master class. The experience in the Of another need we hear a great deal of late. The mining and metal industries should drive home that distribution of the immigrants. There is general lesson. agreement that distribution is desirable, that it To be a blessing and a benefit, distribution must calls for organization. The question is whether dis- be taken up by labor itself in a thoroughgoing man- tribution is to be directed for the benefit of the im- ner and in a spirit of genuine brotherly helpfulness. migrants or in the interests of the masters. Here That implies a revolution in the outworn methods of the roads part, the interests clash sharply. organization. It means that the doors of the organ- The masters would like to direct the stream so as izations must be kept wide open to receive the new- to increase their harvests, to create a sort of labor comers as helpers, not as enemies. It opens vistas so irrigation system. They would send a part down clear and far reaching that labor leaders of the South to share in the oppression and degradation of Gompers or Lennon type shrink back. The Dangers of a Citizen Army

By Frank Bohn

HE strength of the working class in the indus- A citizen army of ten millions of men would mean trial conflicts of today lies in the fact that it that the non-commissioned officers alone would num- T is in opposition to the present government ber a million and a half. Here is live bait for the and social order. The worker is tied to authority game fish of the working class. The uniform, the through his job alone. As a producer on the job it flag, above all the privileges and the emoluments is instinctive for him to fight against authority and attaching to the service will bind the young working- constantly demand conditions more in harmony with men to order in a way to prevent revolutionary his own interests. ideas from even taking root. As a member of any sort of militia force the view Imagine a perfectly healthy boy of twenty stand- of the worker changes automatically. In time of ing for twelve hours a day in the elevator of an peace the militiaman is paid not to work or fight but apartment house on Central Park West. His wages to amuse himself while holding himself in readiness are ten dollars a week plus such dimes and quarters for the miserable service of breaking strikes. Leav- as are thrown to him, as scraps from meals are ing the shop or mine the worker proceeds to the thrown to a dog. The ladies and gentlemen who use annual militia encampment as to a Sunday school the elevator never see him unlessMt be to frown when picnic. It is his only chance to breathe fresh air the service does not suit. The maid whom he helps during the entire year. Discipline is a joke. He down with the baby carriage feels herself to be his drills two or three hours a day at most. He is fed social superior. Whenever he saves enough money perfectly good food and lives in a comfortable shel- to buy himself a decent meal he becomes nervous ter tent. He wears good clothes, plays much at through surpressed energy. This boy enjoys no cards, and spends his dollar a day for drink. social diversion whatever—indeed, the only social Returning to his home, the member of the militia contact he knows is with a half-dozen of his fellow force finds that the state furnishes him with a very lackeys. His future is a blank wall. The boy reads good club house in the form of an armory. The in the newspapers that a hundred extra men are means of social diversion are paid for out of the needed to fill up a militia regiment for the summer public treasury. If he remains in the militia for a camp, or perchance at the nearest mail box is hung considerable length of time he almost automatically the well known advertising poster of the regular becomes a non-commissioned officer. Puffed up army enlisting officer. Who but a fool would blame with a little brief authoiity his patriotism waxes as that boy, despite any preconceived notion he may every proletarian instinct wanes. In his own opin- have, for accepting with ardent interest the life and ion as well as in that of his relatives, and of his view point of the soldier? There open before him young women friends, he has become a person of possibilities of a social intercourse such as thereto- importance. fore has been denied to him. DANGERS OF A CITIZEN ARMY 145 One of the most popular fallacies of persons not capitalism. We shall presently have municipal and in the habit of observing the simplest facts is the national ownership of enormous industries employ- conception that women are naturally opposed to ing millions of persons. Bills have already been in- war. If women were seriously opposed to war there troduced at Washington looking to the preferment would be no war. It is a commonplace of sociology of ex-soldiers and ex-sailors in the public service. that the fantastic dress of fashionable woman is The whole matter is simplicity itself. We have two effected largely for the purpose of winning in the millions of railway workers alone. Nationalize and struggle of sex competition. The showy uniforms municipalize industries employing five millions of of the army and navy are, unhappily, infinitely more men, select the railway employees and others with interesting to women than to men. It is a positive reference to their services in the citizen army, and fact that in every European city the average work- slavery will be entrenched with militarism, as it is ing girl will take part of her wages received on Sat- in Germany. urday night and turn it over to a soldier on Sunday afternoon, thus paying for the privilege of appear- THE ARMY AND THE URGE TO MAKE WAR ing with him in public. An average fourteen year Can you imagine a baseball team or a hockey team old girl in Europe knows every detail in the cut and being most carefully practiced at the sport for twen- color of officers' uniforms. She will tell you the ty years and never being permitted to play a match exact difference between that of Uhlan and Hussar game? Imagine two such teams in adjoining fields, at the first glance across the street. Militarism has hearing each other's boastful shouts, season after not yet permeated the mind of America. But if we season. Every point of the other fellow's game is wish to know^the far-reaching result of the estab- carefully studied by experts. Wagers are made. lishment of a citizen army of ten millions of men in Compliments and sneers are alternately hurled America, go and study the women at a West Point across the fence separating the two fields. Miles dress parade or at an Army-Navy football game. away, here and there in an attic, is an old woman Following the Women's Peace Conference at The hoping that the two teams may never cross bats. Hague last year one of the most luxuriously gowned Suppose we have in New York harbor the officers American delegates, on her return to New York, ex- and crew of a merchantman. They are drawing pressed the opinion that wars would never cease much less than their service wages and their entire until male citizens in civil life begarbed themselves duty consists in cleaning the ship and talking to in more beautiful and more interesting clothes. one another. The ship has not sailed the seas for Of all the horrible paradoxes of militarism none a generation. If, perchance, an order comes for the is more indefensible to a thinking mind than the ship to sail, every officer will have his pay quad- pageantry of the army in times of peace. Three rupled and every member of the crew will think that days after your soldier goes into his first fight no he is going to become an officer. Their names and beast of the wilderness presents so horrible a pic- pictures are to appear in the newspapers. Crowds ture. His yellow-green clothes are smeared with of the populace will come and bestrew the deck of mud and grime. His filthy and verminous person the ship with roses. Does the crew wish to sail? reeks beyond the imagination of his friends at home. Army life in time of peace is at best a dull game. Pictures of heaps of men frightfully mutilated by A healthy young second lieutenant of the regular shell fire are now quite familiar to the newspaper army, after a few years' service, arrives at a time reading public. As a blind to this inevitable result where he hates himself and his job. The single crav- of war, the showiness of militarism in time of peace ing of his heart is war, to relieve the monotony, to is the cheapest swindle which our ruling classes em- give him at once promotion and pay, to offer him, ploy in the process of misleading the ignorant. Yet above all, opportunity for distinction and perhaps it has always worked and still does work success- enduring fame. fully. The commissioned officers of the army and navy in every country are a powerful social class whose A CITIZEN ARMY AND STRIKES political influence is limited only by their numbers. We have seen in France and Italy the result of These officers constitute a free masonry conspiring universal military service as employed in times of night and day, year in and year out, to throw the large strikes. Practically every worker between various nations into war. the ages of twenty and forty-five is a member of If we have been at peace in America one reason the reserve. A call to the colors puts an end to the is that our army and navy are so small in numbers. strikes in twenty-four hours. The primary purpose As it is, the influence of these services at Washing- of the political action on the part of the working ton is beyond anything that the public has yet con- class is to preserve and increase political and legal ceived. Increase the regular army to half a million, freedom. With "the call to the colors" all political with forty thousand officers, and the citizen army and legal freedom come to an end. The next step in to ten millions with half a million officers, and the mr social evolution in America is municipal state business of preparing for war will become a large 146 NEW REVIEW part of the work of the nation. it has lost every trace and semblance of moral re- On August 1, 1914, the general staff of the Ger- sponsibility; to place before the eyes of this young man army assured their government that they would person the assured rewards of obedience and of serv- take Paris in a month and seize the vast colonial ice; and then to expect a mind so fixed in its pur- empire France had been so long building and which pose to mutiny against every tradition and law of the ruling classes in Germany and Austria crave its training, is for us to play the fool and surrender to the core of their hearts. The Russian general our first line forces into the hands of our enemy. staff, no doubt, assured the Czar that their army Military drill, say the advocates of a citizen army, was quite competent to proceed to Berlin. Long will bring to the young workers good health, the before the war cloud appeared, General Sir John bearing and self-respect of soldiers and education French, on learning that the English army was held toward a better social order. To which we reply in light esteem in Germany, declared that he hoped that any person so misled had better go to the files with all his heart to be soon given an opportunity of the War and Navy Departments and furnish to prove their worth. themselves with much needed information. The A powerful force of American regulars enters statistics of venereal diseases among the young men Mexico and the name of Pershing becomes first on of the army and navy are in themselves enough to the lips of a hundred millions of people. An un- condemn those institutions to instant abolition as known colonel, who would have been retired because terrible public dangers. In view of the fact that of age into impenetrable obscurity within 90 days, our young men, and young women, too, are very has the good fortune to command the advance of the much in need of physical and mental training, is it invaders. They come upon the enemy asleep in their not possible for us to devise some method to attain blankets. The commanding officer does exactly what that end which will not involve jingoism and flag any commanding officer who is a professional soldier worship, self surrender and enslavement to the past, would have done in any country in the world—he moral perversion and unthinking murder for hire? commands his force to instantly attack the sleeping outlaws and thirty are shot dead before they have their eyes open. A bill is at once introduced into The Issue in Schenec- congress to make this colonel a brigadier general. He knows—and the whole army knows—that, in tady case of promotion, the name of Dodd will be writ- By Isaac A. Hourwich ten into every school history of the public schools of AYOR LUNN of Schenectady, who was the United States for generations to come. elected last November on a regular Social- Militarism grows by what it feeds on. The danger M ist ticket, has been read out of the Social- of war increases with the increase of the forces of ist party by its State Committee. The charge war. Enlist ten millions of young wage-workers and against him was that he had made an appointment farmers into the army and they will push with all over the objection of the local "organization" and the power of their lives in the direction of the battle declined to appoint the candidate recommended by field. Nothing is so soon forgotten as the horrors of the organization. war. With peace the picks and spades will be laid It is not clear whether the duties of the office in aside and the dirty yellow brown uniforms forgot- question offer the incumbent an opportunity to put ten. The militarism of peace, with its enchanting Socialist principles into practice, or pertain merely music, it's clean, soft silken flags, it's fine, well- to routine matters. groomed horses and the applauding women, will all It appears that some time ago the State organi- appear again, whereupon, with the growth of a new zation of the Socialist party adopted a rule requiring generation of fools the whole cycle is lived over all Socialist officials to make all appointments from again. a slate fixed by the organization, and that Dr. Lunn SOME FOLLIES OF THE CIVILIAN MIND voted in favor of that rule. Dr. Lunn claims, how- We are told that a citizen army will give the work- ever, to have told the local organization in open ers an opportunity to become proficient in the use meeting that he would accept the mayoralty nomina- of arms and thus place physical power in their tion upon the express condition only that he should hands, which power may on some future occasion be not be bound by that rule. This claim has not been employed in their own interests. denied by his accusers. Let us lean upon no such broken reed as this. To The issue between the Mayor and the party or- place the boyish mind in the entire keeping of the ganization reduces itself to the question, "Who is military retainers of the ruling class; to train that to make the appointments to city offices; the Mayor infant mind until it becomes an unthinking part of elected by the voters, or the local organization of the military machine; to discipline that mind until the Socialist party? THE ISSUE IN SCHENECTADY 147

The party organization holds that the Mayor owes what it is. Recent history of some "Socialist" labor his election to the nomination he has received from organizations, East and West, has brought to public the Socialist party; that the latter stands sponsor notice the existence of well-oiled machines, engineer- before the people for the success of the Socialist ad- ed by leading Socialists, who are fattening on the ministration ; that the success or the failure of the fruits of "industrial peace," while the rank and file same will affect the prospects of the party in other complain that they are starving. elections, and that the party must therefore exercise With these examples before them, people with a control over the appointments to city offices. skeptical turn of mind, while conceding the lack of To this Mayor Lunn answered, in substance, that effective control by the voters over their elected of- he has been elected to office by the votes of the citi- ficials, will be inclined to ask who is going to exer- zens of Schenectady and that he is responsible to cise control over the "organization." them for the administration of the affairs of the city; The new Socialist local of Schenectady numbers that he must, therefore, exercise his best judgment about 250 members, while the number of enrolled in the selection of officials who may be entrusted Socialist voters under the direct primary law is with the city's business, and that he cannot dele- about 2,000. The vote by which Mayor Lunn was gate his authority in this matter to any self-ap- elected was about thrice that number. pointed body of private individuals, who are not ac- The anonymous Two Hundred and Fifty thus ar- countable to the voters. rogate to themselves the right to govern the 5,000 It is said in reply by the spokesmen of the organ- voters who have cast their ballots for Mayor Lunn, ization that the Mayor's responsibility to the voters while he is to act merely as an executive official of is purely fictitious, inasmuch as the voters scatter the party local, not as the chief executive of the city. after election day and. have no agency for effectively This is "invisible government" with a vengeance. looking after their elected servants, whereas the The method by which Mayor Lunn and his sup- party organization is on the watch all the time. porters were ousted from the party follows the prec- It will readily be seen that the administration edent established by the S. L. P. in 1897. No mem- problems involved in the controversy between the ber of any society can be expelled without a trial. Mayor of Schenectady and the party organization Mayor Lunn was tried by the local, but the impeach- are not at all new. They have been the subject of ment against him failed to secure the two-thirds public discussion and legislative action since the majority required by the State Constitution of the days of Mugwumpery. Tammany Hall, the Penrose party. To circumvent this constitutional obstacle machine, and kindred bodies, always insisted that the State Committee withdrew the charter of the their candidates, if elected, were to be mere "rub- local and organized a new local, from which Mayor ber stamps," whose only function was to record the Lunn and his supporters were barred. will of the organization. The movement for political Whatever may have been the "high crimes and reforms, which is slowly but surely sweeping the misdemeanors" of Mayor Lunn, for which he was country from end to end, aims to wrest from the thus made to forfeit his citizenship in the embryonic organizations of politicians the control over the ma- "co-operative Common wealth" known as the Socialist chinery of government and to restore it to the voters. party, it is obvious that his "abettors" have merely So long as the Socialist party was merely a prop- sinned by voting against his expulsion from the aganda society which was amusing itself with play- party. This act in itself constituted no offense ing "caippaigns," it was free to assume an attitude against the State Constitution, as one might disap- of superiority toward the "middle class" political prove of the appointment of city officials by the "nostrums." Now, however, that it is coming into Mayor, instead of by the party local, and still con- power in spots, it is confronted with the same prob- sider the penalty too severe. Of course, they could lems of political organization as the old parties had set themselves right before the party by promising to face before. in the future to vote as advised by the State organ- Of course, the Socialist party claims to be made ization. By what warrant of authority, however, of different stuff than the old parties; it is supposed could that or any other official cancel their member- to be an organization of idealists concerned solely ship in the party without the formality of a trial about the common weal. Those who have read upon charges preferred against each of them in- Gustavus Myers' "History of Tammany Hall" will dividually? remember, however, that originally the Wigwam This high-handed proceeding shows that, while was also an organization of idealists, devoted to the the Socialist party may treat with tolerance mem- principles of the French Revolution, that manhood bers who, like Mr. Charles Edward Russell, dissent suffrage was won for the State of New York by the from the accepted principles of International So- Tammany of that heroic period. As soon, however, cialism, the same leniency need not be expected by as it gained control of political power, it became the offenders, where political jobs are at stake. 148 NEW REVIEW Company Owned Towns in California Bv Austin Lewis

FEW months ago a detective for the dominant against gambling were being violated, and that the lumber company who was also a deputy- defendant in breaking into the room of the deceased A sheriff, was shot by some Italian laborers at on the occasion of the shooting was actually within Scotia, California. Among other grievances of the his legal rights." On the contrary the court told the laborers against the detective it was charged that he jury that the breaking into the room of the deceased was partial and unfair in the enforcement of pro- by the defendant "was a wrong" (quoted from the hibition, which the company had forced on the town. opinion). It was also charged that he acted as a spy upon such The Court refused to permit the defendant to laborers as did not deal at the company store. show that the penalty of violating the rule against A recent decision in a case, where practically a gambling would be the discharge of those found similar state of facts existed, but where the com- therein engaged from the employment of the com- pany's agent did the shooting, deserves attention. It pany and furthermore disallowed testimony which sheds a sinister light upon the management of such would have tended to show that the employees were towns. The view of the court is interesting, by rea- dissatisfied with the inhibition against gambling, son of its strange perversity, and as affording an- and had threatened to resist violently any officer other instance of the mechanical reaction of in- who invaded their room. dustrial events upon the legal mind. One might The judgment of the lower court was upheld upon easily be reading an English case of 1830 the ground that the accused had shown criminal neg- This historic decision is entitled "People of the ligence in the use of his weapon. All the questions State of California vs. W. P. Sidwell, Vol. 21, Cal. of the invasion of the rights of the individual by the Appellate Decisions, p. 705," and was handed down forcible entry of an armed officer into his room were a few weeks ago. Following is an abridged state- ignored. ment of the facts as set out in the opinion. The outrageous killing is described by the court The town of Westwood was brought into existence as a "most unfortunate affair"; "but," to use the lan- by the Red River Lumber Company, some three guage of the opinion, "precisely how or in what man- years ago, and there are approximately 2,500 em- ner the pistol was discharged the evidence does not ployees of the company. The company prohibits the disclose, nor, indeed, under the circumstances, is it. use of intoxicating liquors and also forbids gambling to be supposed that anyone should know unless it in the town. was the defendant himself." Judge Burnett adds to the court opinion the fol- The company employed a special officer who was lowing remarks: "The mere circumstances that also a deputy sheriff. He was instructed to break gambling was carried on was not sufficient, as I open any room or to enter any house where he sus- view it, to justify the defendant in breaking through pected that gambling was going on, so as to be able the door with a loaded pistol in his hand. His de- to report the names of the parties so employed to sire and that of the company to suppress gambling the company and to bring about their discipline and was, of course commendable, but the method re- probably their dismissal. W. P. Sidwell was at times sorted to was too drastic. Human life is too pre- mentioned a special officer of the company. cious to be jeopardized for the purpose of ascertain- On March 14th, 1915, Sidwell heard voices in the ing whether parties are engaged in a peaceful game Hotel Swille about midnight in room 8. He broke of poker. Defendant should have directed the in- open the door, taking his pistol in his left hand and mates to open the door before resorting to such vio- thrusting the door with his right shoulder. As he lence, and I think he should have gone away, rather pushed the door his pistol went off simultaneously than plunge into the room with his loaded revolver and shot and killed an Italian laborer, called Escri- in his hand. Our aversion to vice should not blind vano, who was sitting at a table in the room thus in- us to the more vital consideration of life itself." vaded. Sidwell was found guilty of involuntary This sort of work by the courts makes peaceful manslaughter in the lower court and sentenced to development exceedingly difficult. Two men are un- one year's imprisonment. der a life sentence in a California jail for no other He appealed from the judgment on the ground that crime than taking the leadership of a strike of mi- the lower court erred in refusing to instruct that gratory workers in which an officer was killed. Now "the company had the right to authorize the accused we find that the killing of a migratory worker by to break into rooms and houses for the purpose of a corporation official is reckoned as merely culpable ascertaining whether the rules of the company negligence and punished accordingly. INDIA'S FORCED LOYALTY 149 India's Forced Loyalty By Lajpat Rai NDIA is profoundly stirred. There is a great have declined the offers of personal military service deal of unrest, dissatisfaction and discontent, from the people except from those who have joined I both visible and latent. The repressive meas- the army as regular soldiers. The offers of educated ures taken by the British Government within the men were rejected, both in England and India. The last ten years have driven discontent underground requests for military training were refused and the and produced a party which, forsaking constitu- number of permits to keep arms has been substan- tional agitation, has taken to the use of bomb and tially reduced. revolver in furthering their objects. The rulers of Native States have no doubt made The war has made no difference in the activities manifestations of loyalty and have given substantial of this party, and evidence is not wanting that dur- help in the carrying on of the war and so have other ing the war, conspiracies of a wide spread nature rich people, but their position was such that they to overthrow the British Government have been could not do otherwise. The Native States have organized. Hundreds and perhaps thousands of practically no armies except such as are maintained persons have been tried and convicted of sedition for Imperial Service and controlled by the British during this time; numbers having been sentenced though paid for by the Native States. to death and the rest to long terms of imprisonment. Besides, Indians have nothing to gain by the vic- Whether all this is sufficient to justify saying, that tories of Germany. Men placed in such a position India is on the verge of rebellion, is problematic. as Indians are, have only two courses open to them, Yet it cannot be said that India is in love with Eng- either to organize rebellion or to take sides with land. the rulers. In the opinion of some it might have All the manifestations of loyalty made during the been politically wiser for them if they had kept war can be read in two different ways. India is neutral, but in a country like India such a position is loyal to Great Britain if by loyalty is meant the untenable, so it is no wonder that the articulate poi- utter helplessness of the people of India to do any- tion of the population decided to profess their loy- thing in the way of organizing a successful rebel- alty to the Government. lion to overthrow the British Government. The But along with these expressions of loyalty one population is disarmed; the manufacture and the can not fail to notice bitter complaints of the wrongs import of arms is prohibited. Except for those from which the country suffers at the hands of the regularly enlisted in the army there is no provision rulers. Even during the war these complaints have or chance for military training. found expression and the speeches of the Presidents So that outside of the military ranks there are of the Indian National Congress and the All-Indian not even a hundred persons in the country who have Moslem League, made at their annual sessions in had a military training. This figure does not in- December last, were nothing but a prolonged lamen- clude those who have been regular soldiers some tation over the country's grievances. Analyze these time or other in their lives. Their number can speeches; put the expressions of loyalty and the not be very large. The whole British army in India declarations of dissatisfaction in two different consists of 80,000 whites and 160,000 natives. So the country is completely emasculated, and columns and you will find which is the more weigthy considering the population there are very few who and how far vocal India is loyal or disloyal. have been permitted by the rulers to keep arms, On the credit side is the long continued peace either for purposes of defense or sport. In the light which India has enjoyed under British rule, the de- of these facts, the claim of the British authorities velopment of the country for purposes of commerce that India is "loyal to the core" is rather stale. A and irrigation and the bit of education which has disarmed nation, so completely cut off from outside been provided for by the Government. On the debit connections as the Indians, on account of their geo- side is a long array of grievances from which the graphical position, can not show their disloyalty in country has suffered: The most important of which any tangible way, even if they were inclined to do may be stated as follows: so, except by secret conspiracies and underground (a) The complete emasculation of the people by plots. being disarmed and debarred from military train- The regular soldier cannot refuse to fight; those ing of any kind. who dared to refuse were court martialled and shot. (b) The economic exploitation of the country by The most convincing evidence of Indian loyalty lies the foreigners, resulting in the extreme poverty of in the fact that even during the war the British the masses and the utter subordination of the classes. 150 NEW REVIEW (c) The neglect of education which keeps the they had never heard of before under native rule, figure of illiteracy as high as 95 out of every 100, but they forget that the British could not have gov- after one hundred years, or in some states, 150 erned India even for a day without doing those years of British rule. things for which they take so much credit. They (d) The absolute despotism of the Government, could not have governed India without using the debarring the people from any share in the deter- natives in subordinate positions, for which they had mination of its fiscal policy (or of any policy) and to be educated, or without building up a system of in the spending of its revenues. communications as they have done. All these things (e) The farcical nature of the representative in- have helped them not only in governing the country stitutions introduced into the country within the but in exploiting it mercilessly. last fifty years, no power being vested in the rep- Examined closely it would be found that the ad- resentatives of the people. vantages which the Indian people are deriving from (f) The almost complete debarring of the sons these things are only incidental. The native rulers of the soil from high offices of the State and the of India could not possibly have introduced these utter humiliation to which they are subjected by features for the simple reason that the world had the self-governing parts of the Empire. not then advanced sufficiently. On the other hand (g) The suppression of liberty of speech, liberty the British have systematically and deliberately of press and liberty of education. crushed everything which India had of its own. For Within the last five years two hundred and example: All its industries, including shipbuilding, twenty periodical publications have stopped publi- the use of the rivers as the great highways, the in- cation and numbers of editors and speakers have digenous skill in the manufacture of arms, the been sent to jail for violating the Press Act or other native institutions by which the village was a unit laws dealing with seditionary speeches or writings. of self-rule and the indigenous agencies for educa- The Government would not only not make an ade- tion have been killed and ruined. quate provision for education, either elementary or An Akbar or an Aurangzeb could not build rail- secondary or university, but would not allow private ways or telegraphs, or publish books or introduce agencies to do educational work, except under the steam power or electric power for the development most humiliating restrictions imposed by law or of industries, because these things were not known regulations having the force of law. in their time. These discoveries have changed the (h) The complete absence of any provision for face of the world. The true nature of the British technical education, industrial training or commer- Administration in India is discovered only by com- cial instruction. paring it with what has been achieved in Japan or In fact, the tale is so long and so bitter that a in California or in the South American Republics constant, repetition of it, every day of the year, is or even in the Philippine and Hawaii Islands within the chief business of the press and the platform in the last fifty years. India. The country is frequently devastated by The fact is that government of one people by an- famines and epidemics for which the economic other people can not be in the interest of the former. policy of the Government is held responsible. Suffi- A government imposed from without is generally, cient credit is given to them for what they do to if not always, for the benefit of those who constitute relieve and alleviate suffering. What is complained the government. The interests of the governed of is that under the fiscal policy so far pursued, country are secondary. To this principle, the Brit- nothing substantial has been done in the way of ish Government in India has been only too loyal. prevention. The result is that England has been enriched by The people of India possess generous impulses and its domination of India, and India has suffered are grateful even for small mercies. They are ready thereby. There is only one remedy and that is self- to recognize enthusiastically what has been done for government, whether voluntarily given, as it was them, but the existence of these grievances compels given to South Africa or Canada, or wrested by them to complain that the very fundamental consti- force as it was done by the Americans. The Indian tution of the Government is responsible for them. people may have to wait for some time before they No self-respecting nation can choose to be gov- succeed in gaining self-government, but succeed erned by a foreign people or to be loyal to such they will, as it appears from the great movement Government under any circumstances, and it would of liberty which is gaining ground sufficiently fast. be a libel on the people of India to say that they at- In another article we intend to deal with the ques- tach no value to independence or freedom and that tion whether the people of India are ripe for self- they do not like to be free and in control of their government or not, and what weight is to be attached own affairs. to the excuses which are made on behalf of those The representatives of the British Government who justify the continuance of the present despotism often boast of having done things for India which in that country. HYPHENATED POETS 151 Hyphenated Poets By Ernest A. Boyd HE sudden death of Stuart Merrill a few Socialist papers in the streets, but when he returned months ago added one more serious loss to to France these socialistic activities to some extent T those sustained by French literature dur- ceased. However they left their imprint upon his ing the past year and a half. It seems as if the ranks work; Merrill became the poet of "revolution," in of the older writers were to be depleted simultane- the sense that Whitman was and showed all his life ously with those of les jeunes in the trenches. Be- a constant bias in favor of those in revolt against ginning with Jaures, a tragic succession of deaths society. His verse is tinged with a sadness spring- has thinned the forces of what might be termed the ing from a sense of latent revolt, his sympathies go literary reserve: Jules Lemaitre, Paul Hervieu, out to the humble and oppressed, but it is only rare- Remy de Gourmont, and now, Stuart Merrill. ly that he allows his social iconoclasm to manifest The last-mentioned writer has perhaps a special itself openly, as in Le Vagabond, that fine poem interest for Americans, being one of the most dis- which closes his last volume, Une Voix dans la tinguished of those naturalized Frenchmen of letters Foule:— which the United States have given to contemporary O vagabond, j'entends, dans ta chanson sonore French literature. For, it is interesting to note, by L'ecroulement des tours des villes de la nuit far the most remarkable foreign masters of French Ou 1'incendie, ici et la, rougeoie et bruit, in recent times have been American citizens: Greece Et 1'eclat des clairons rouges de la revolte can point to her son, Papadiamantopoulos, whose Annoncant au soleil la nombreuse recolte fame was established in Paris under the now fa- Dont se rassasieront les pauvres de jadis. miliar name of Jean Moreas. Roumania is respon- Here one feels all the revolutionary ardor of the sible for quite a contingent of femme de lettres, no- poet as he broods over life, finding in the tramp who tably Helene Vacaresco and the Comtesse de Noailles. passes the symbol of that freedom which comes to These are the two most popular successors of De- those who live in contact with nature, who have cast metrios Bolintineano, whose Brises d'Orient, as far off the bonds of respectability. Yet, in contrast back as 1866, brought the Eastern rampart of Latin with Whitman, Merrill was rather conservative in culture to the notice of France, and earned for him his conception of poetry. the title of "Roumanian Lamartine." But the Amer- Educated at the Lycee Condorcet with Rene Ghil, ican contribution to French literature equals in Quillard, and George Vanor, he founded with them quantity, and surpasses in quality, that of Roumania, the short lived journal Le Fou, and collaborated in in spite of the latter's racial affinities. La Basoche, Le Decadent, and all the various re- Unlike his compatriots, Francis Viele-Griffin, views in which the Symbolists essayed their Renee Vivien and John Antoine Nau, Stuart Mer- strength, until finally Le Mercure de France served rill did not altogether abandon the land of his birth. to crystallize the new movement. He was born at Hempstead, L. I., in 1863, and in Stuart Merrill was a contributor to the Mercure 1887, when his first book, Les Gammes, appeared in from the start, and has been consequently identified Paris, he was a student at Columbia University. with the Symbolist group of which it became +he During this period he contributed critical articles centre. It must be said, however, that neither the to the Times and Evening Post, and in 1890, the form nor the content of his verse supplies any year of his return to Paris, he published Pastels in ground for the complaints and abuse showered upon Prose. This charming little volume of prose poems, the Symbolists. Compared with most of his friends Merrill's only book in English, consisted of transla- he showed a legitimate respect for the traditions of tions from the younger French writers, many of French poetry, and his verse presents fewer diver- the Symbolist generation, with whom he had been gencies from the accepted formulae than that of in contact while in Paris. Probably this work was Viele-Griffin. In this respect Merrill resembles the first introduction to an English-speaking public Henri de Regnier, whose admission to the Academy of Ephraim Mikhael, Pierre Quillard and Henri de was regarded as the final consecration of the Sym- Regnier, to quote some names subsequently asso- bolist school. ciated with the movement of which Merrill was an If Poe had been as great a poet as his disrepute exponent. might have indicated him, he would offer the nearest His student years in New York saw Merrill con- parallel in American literature to the poetry of verted to socialism, and were devoted to revolution- Stuart Merrill. The note of similarity is not so pro- ary propaganda rather than to law, the ostensible nounced in Poemes 1887-1897, the volume in which •subject of his studies at Columbia. He even sold were collected his three early collections of more 152 NEW REVIEW markedly symbolist verse, Les Gammes, Les Pastes in every feature, and her life in the English-speak- and Petits Poemes d'Automne. In these, as befitted ing colony of Paris, where she formed most of her a young pet chez Vanier, the claims of the then "new ties, seemed to belie the poetess of Evocation and poetry" had to be accentuated. But his second vol- Flambeaux Eteints. ume, Les Quatre Saisons, and also Une Voix dans Her literary personality found expression only in la Foule, supply numerous examples of that imagin- the purest melodies of the French tongue, in those ation which one feels in Poe, even when he fails passionate verses, whose intensity of emotion caused adequately to express it. La Mysterieuse Chanson her to be described as "the new Sappho." A species and Les Poings a la Porte might be cited to show of intuition, strengthened by the experiences of her how The Raven can be translated into terms of the own peculiar temperament, enabled her to trans- purest poetry. The length of these poems makes late, paraphrase and complete the thought of the quotation impossible, but the following verses, taken Greek singer whose spiritual descendent she was. from the manuscript of an unpublished poem may Her version of Sappho in 1903 attracted consider- serve to illustrate a characteristic aspect of Merrill's able attention on this score, and confirmed a rela- imagination: tionship suggested by her first volume, Etudes et LA DANSE DANS LE CIMETIERE. Preludes, published in 1901. Dansons au soleil, 6 ma Joie, Mention should be made of John Antoine Nau, of Sur les tombes de la Mort! San Francisco, whose fame as a novelist has over- Ta bouche est la grenade en proie shadowed that of the poet since 1903, when Force Aux desirs des abeilles d'or. Ennemie received the prize of the Goncourt Acad- emy. But it is more interesting to consider for a Pour mes chansons et pour ta danse moment the poet who alone represents a most credit- II ne faudra ni le cri able variety of "hyphenated American," since the Des pipeaux fous, ni la cadence death of Stuart Merrill. Francis Viele-Griffin was Des lyres dans le bois fleuri; born in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1864, while his father, General Egbert Louis Viele, was quartered there, in Mais seulement ta plainte, 6 brise charge of the Federal forces. In a recent novel Eve Qui dans les cypres t'endors, Dorre, his sister has related, with the poetic license Et le silence sans surprise of fiction, the circumstances of Viele-Griffin's child- Du sommeil eternel des morts! hood in Paris. After the Franco-Prussian war the In spite of a certain macabre element in his work, family settled in France, the country from which however, Merrill has always emphasized the aesthetic their Huguenot ancestors fled in the seventeenth cen- duty of the poet. His rejection of current social tury, and, while one brother, Hermann N. Viele, re- conventions did not leave him without a well de- turned to make a name as an American novelist, the fined morality. The true reformist spirit of the other became celebrated as a French poet. socialist is back of the conviction that "modern so- His first book, Cueille d'Avril, was published in ciety is an ill-made poem which we must correct. 1886, one year before Merrill's Les Gammes, and in In the etymological sense of the word a poet is rapid succession there followed the inevitable pri- always and everywhere a poet, and his duty is to vately printed plaquettes, and the little books of try to bring some beauty into the world." This con- verse with Vanier's imprint—the traditional pro- viction not only inspired Stuart Merrill to write some of the most delicate and musical, verses of his cedure in young Symbolist circles. This early work was first collected in 1895 and published by the Mer- generation, it impelled him to take an active part cure de France as Poemes et Poesies. Since that in every enterprise which tended to raise the intel- date all his important works have been issued by the lectual and spiritual level of the masses. In a group of literary exquisites, whose thoughts same publisher, La Clarte de Vie, Phocas le Jardi- were turned towards essentially abstract beauty, it nier, La Legende Ailee de Wieland le Forger on, Plus was the distinction of this American to represent Loin and Voix d'lonie. the union of life and art. Perhaps no happier illus- As may be seen, Viele-Griffin is a more prolific tration could be found of that native desire for the writer than was Stuart Merrill, whose work is con- practical application of ideas than this atavistic tained in three volumes. From the beginning he manifestation of Americanism. threw himself whole-heartedly into the Symbolist The most recent name in the list of American movement, having founded, with Henri de Regnier writers of French is that of Renee Vivien, the pseu- and Paul Adam,Les Entretiens politiques et litterair- donym of Pauline Tarn, who died a few years ago. es—that famous review, whose red cover was the Between 1901 and 1909, she published more than a symbol of a literary revolution. Viele-Griffin soon dozen volumes, both prose and verse, and her pre- became one of the greatest exponents of vers libre, mature death was deeply regretted. This slender, fortifying theory by the remarkable workmanship fair young woman revealed her Anglo-American race of his own verse. THE THIRD INTERNATIONALE 153 It is perhaps more than a mere coincidence that the land of Walt Whitman should have given birth The 3rd Internationale to this poet who participated so ardently in the move- Note.—The following article is a translation of the introduction con- ment which was to liberate the technique of French tained in the first issue of "Vorbote," the magazine published by Anton Pannekoek. This publication purports to give the views of the extreme verse. As time went on, others made concessions to left wing of the German Social-Democracy, and aims to apply Marxist principles to the solution of present day problems of the proletariat.— the precise regularities of poetic tradition, but Viele- Editors. Griffin has been consistently intransigeant. Indeed, E are standing in the midst of a catas- it is probable that the theory of "free verse" cap- trophe of the working class movement, tured the imagination of his generation largely be- W such as it has never experienced in all its cause of his translations of Whitman. history. The collapse of the Internationale due to Viele-Griffin is a verse libriste rather than a Sym- the world war is not simply a surrender of interna- bolist, and his claim to consideration must be based tional sentiment before the power of intensified largely upon the influence of his work in this connec- nationalism. It is at the same time a collapse of tion. He did not decide to break away from the tactics, of methods of fighting, of the entire system metrical conventions on intellectual, or theoretical, which had been incorporated into the social-democ- grounds, but turned to free verse in a perfectly in- racy and the working class movement during the stinctive manner: last few decades. Le rythme de sa voix est ma seule metrique, The knowledge and the tactics which, during the Et son pas alterne ma rime nuancee. early rise of capitalism, were of great service to the He ha* a Whitmanesque breadth of inspiration, a proletariat, failed in the face of the new imperialis- deep feeling for nature, whose immensities, and tic development. Outwardly this was apparent in beauties he has sung in rhythms which recall those the increasing impotency of the parliament and the of Whitman. Such poems as Etire-toi la vie La labor union movement, spiritually in the substitu- Moisson, and the numerous pictures of his beloved tion of tradition and declamation for clear insight Touraine which Viele-Griffin has given us, indicate and militant tactics, in stultification of tactics and his sensitiveness towards natural beauty. All his the forms of organization, in the transformation of poetry has been a hymn to creation, the expression the revolutionary theory of Marxism into a doctrine of a simple joy in living. Yet he is not devoid of of passive expectation. subtlety. During the period when capitalism was develop- Except for his translations from Swinburne and ing into imperialism, was establishing new aims for Whitman, Viele-Griffin has placed on record no evi- itself and was energetically arming for the struggle dence of his affiliations with the English language. for world supremacy, this development of the ma- He is, nevertheless, a truly "hyphenated" American jority of the Social Democracy remained unob- in the best sense of the word, for he has remained served. It allowed itself to be fooled by the dream true to his United States citizenship. Had he been of immediate social reforms and did nothing to in- willing to become politically, as well as intellectually, crease the power of the proletariat to fight against a naturalized Frenchman, he might have been hon- imperialism. ored with a seat in the Academy, but, when his can- Hence the present catastrophe does not mean only didature was put forward, he refused to comply with that the proletariat was too weak to prevent the that condition precedent of Academic immortality. outbreak of war. It means that the methods of the His Americanism, however, has been most effect- era of the second Internationale were not capable ively demonstrated in his contribution to French lit- of increasing the spiritual and material power of erature, which owes to him its first acquaintance the proletariat to the necessary extent of breaking with the great genius of vers libre. Others have com- the power of the ruling classes. Therefore the world pleted the work of translating Whitman, the techni- war must be a turning point in the history of the cal qualities of the latter's work have exercised a working class movement. profound revolution in French poetry, but the advan- With the world war we have entered into a new tage of innovation and early practical example lay period of capitalism, the period of its intensive ex- with Viele-Griffin. He is, therefore, primarily re- tension by force over the entire earth, accompanied sponsible for the evolution of contemporary verse by embittered struggles between nationalities and both in his native and his adopted country. huge destruction of capital and men; a period there- By a literary reversion, America is now re-learn- fore, of the heaviest oppression and suffering for ing from France the lesson which she originally im- the working classes. But the masses are thereby parted through the intermediary of Viele-Griffin. driven to aspiration; they must raise themselves Yet, as if to emphasize the biblical dictum concern- if they are not to be completely submerged. ing prophets, neither he nor Stuart Merrill has re- In great mass struggles, alongside of which for- ceived any consideration at the hands of those who mer struggles and methods are merely child's play, interpret French poetry in this country. they must grapple with imperialism. This struggle 154 NEW REVIEW for indispensable rights and liberties, for the most the questions of nationalism, of militarism and co- urgent reforms, often for mere life itself, against lonial policies. reaction and the oppression of the employing class, Upon many of these questions the old Socialism against war and poverty, can only end with the had settled answers, which had already crystallized overthrow of imperialism and the victory of the into formulae—but with the collapse of the second proletariat over the bourgeoisie. It will at the same Internationale even its formulae have gone by the time be the struggle for Socialism, for the emanci- board. In the old rules and ideas of the pre-im- pation of the proletariat. Therefore with the pres- perialistic era the proletariat can find no guides for ent world war there also dawns a new period for its actions under new conditions. Nor can the Socialism. social-democratic parties furnish it with a firm foot For the new struggle our spiritual bearings must hold. They have in the great majority surrendered be taken anew. Lack of clear socialistic insight was to imperialism; the conscious, active or passive, one of the chief causes of the weakness of the prol- support of war policies by the party and labor union etariat when the war began—it knew neither im- representatives has dug too deep to make possible perialism or its own tactics. The fight against im- a simple return to the old pre-bellum point of view. perialism, this most recent and most powerful form This support of imperialism in its most important of capitalism, made demands upon the highest and vital phases characterizes these working class spiritual and material, moral and organizational, organizations, no matter how strongly they sub- qualities of the proletariat. It could not succumb to scribe to the old socialist solutions and combat the stupid, impotent desperation; but it was not enough most intimate effects of imperialism. For in this that it break out into spontaneous actions against way they come into conflict with the necessarily the unbearable pressure. If these are to lead any- revolutionary aims of the proletariat and are them- where and to gain new stages on the climb to power selves forced into a difficult crisis of their own. Be- it is necessary that thejr be inspired with spiritual tween those who would make of the social-democ- clarity in regard to the aims, the possibilities and racy a tool of imperialism and those who want to the meaning of such actions. Theory must go hand see it a weapon of revolution no unity is possible in hand with practicei, theory which transforms any longer. blind acts to conscious ones and spreads light over The task of elucidating those problems, of offer- the path. ing solutions, of formulating the proper direction "Material force can only be broken by material for the new struggle, falls to those who have not force. But even theory becomes material force when allowed themselves to be misled by war conditions it takes hold on the masses." (Marx.) The germs and who have held fast to internationalism and the of this theory, this new spiritual weapon, were al- class struggle. In this their weapon will be Marx- ready at hand in the spiritual defeat of the former ism. Marxism, regarded by the theoreticians of practice of imperialism and mass actions. Now the Socialism as the method to explain the past and the world war has brought much new insight and has present and in their hands degraded more and more shaken minds out of the sleep of tradition. Now into a dry doctrine of mechanical fatalism, again is the time to gather together everything in the is to come into its birthright as a theory of revolu- way of new ideas, new solutions, new propositions, tionary acts. "The philosophers have interpreted to inspect them, to prove them, to clarify them by the world in a number of differing ways: the real means of discussion and thus to make them of serv- necessity is to alter it." As a live revolutionary ice in the new struggle. That is the purpose of method this sort of Marxism again becomes the most our review. solid principles, the sharpest spiritual weapon of An immense number of new questions lie before Socialism. us. First of all the questions of imperialism, its There is no more pressing task than this elucida- economic roots, its connection with the export of tion of the new problems. For it is a life and death capital, procuring of raw material, its effect upon question for the proletariat—and hence for the en- politics, government and bureaucracy, its spiritual tire development of humanity—that it should see power upon the bourgeoisie and the press, its sig- its way clear and bright before it leading to new nificance as a new ideology of the bourgeoisie. Then heights. And there are no questions of the future those questions which relate to the proletariat, the whose solution can be postponed until we can once causes of their weakness, their psychology and the more discuss them in peace and quietness. They phenomena of social-imperialism and social-patriot- are not capable of postponement. Even during the ism. Added to these are the questions of proletarian war and after its conclusion they form the most tactics, the significance and possibilities of parlia- important and immediate vital questions for the mentarianism, of mass actions, of labor union working class of all nations. tactics, reforms and immediate demands, the sig- Not merely the important question, which every- nificance and the future role of organization; also where is the kernel of the object of struggle, whether FREE SPEECH AND FLAG IDOLATRY 155 and how the proletariat can emerge, hasten the end is only made possible by a simultaneous relentless of the war and influence the terms of peace. At struggle against all the elements of the former the conclusion of the war the immense economic social-democracy, which would bind the proletariat shattering of the world will first be felt in its en- to the chariot of imperialism; also the open impe- rialism which has become the mere agent of the tirety, when, with the condition of general exhaus- bourgeoisie, and that social patriotism of all shades tion, lack of capital and unemployment industry which would gloss over undisputable antagonisms must be organized anew, when the fearful debts of and would rob the proletariat of the sharpest all nations necessitate colossal taxes and state so- weapons in its struggle against imperialism. The cialism, the militarization of agricultural pursuits, reconstitution of the Third Internationale will only as the only way out of the financial difficulties. be made possible by an absolute break with social- Then the problem must be met with or without patriotism. theory; but then the lack of theoretical insight will With this knowledge we stand upon the same entail the most disastrous errors. ground as the left wing of the Zimmerwald Con- There lies the greatest task of our journal: by ference. The principles put forth by this group of discussion and elucidation of these questions it will international socialists as their aim our journal will support the material struggle of the proletariat support by theoretical work; by the most intense against imperialism. As an organ of discussion struggle against social-patriotism, by merciless an- and elucidation it is at the same time an organ of alysis of the errors of the old revisionism and rad- battle—the publisher and the contributors to the ical socialism to pave the way for the new Inter- journal have the common will to give battle, the nationale. If the proletariat recognizes the weak- same point of view in regard to these chief ques- nesses and mistakes of the old points of view, the tions of the practice to be adopted at this time. practical collapse of which it is now suffering from, First of all the struggle against imperialism, the it will gain the foresight for the new struggle and chief enemy of the proletariat. But this struggle the new Socialism. Free Speech and Flag Idolatry By Theodore Schroeder

S heaven recedes and loses its charm a super- President of the Pennsylvania State Federation of stitious public tends to transfer its blind Labor. A adoration to symbols of the fading ideal. White was arrested at the instigation of one who Thus comes the idolatrous attitude toward an image, had changed his name, apostacized from socialism a priest, a creed or a book. By a similar psychologic and had become a professional patriot. White is process it comes that as governors grow more con- accused of having blasphemed the sacred Idol by re- temptuous of the fundamental liberties of the citi- placing the Stars with a $. It was charged that in a zen, they also have need to become more exacting in caricature of the flag printed on a leaflet announcing their demand for allegiance to those symbols of lib- the meetings of his Church, he had also depicted a erty, which have now become the outward and visi- devil leering from the field of the stripes. ble signs of authority. Thus comes the idolatry of Maurer seems to have escaped arrest because he a flag. only quoted a captain of the Pennsylvania Constabu- In response to this need there also comes the ten- lary as saying "To hell with the flag." The original dency to divert our schools from teaching the prin- utterance was made in an altercation with strikers ciples that make for more liberty and for a more re- and, having been made in the interest of those for fined sense of justice, to the inculcation of blind pa- whom political superstitions are promoted and by triotic sentimentalism. Then also come those laws one of the lesser priests of the sacred political tem- penalizing blasphemy against the political idol, I ple, no arrests were made. mean the national flag. However, Maurer's offense was very great because These reflections are suggested by those frequent he evidently meant to blaspheme the Flag-Idol in arrests, and the public excitements which follow, that he did not quote the political priest with the whenever our political idolatry is repudiated or same holy purpose which inspired the original ut- whenever, as the idolaters say, "the Flag is dese- terance. Furthermore, he carried this unholy pur- crated." The two recent cases to come under my pose right into one of the sacred temples of patri- notice are those of Rev. Bouck White, of the Church otism, the Washington Irving High School, where of the Social Revolution, and of James H. Maurer, daily the children march and say "Oh flag, I pledge 156 NEW REVIEW

respect to you" no matter what injustices are com- who cast doubt upon the divine plan of our economic mitted in thy holy name. That was a terrible sacri- justice, and who would destroy the privileges be- lege which Maurer committed, and properly aroused stowed by divinity itself. That part of the statute the "unspeakable indignation" of all those who see under which White is arrested will be held perfectly our institutions with the spiritual eyes of our high valid in spite of invalidity of the rest. financiers. Ridiculous as is all this pious mummery over the The righteous wrath and holy vituperation of our flag there is a serious side to the superstition. If "unspeakably indignant" patriotic priesthood was free speech has any meaning at all then it must in- inspiring to behold. According to the daily papers, clude freedom to convey any idea whatever about one of the peace-loving saints of the inner temples the flag or by means of the flag. Elsewhere I have of politics said: "What I would do would be to kick shown that according to the historical method ("Ob- such a man out of the building, and if I were fined scene" Literature and Constitutional Law, Chapt. by the court, I would say that it was worth it." I 11) or the synthetic method (Free Speech for quote this to show that those who advocate violence Radicals, Chap. 8) it includes even the right to and lawlessness in order to inculcate the sacredness advocate a revolution. According to judicial dog- of property and the idolatry of the flag can do no matism it only means the right to say whatever does wrong. They are the law or above the law. How not seriously offend popular superstition. Thanks differently similar incitements to disorder are consid- to this judicial view we now have here in these ered by officers of the law, when the idols of pious United States more varieties of penalized opinions, wealth are not held in reverence, one need but re- I believe, than any country of the world at any time member the prosecution of Upton Sinclair who only in the history of the world. The penalties are not marched in silence on the street in front of the so severe nor the laws so generally enforced, as at Rockefeller Building with a piece of crepe on his other times and places, and therefore we have not sleeve. He was convicted because his Free Silence become aware of the fact. But I must return to the League by its silent marching tended to incite to a flag. breach of the peace. In Indiana they have things which are legally so Likewise Anarchist papers like the The Revolt patriotically sacred that no graven image thereof is and The Woman Rebel are excluded from the mails permitted. Hence they penalize "the manufacture for uttering expressions similar to that quoted above. or sale of pictures, models, books or other represen- Not so the daily papers. Incitement to a breach of tations of the monument and grounds at Monument peace when directed against agitators is perfectly Place," Indianapolis. This monument must be dedi- lawful—at least in the eyes of a lawless judiciary. cated to the Gods of War for pelf. In the New York statutes, designed to protect the Anywhere in the United States one may with im- dear flag against the blasphemy of the iconoclasts, punity denounce, and destroy liberty itself, but thirty- most of the space is devoted to preventing the flag one States penalize disrespect to the flag, which sup- from being desecrated for advertising purposes. posedly symbolizes liberty. Thus it comes that you Momentarily the legislature overlooked the fact that may not "defy, trample upon, or cast contempt either conventional modes of money-making are more sa- by words or act upon any such flag, standard, color cred even than the Flag-Idol. However, those of the or ensign." In several States you cannot even use more exalted priesthood who solemnly sit in the its particular combination of lines and colors for higher places of our temples of "Justice" properly expunged the legislative sacrilege by holding uncon- honest advertising of some remnant of honest busi- ness. Damn and desecrate liberty's ideal, all you stitutional that part of the statute which prohibits please, and your loyalty to the system will not be advertising on or by means of the flag. (People v. questioned. Glorify legalized tyranny with all your Van De Carr, 178 N. Y., 425.) might, and you may become a prosperous and popu- At this stage there comes to view another very lar hero. But if you desecrate the sacred idol— wise judicial distinction between the divine rights which at the very best only symbolizes liberty—you of our property-gods, and the merely verbal consti- may be imprisoned as a criminal. Religion, patriot- tutional right of free speech as that may be enjoyed ism, the sacredness of money and motherhood and by agitators, "within proper limits." the home all combine to demand the suppression of When, in the interests of the divine rights of prop- erty holders, the judges desire to annul a statute, such political blasphemy. they search to find a theoretical situation wherein "The Lord thy God—the Flag-Idol—is a jealous the statute includes something not within the legisla- God and thou shalt have no other God but that one." tive power. Then it is easy to argue that being un- In Colorado they penalize a display of "a flag of constitutional in part the statute is void as a whole. Anarchy," whatever that may be. If newspaper ac- (See Employers Liability decision. Howard v. 111. counts are to be trusted, in some places the national Cent. Ry. 28 Sup. Ct. Rep., 141.) No such logic can Flag-Idol must be given precedence over all othei ever be allowed to the advantage of those evil spirits similar idols or symbols in public parades. FICTION STANDARDS OLD AND NEW 157 Utah Mormons have often been denounced for maintaining a disloyal priesthood. 'Tis fitting there- Fiction Standards Old fore, that some one just big enough to be the gov- ernor of Utah and remain unknown outside his and New State, should out-patriot the patriots who have de- clared his church treasonable. By Mary S. Oppenheimer Thus it comes that in 1914 this governor declares ROFESSIONAL critics have dealt much with for a new reverence, a legalized sacred music. He this subject periodically. So have professional demanded that "The Star Spangled Banner" shall P writers,—novelists especially, perhaps seek- not be contaminated—perhaps blasphemed is a bet- ing the wherewithal to fill space. Surely by now ter word—by intimate association with frivolous it is the turn of the reader, in this particular case tunes, such as are played in concert hall medlies. the turn of one who has been an insatiate reader of Of course, the anti-Mormon, professional patriots fiction for more years than it is always pleasant to were quite unwilling to be beaten at their own game, remember, the kind of reader to whom almost any and so vigorously echoed the governor's demand. If sort of a story is fish for the net, who is prone to look we may not "desecrate" the star spangled banner, first at the end and then at the middle and last at the on cloth or paper or by speech, why permit it's des- begining of a novel, who may be said to represent in ecration in music? Answer, you idol worshippers! a way that great general public of readers to whom Already we have a censorship over music by pro- the able editors and publishers are always trying to hibiting all Sunday concerts, where other than sa- cater with success. cred music is presented. Of course, a lawless judi- To such a reader the relation of fiction to life is of ciary, in co-operation with a lawless police, can be surpassing interest. Novels other than those pro- relied upon to enforce such "laws" if the political fessedly historical, are in the main real bits of his- expediency and religious superstition can be com- tory of the manners and morals of the time of which bined as a motive, although no statute or ordinance they were written, they reflect largely the viewpoint has or can define the quality by which "sacredness" of their period,—do in a fashion hold the mirror up" in music is distinguished. Why isn't all music equal- to nature, either by essaying to depict the social life ly sacred? and environment and ideals of their day, or else, as Or, why not follow Plato's example? If my mem- in an inverted mirror, they attempt to show life as ory serves me, it was he who advocated a censorship the multitude who lead meagre and starved intel- against music which suggested lasciviousness. The lectual lives would like to know it. psychology of music and Puritanism is such, that I All that mass of fiction, ignored by the polite am sure many purists can extract lewdness out of critics, but read avidly by thousands and thousands most of our musical masterpieces. belongs to this latter class. The average shop girl, There is another fine precedent which should be the average servant girl, if she reads anything, followed in protecting the sacredness of such sacred wants to know how the millionaire came to marry tunes as "The Star Spangled Banner." I refer to a the poor and beautiful working girl after a series of "Collection of Hymns" published in Dublin, in 1779. blood curdling adventures, hero and heroine vying Among its novel features were "Words to practice with each other as to which is the more complete the tunes on, that the Sacred Compositions may not idiot and prosecuted innocence always triumphant in be profaned by Learners." Why not prohibit the the end. smging of such sacred compositions as "The Star That this sort of stuff is absolutely untrue to life Spangled Banner" until the singer has attained a is precisely its charm to its innumerable readers. "sacred" degree of excellence in its rendition? Their drab lives are glorified by the magnificent vis- I started out to write a solemn disquisition about tas opening to their imaginations through these vol- constitutional free speech in relation to the flag. Just umes. How some books of this sentimental trash this moment I have come to realize that I am not keep their vogue in such popular literature is truly spiritually minded enough for so important a func- amazing. Not long ago the writer chanced to be tion. Amen. seated in a subway train next to a young girl,—clerk or stenographer apparently,—so engrossed in a book as to be perfectly oblivious to her surroundings. If You Buy Books— Close investigation showed the book to be one which the present writer confesses to have admired im- mensely,—at the age of twelve,—a sentimental tale You want to concentrate of two sisters called Tempest and Sunshine, by a and get efficient service a writer whom it is really anathema to name in the intellectual pages of the NEW REVIEW, Mrs. NEW REVIEW BOOK SERVICE Mary Jane Holmes. To think that book is still being 256 Broadway, New York City read with eager interest after all these years when so many far better books have dropped out of exist- 158 NEW REVIEW ence! Standards of fiction change slowly in that Yet nowadays our popular magazines, barome- kind of writing and with such readers. ters of the public taste, publish graceful and pol- Yet change they do in a degree. Here is a case of ished short stories telling how a married man flirts another sort. A brave little woman, an old friend, with, kisses and becomes entangled with a woman, the daughter and granddaughter of clergymen, also married, but not to him, or vice versa, and blessed with a temperament to which religious faith nobody even pretends to be shocked so long as the came naturally,—no descendant of doubting Thomas language is not crude. As for the novels dealing she,—took up mission and Sunday school work as a with sex problems, their titles are legion. profession. She complained of the lack of good It is not without significance that in the lists of stories to recommend to her scholars and told a re- the six best novels in English periodically pub- cent experience. It appeared she recommended to a lished, Tom Jones holds so high a place. Our young woman a story she herself had never read, present frank recognition of sex has much to the Daisy Chain, one of the many productions of do with the revival of interest in Fielding's novel. Charlotte M. Yonge. Likely NEW REVIEW readers Twenty years ago, or even less, Tom Jones might never heard of her though her name at one time was have been mentioned on such a list but the great. As a writer she has been truthfully described mention would certainly have been qualified with as a by-product of that novel of revolt, Jane Eyre, due apologies for the outspokenness of the age that and her popularity was fostered as a set off to that produced it. "Oh, do you like Tom Jones?" cried of the other Charlotte, her of Haworth. The Heir piteously a little librarian to whom the book was ftf Redclyffe, for instance, was meant as a whole- recently returned. She seemed troubled by the some and moral contrast to the godless Rochester. mere fact of having to handle it. Her books are full of pious sentiment. The Daisy Possibly the dawn of our recognition of sex as Chain is the story of a large family of brothers so large an element in literature first broke with the and sisters, all devout, conventionally thinking peo- general reading public here in America with the ple. It was this book the mission worker recom- Russian literature then introduced by William Dean mended with cheerful alacrity. A few weeks later Howells and the Atlantic Monthly years before the the girl to whom she had recommended it said to her reading East Side with all its Russian influences, reproachfully: literary and other, came into being. With all its "How can you recommend a book like that ? Why, power the keynote of that literature is the semi- several people in it have tuberculosis and there isn't oriental one of the futility of human action, in the a word about any sanitary precautions. It is a last resort, the futility of human life itself, a rather dangerous book, I think." ghastly lesson. However, it could scarcely be other- wise, considering the conditions in Russia from The world does move, even with the slow, unthink- which that literature sprang. ing masses. Still another reason that makes some books not When we come to that fiction which is listed, so to so old in point of years fatally old fashioned is their speak, which critics review, and much of which does attitude toward -women, or rather the kind of have genuine intellectual pretensions, we find that women their authors draw for us. Much of the standards change with a rapidity often surprising. vogue of George Meredith is due to the fact that the One reason for this is the comparative frankness Clara Middletons, the Letitia Hardys, the Dianas of on the subject of sex which marks so much of our his pages are individualized creatures of flesh and modern fiction. Indeed, the backward swing of the blood who do not fear to think for themselves and pendulum is so strong in this respect that there are to express their thoughts. those among radical writers who seem almost to feel Part of the present outcrop of American litera- that the prostitute is the only woman deserving to ture, books by Henry Lydnor Harrison, by Winston be the heroine of fiction. In part it is this franker Churchill, by Ellen Glasgow, by Theodore Dreiser, attitude , the acceptance of sex and the problems of stories by Inez Haynes Gillmore, in slight degree sex, which makes Victorian fiction often so old- even Booth Tarkington's Turmoil, reflect the drift fashioned to modern readers. Dickens, Thackeray, of the time in their pages. They are not wholly un- George Eliot, Anthony Trollope, belonged to a gen- touched by the issues growing out of our vast in- eration gingerly spoken of in such regards. Even dustrialism and by the changes it has brought to Wilkie Collins' New Magdalen was mentioned womankind. There are more American novels of with bated breath and regarded as unfit reading for which the same thing may be said. Perhaps this a young girl. In America Sister Carrie, of much literature is not great but it is pleasing and, so far later date, was and perhaps still is in many quarters as it goes, true. considered as shocking, along with that other and In closing let this reader say a word of thanks more sympathetic book, also by Theodore Dreiser, for the books of the man, no American, but a mas- Jennie Gerhardt. ter of splendid romance, Joseph Conrad. BETWEEN THE LINES 159 Between the Lines By Richard Perin Appleton

DAY of warm bright sunlight had been fol- every nerve tense. Once, in nearing what he thought lowed by a night of fog. Fog so thick and a rock, he grasped it to pull himself along more A clammy that it seemed to rasp the lungs at quickly.- His fingers sank into the rotting flesh of a every breath. Men breathed heavily, almost ster- dead man's face and, shuddering, he wiped off the torously and, warmly clad for winter weather, horrible slime on the cold earth. sweated despite the cold. Gasping now from the unusual exertion of drag- The German trenches lay but a few hundred ging himself along on his belly through half frozen yards from the French, and the stench of the scores mud, choked by the unutterably foul heavy air, of rotting corpses between was so upborne by the made more nervous by the fear he might cough, he heavy air that the nervously alert Germans seemed wriggled himself past two more corpses. to be inhaling death and corruption itself. Directly in front of him and about two yards The lieutenant in command was visibly nervous. away was another body. He meant to lie behind He gnawed his mustache and constantly tried to peer that and rest. He crawled toward it for a few through the fog. Again and again, as a faint air inches and then suddenly stopped. Lying absolutely current moved the thick vapor this way or that, his motionless, he felt a cold chill creep all over his skin. lips parted as if to utter a whisp'ered order and then The corpse had moved a hand! closed to a tense, drawn line. "Impossible!" he said under his breath and "Strange," he muttered to the unterlieutenant thought that even his hardened nerves were break- who crouched at his shoulder, "that they give us no ing. He smiled at his own weakness and resumed light bombs. They could creep in on us up to five his snail-like progress. yards and we couldn't see them! Keep the men Closer and closer he crept to the body before him. awake, let none of them sleep!" He must get there before any light bombs went up, "If we could only attack!" whispered his subordi- for he was close enough now to the enemy's trench nate. "Anything would tie better than this!" to be seen when their white light pierced even this "Better! Yes, for us far better! But the orders thick fog. tonight are death for the man who fires a shot. And Closer and closer he crept, a few inches more now yet I have a feeling they'll try it tonight. They'll and he would be safe. never have a better chance." But he never got there. The thick mist was part- "Listen, lieutenant! Orders do not forbid us to ed for a moment by a shifty breeze and a bomb over- see and if we can't see from here, let me go over and head illumined the ground as with a searchlight. He find out what they're doing." gazed at the body, now only about a foot from his "You must be nervous!" said the lieutenant with outstretched hand and found himself staring into a sour smile. "But it's not a bad idea. Be careful the shining eyes of a living Frenchman, whose right of yourself and don't bring on an attack. The sec- hand grasped a dagger similar to his own. ond line has been weakened." Neither man moved, but the muscles of both "Auf wiedersehn oder adieu!" was the whispered tightened hard. Each pair of eyes looked unwink- answer as the young unterlieutenant crawled noise- ingly into the other. lessly over the muddy edge of the narrow trench. What to do, was the German's thought. He must With no arms but a murderous looking knife held kill him, but how get the advantage and kill without in his teeth, he crawled on hands and knees over noise. The French were not going to attack, that the pasty ground and then lay flat. was certain. They, too, feared attack through the Again he crawled for a few yards and again low- heavy curtain of stinking vapor. To kill him quietly ered himself into the cold mud. and then go back was the problem. He must wait When he judged he had covered half the distance for a period of darkness and take his chances at out- between the lines he lay motionless with one e*ar to witting his enemy. The bomb would soon burn out the ground and listened. Strain his senses as he and then would he could hear nothing, see nothing, but the The light-bomb began to fade. "In a minute," he almost unbearable reek of long dead flesh told him thought. And then he heard a whisper; the French- he was near the point where so many of his own men man's lips were moving. The German imagined he had fallen. heard his own name. More cautiously now he wormed his slow way, "Kurt! Camarade!" 160 NEW REVIEW His ears must be tricking him. No nervousness knife from the left hand to the right. now of all times. The safety of his men, his honor So close lay the two men that Morel heard, al- were at stake. though he could not see the movement. "Kurt! Camarade!" "Are you going?" he asked again. A little louder this time. There was no doubting. "Not just yet," replied Zimmerer in an absent- The Frenchman knew him, knew his first name. A minded tone. great wonder seized him. He let his gaze, fast held The shade of difference in tone sent a shudder of to the eyes before, stray over the motionless face. suspicion down Morel's spine. At once he was The light was fading fast but the painful muscular ashamed of himself, but nevertheless he slipped his tensity of the other's features had relaxed into a dagger from the left hand to the right. smile. It was the smile of a friend and the face was "Are you going?" it was the German's turn to ask. one he knew, but whose ? "Not yet," replied Morel. The light faded. Now it was gone. The contrast Another light bomb flashed and the prostrate men made the darkness inky black. The German grasped gazed into each other's eyes once more, then each the handle of his knife. Oh, for another rocket. saw the knife in the hand that had clasped his so "Wer ist's," he whispered. firmly and so heartily. "Kurt Zimmerer! Camarade!" was the only an- Suspicion lurked in the eyes of both. Motionless swer. He tried his rusty French. they lay while hatred slowly usurped the place of "Who is it?" he muttered low. friendship. Each had the same thought, each the "Rene Morel," was the muttered reply. same fear of treachery. And eyes that gradually Rene Morel! Copenhagen! Basle! blazed with anger met eyes in which flamed up Memories flashed through his mind. passionate contempt for a false friend. Rene Morel at the Copenhagen Congress! Rene The light begins to fade. Morel at the International Socialist Congress at Eyes blaze into eyes. Basle. Rene Morel, with whom he had struck up a The light is fading. warm friendship at the first meeting, with whom he It is pitch black. had exchanged many long letters since on the best The two knives fall together. means for the "proletariat" of their countries to "Verraether!" grunts the stricken German. prevent war if war threatened! "Boche," screams the Frenchman. "Camarade!" he whispered. "I remember! How A few more blows in the inky blackness, a fusilade are you?" from the French trench, dead silence in the German The question sounded ridiculous as soon as ut- lines. tered. Both men laughed low, and crawled toward The warm morning sun sees two more corpses each other. Knives were transferred to left hands lying there to taint the fetid, horrible, stinking air. and right hands clasped firm. "What shall we do?" asked the Frenchman. "Each go back and say nothing," answered the EXECUTIVE EDITORS German. Louis B. Boudin Martha Gruening Both knew that no attack was intended by the Louis C. Fraina Isaac A. Hourwich other side that night and both relaxed, relieved that Felix Grendon Moses Oppenheimer the tension was over. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Whispered questions as to health, families and other intimate things followed. Then came another Richard P. Appleton Robert Rives LaMonte light bomb and silence. Not even lips must move Maurice Blumlein Robert H. Lowie Frank Bohn Helen Marot under that piercing brilliance. William E. Bohn Joseph Michael Floyd Dell The light fades, the inky black darkness takes its W. E. B. DuBois Austin Lewis place. The two friends had not dared to unclasp Max Eastman John Macy Jacob W. Hartmann Mary White Ovington their hands until now. Paul Kenneday Wm. J. Robinson . The German withdrew his slowly. Harry W. Laidler Wm. English Walling "Are you going?" asked Morel. "Not yet," said Zimmerer. Published Monthly by the New Review Publishing Ass'n The thought had struck him that should the Frenchman return and inform his officer that the 256 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY enemy would not attack that night, the French might Subscription $1.50 a year in United States and Mexico; six months, seize the opportunity for a surprise attack them- $0.75. $1.75 in Canada and $2.00 in foreign countries. Single selves. copies, 15 cents. "What to do," was again his problem. While Entered at the New York post-office as second-class mail matter. thinking hard he almost unconsciously returned the THE PLAYS 161 beings are paying a terrible price for the lustful The Plays folly with which they removed a whole sex from the normal activities of life and devoted it to the The German Way: gratification of desire. All the arts whereby men caused women to stultify their brains and multiply The Irving Place Theater is one of the few houses their carnal enticements, and all the devices whereby of entertainment that does not give the spectator they artificially stimulated sex differences for the the blues or the fidgets. These Germans have an un- sole object of heightening a moment's delirious joy, canny habit of never doing anything in public until are now recoiling on the contrivers and menacing they can do it well. The standard American prac- them and their females with the inward rot of Sodom tise in giving a play is to stage it first and learn the and Gomorrah. best way of staging it afterwards. The Germans re- Many people scorn Wedekind because of this verse this practise. They put the burden on the skill Sodom and Gomorrah touch. It is true that his and conscience of the actor, where we Americans put range is limited. But he accomplishes a very useful it on the patience and timidity of the spectator. The work. He uncovers the normal abnormalities of sex- Times Square way is to apologize and experiment ual life as they dramatically undermine the highly after the production. The Irving Place way is to do sophisticated civilization of our age. And he does all the experimenting and apologizing before. By this with consummate artistic skill. He blends the the American plan, experience is merely the sum of pitiless realism of a Hogarth with the introspective all past mistakes; by the German plan, experience is acumen of a Freud. their large divisor. Though the theme of Erdgeist is grewsome, the Nor does Direktor Christians' theater make fine action is swift and enthralling. The play was given workmanship an excuse for wretched programs, as with an eclat that only the Germans can achieve and the Boston Symphony Orchestra does. Any winter only the French can describe. Jenny Valliere played you may, if you are lucky enough to know German, the part of Lulu with just the right blend of beauty, see plays by Shaw, Ibsen, Wilde, Becque, and Brieux, hellishness, and innocence. What is more, she looked in all the trappings and the suits of the original, the part. And she riveted the attention of the audi- save only the language. As likely as not, the latest ence to her work, even when not engaged in daring Shaw play will "swank" it in German on Fifteenth revelations of the intimacies of feminine underwear. Street before it is assassinated in American on For- Heinrich Marlow acted Lulu's chief victim with ty-second. And crack Teutonic writers like Wede- power and distinction. And too much praise can kind, Hauptmann, and Schnitzler, alternating with hardly be given to Direktor Rudolph Christians for Shakespeare and other dear sons of memory or great the fire and go of the whole production. F. G. heirs of fame, appear in every Irving Place season quite as a matter of course. Justice: Erdgeist As there is no tariff on plays that are born to cross The sensation of the Irving Place repertory was frontiers, why were we forced to wait six whole the recent performance of Wedekind's Erdgeist. Not years for a performance of Galsworthy's Justice? a pleasant play this. But a powerful one, ranking An adequate answer to this question would take us high among the works that give Wedekind an inter- too far afield. Certainly, it would not be enough to national following, and that bring to his productions say that when a Broadway manager considers the the same thoughtful audiences that troop to a Shaw possibility of relating the vindictive mechanisms of or a Galsworthy night. A greater tribute no dram- society to the box office, he takes to flapdoodle like atist can hope for. The Ware Case, or Within the Law as instinctively Erdgeist is the story of a Helen of Troy or a Thais as a duck takes to water. Nor can we ascribe it all reincarnated in Lulu, who lives in any European cap- to the fact that the low-brows, to whom romantic ital of to-day. Helen's beauty carried destruction nonsense and sentimental twaddle are meat and into cities and armies, into politics and public places. drink, hold sway in our playhouse. Perhaps, in- Lulu's beauty has a specific modern venom. It stead of looking a gift horse in the mouth, we had strikes at private life, at the very heart of the social better content ourselves with thanking the producers system. It carries disease and death into the emo- who had the courage and the gumption to give us an tions and the imagination. It cankers the body, it intellectual treat at the Candler Theater. poisons the mind, it corrodes the soul. And it does Justice stands as the finest dramatic picture and this not alone in the case of the individual, but in the criticism in English of the invincible fatuity, inex- case of the entire community. orable cruelty, and incurable madness of the Octo- In other words, Lulu is female lure incarnate. Her pus of Law. It is an Octopus that society has cre- mind has the wisdom of a dove, her body the harm- ated ostensibly to protect itself, but actually to take lessness of a serpent. The havoc her demonic beauty its revenge upon those who cross it and are too weak works among men teaches a grim lesson. Human to escape it. 162 NEW REVIEW

This legal monster, when the curtain rises, is seen There are six loosely connected scenes. In the manipulating one of its most highly developed tenta- fourth, King Albert comes incognito to visit the con- cles, the law firm of How and Son. How's clerk, valescent poet. The deferential monarch leaves it to Falder, swamped by the impulse to help a woman his famous subject to say whether or not the dikes with an undivorceable brute of a husband, has shall be broken and the enemy swept into the Atlan- forged a check. You see the tentacles crawl out to tic ocean. This situation proves that Andreyev's seize him, play with him, torture him, and, in the estimate of an author's worth is sounder than his end, destroy him. It is all done in the name of knowledge of a ruler's habits and more reliable than justice. his insight into military strategy. Fancy King Behold Falder in a court of justice, trapped in the George, hat in hand, trotting to Rudyard Kipling for merciless movement of the machinery and ground by a final decision on the next allied step at Salonica, inhuman cogs and wheels like the scarlet-robed, or (in the event of a Japanese victory at Panama) white-haired judge. Your next glance is into the President Wilson imploring James Whitcomb Riley very mouth and teeth of the Octopus. These are a to decide whether or not to let a landslide into the prison and its parasites: a doctor incapable of the Culebra Cut! Kings have been known to supersede idea that crimes are diseases and diseases crimes, a general by a favorite horse, but never a Chief-of- and a chaplain who knows a lot about divinity but Staff by a poet laureate. nothing about the divine. The conflicts of modern life are not between abso- Thanks to the author's X-ray insight, you pierce lute right and wrong: one man's vice is another to the stifling cell and mangled soul of the prisoner man's virtue, or one-half or three-fourths of another until your sufferings almost equal his. Finally, you man's virtue. That is why the great dramatists like see him freed from the monstrous tentacles though Shaw, Goethe, and Ibsen, make their villains quite scarred by them, only to be seized by them again and as conscientious as their heroes, if not more so. But this time killed. "Falder or the Octopus?" you ask when a Belgian and a German appear in this play, yourself. "Might I not be either, but for the grace the relations they assume to each other are frankly of God ?" "Perhaps I am a little of each, and there- those of livid white to ebony, or of Hyperion to a fore responsible for both," you say to yourself, as satyr. The Belgians indeed have the one vice of un- you emerge from the experience. That is the feeling adulterated perfection, the Germans the one perfec- with which the play leaves you saturated.—L. B. tion of unadulterated vice. But this is not a point in the playwright's favor. For what it means is that Andreyev is hopelessly deficient in the power of Book Reviews dramatic sympathy, the power of seeing ourselves as we see others and of seeing others as we see our- 'The Sorrows of Belgium" selves. Take the popular myth that represents the Ger- man war machine as a horrible, inhuman Juggernaut HAT does Andreyev show us about the tragic of blood and iron, no more to be resisted than an occupation of Belgium? The answer can be earthquake. An ignorant factory hand might be W obtained almost by recipe. Ask yourself pardoned if he fell a prey to this superstition. Yet how any stray anti-Teuton would picture the event, it is not a factory hand, but King Albert himself, imagine his conception decorated with the niceties who says: of a skilled writer and peppered with selected anec- "Tire, Germans are real iron monsters . dotes from the report of the British Commission on moving slowly like amphibia that have crawled out Belgian atrocities, finally, brand the Prussians as at night from the abyss." Huns, monsters, and Wild Asses of the Devil; the Again, when a German opens his mouth he always result will not differ substantially from Andreyev's 'talks in this strain: melodrama. "The movement of our millions of people has been A famous poet (Maeterlinck, so the publishers elaborated into such a remarkable system that Kant say) is the leading character. His fortitude, sacri- himself would have been proud of it. Gentlemen, fices, and material ruin, are designed to reflect in we are led forward by indomitable logic and by an epitome the fortitude, sacrifices, and material ruin iron will. We are inexorable as Fate." of his fellow-countrymen. The poet is wounded, his Now what do these terrifying supermonsters do son is killed in battle, his gardener is murdered, a as soon as the Belgians open the dikes and the first girl is violated, another is driven insane, and so on. lappings of water are heard in camp? Without "One woe doth tread upon another's heels, so fast standing on the order of their going, they scatter they follow." panic-stricken to the four winds and leave the I. The Sorrows of Belgium, by Leonid Andreyev. New York: The Mac- ^nillan Company. $1.25 net. Kaiser's Commander-in-Chief pounding a table in a NEW REVIEW 163 fit of helpless rage. That the Germans were, in Nor does novelty of treatment redeem feebleness point of fact, neither contemptible when in straits of these. The play has not one situation beyond the nor invincible when in luck; that they stood by their commonplace, one character beyond the prosaic, one standards while the country around Antwerp was idea beyond the trite. If it were not from the same being flooded; and that Von Kluck led the retreat to hand as The Seven Who Were Hanged, the author the Aisne as gallantly as Sir John French led the might properly be described as combining the aspi- retreat from Mons—these historical facts do not ration of a Jack London with the execution of a deter Andreyev from writing a climax (scene 5) Madame Toussaud. Even this would be a charitable that reflects rather awkwardly on King Albert's description in the present case, where the glamor of touching faith (scene 4) in the titanic demonism of a big reputation hangs vainly over scenes and figures Prussian arms. so pathetically weak that the mind becomes "as mar- But the saddest thing about The Sorrows of Bel- ble to receive and as wax to retain." gium is that it never comes within hailing distance FELIX GRENDON. of a just perspective of the events it deals with. Rightly viewed, the great tragedy of the war is not that Belgium fell a victim to the hostile camps that A Big Novel in a Bigger Bundle split Europe, but that she fell a victim to the hostile NCE in a while I get hold of a novel which is camps that split the human race. What stirs us to well written. Less often I find one that is the depths is not merely that Belgium has suffered, O worth reading. God's Man, by George but that the sufferings of Belgium, Poland, and the Bronson Howard,1 belongs distinctly to the latter other wasted countries form only a grewsome by- group. To say that it is worth reading is to say product, a mere interlude in a grim, protracted that it is worth very, very much; for it is very, struggle between the forces of stand-pat Junkerism very hard to read. I read it frog-fashion—going and the forces of an evolving world order. ahead two pages and then slipping back one, to try, Here is material for a human tragedy on a Pro- if I could, to get it through my head what the fellow methean scale, but Andreyev smothers his chance was talking about. completely. He draws our pity and our tears with the picture of a tiny country smashed by a big one. I think I succeeded. At any rate I was a lot He might have wrung our hearts and aimed terrible richer, intellectually and spiritually, when I had blows at the sore spots in our consciences by show- completed the task. I was fascinated, too, for it is ing Belgium as a sacrifice in a tremendous pan- a really great novel, with a great and gripping plot. human war. In another sense, it is a great book. There riiust be 200 pages of novel. There are 475 pages of book. This is the politico-economic war that involves The padding is a composite of philosophy, wool- every one of us and makes pious moral distinctions gathering and inconsequentialities, also a habit of between the Junkers of Brussels and the Junkers of making two words grow where one has already Buda-Pest sound like a horrible mockery. It ranges grown before and has answered the purpose amply. British Junkers, German Junkers, Belgian Junkers, French Junkers, and American Junkers on one side, For instance: after a reader has had it duly ex- and Tom Paines, Keir Hardies, Bebels, Jaures, and plained to him why Mr. Harvey Quinn decided to Liebknechts on the other. It began long before the call himself Harley Quinn, I do not know why the plunder of India in the Eighteenth century and will author should feel it necessary to add: "To Mr. continue long after the British Denshawa atrocities Quinn—christened Harvey, from which the penulti- in the Twentieth. It registers no preference for the mate letter had been deleted and in its stead one sub- infamies of the Belgian Congo over the horrors of stituted that carried out his grotesque humor in the Whitechapel slums, or for the massacres of Ger- nomenclature—the countries, counties and cities of man Herreroland over the slaughters of Colorado. his wanderings existed only as names for various And it includes all appeals against tyranny, whether local dishes, delectable or otherwise." No, that is these were made by the men who died in the Berlin not an extreme example. It is a fair sample of the barricades of 1848 or by the men who perished in 275 extraneous pages. the Paris Commune of 1870. So much for style. When it comes to story, can Andreyev does not lay out his play on this exten- you imagine anything better than three young in- sive plan. He is content to set up Belgium as a Tom tellectual and spiritual mousquetaires, dominated by Thumb of Democracy ground under the heel of a the benevolent idealism of one, expelled from col- military despotism. Such a conception would not lege because of a piece of high-minded direct action, be bad for a war correspondent or for the writer of and little by little discovering the realities of mod- a five-reel film. But it will hardly do for an author ern civilization? 1 "GOD'S MAN," by George Bronson Howard. Indianapolis: The who has crossed frontiers. Bobbs-Merrill Company. $1.35. 164 NEW REVIEW They discover New York City, its business, its lar success as an expounder of similar doctrines. politics and its women. They discover it in the only His "Pulse of Asia," for instance, must have kin- way it is possible to dzs-cover it—by being swept dled the fever of enthusiasm in the heart of many into its life, pulled down by its undercurrents, just an ardent disciple of the environmentalist creed. as other human millions are. They reach the "un- In his latest contribution to this time-honored derworld," which is not a separate world but part question, Professor Huntington proposes to deal and parcel of the upper world: they become crimi- with civilization, not culture; civilization being cul- nals—thieves, murderers, traffickers in human souls. ture plus value. Nor does he deal with environ- They are real people, and one can not follow them ment but with climate, climate being environment without discovering that prostitutes, pimps, even minus topography, flora and fauna. The professor politicians and business men, are made out of real attempts to formulate a climatic rationale of civili- humanity too. It is no one's fault. It is the over- zation. And this is the way he goes about it. whelming fraud of civilization. The evidence as to the harmful effect of tropical The story tells this, tells it convincingly. The climate on white men is suggestive but vague. More author is not satisfied with that and tells something satisfactory data are secured from the records of more, equally convincing to those who are convinced. efficiency of students at Annapolis and West Point, There is much about a great cosmic purpose which and of factory hands in certain cities in Connecticut bends human purposes to its own. I "dunno." If a and the Southern United States. These records re- man gives me such a story as God's Man, I'm willing veal fluctuations of efficiency which seem to follow he should rave about it to his heart's content. Too the changes of weather and season. bad, perhaps, that he didn't ask me to lay off a year Thus a formula is constructed of the proportion and separate the narrative from the concordance, of heat, cold, dryness, moisture, change and stabil- but probably he's just that wilful. Probably he ity, most favorable for a maximum production of didn't want us to get what he knew we'd all be wild human energy. This meteorological formula be- to get, without taking large doses of his medicine comes the basis of a man of the world, computed too. from climatic data and translated in forms of en- Oh, yes, one thing more. It isn't a romantic love ergy. But how correlate the results so far at- story. Love goes wrong, just like lovers do. It gets tained with civilization? No statistics of civiliza- all tangled up with lust and graft and pink kimonos tion are available. Where statistics fail, opinion and opium pills till you just can't untangle it. It is must prevail. a big story about life, not as it ought to be but as it Fifty correspondents contribute the opinions. Of is; so big that it atones for some of the biggest these, twenty-five are Americans, seven British, six faults a book ever had. Teutons, seven Latins, and five Asiatics. They rep- CHARLES W. WOOD. resent anthropologists, geographers, linguists, globe- trotters. The task of each correspondent consists Meteorological Magic in classifying one hundred and eighty-five countries and districts of the world according to the degree HE true scientist and the true poet have one of civilization, from zero to one hundred per cent. significant trait in common: imagination. The conclusions are based on the figure-clad opinions T The difference lies in the use they make of it, thus secured. in method. While giving evidence of an opulent Again a map of the world is constructed, repre- imagination, Professor Huntington's book1 is defi- senting degrees of civilization; and behold! there is cient in method. As an imaginative constructive agreement in several important particulars between effort, the work is fascinating, as a work of science the map of civilization, as attested by opinion, and it deserves earnest condemnation. that of human energy, as attested by climate. The problem of the relation of culture to environ- Thence the correlation between climate and civiliza- ment is not a new one. Montesquieu dealt with it, tion. favoring the environmental interpretation. So did While the believer beholds and worships, the scep- Buckle. In the field of anthropology, a similar view tic reserves judgment, for he knows of high civiliza- was taken by Ratzel, whose Anthropogeography tions, conceived, born and reared to glorious matur- abounds in environmental determinants of culture. ity jn climes most unconforming to the maximum In recent days Miss Semple picked up the thread of human energy formula. To subdue the sceptic, the Ratzel's argument where he had left it, and wove it theory of climatic cycles is brought to the firing line. into a brilliant and elaborate fabric of a geographic In glacial times climate has undergone far-reach- science of history. ing transformations in the form of periodic cycles Professor Huntington has had considerable popu- of tremendous duration. Now, geological and archae- J. Civilization and Climate, by Ellsworth Huntington. New Haven, Vale University Press, $2.25 net. ological evidence from western Asia suggests that NEW REVIEW 165 similar cycles of climatic change have occurred in the accidental agreement of several such guesses on more recent times. But the chronology is lacking. a particular event, will not increase the probability This is supplied by botanical data from the Western of the event. Hemisphere. Two years of arduous labor over the This illustration is not so much a caricature as an accurate characterization of that which Professor stumps of some few hundred of the gigantic Cali- Huntington attempted to do. If a task is inherently fornia trees bring convincing testimony of climatic impossible, it cannot be performed even though the cycles revealed in the varying thickness of the rings world co-operate. The standard of valuation used of yearly growth. The cycles, reduced to a statistical by the several groups of correspondents, and even curve, serve to chronologise the strikingly similar by the individuals in each group, must have differed but temporally vague curve derived from the geolog- greatly. While some agreement in standardization ical and archaeological data of western Asia. seems to appear in the result and may, indeed, have been expected, that only serves to illustrate the bias By means of the theory of climatic cycles thus due to the selection of correspondents, which would substantiated it becomes possible to demonstrate not fail to come to light if another set of correspon- that all the great civilizations when at their height dents were substituted, of whom forty-five were coincided with climatic conditions which conformed Asiatics and only five Europeans or Americans. to the maximum energy formula. Thus, the main Now, to the extent to which different standards of thesis of the book stands vindicated: what for his- valuation were used, the results are not comparable toric conditions, great men, race, accident, climate at all, any more than would be the judgment of remains the essential determinant of civilization. preference about a set of horses, some based on Wer vieles bringt wird manchem etwas bringen. color, some on purity of breed, some on size, some There is much to criticise, much has been criticised, on price, some on tractability. Thus the averaging in Professor Huntington's volume: his factory sta- of Professor Huntington's "judgments" is like the tistics, his California curve, the theory of climatic averaging of measures of length with measures of cycles. These we shall pass over in silence. But the volume, or of the cost of apples with the weight of bearing of the author's thesis on sociology, on the pears. theory of culture, is one aspect of the work that may Nor is this all. Most of us have at some time or not be overlooked by the student of society, of his- other experienced the difficulty of evaluating two tory. civilizations, no matter what the standards used, For him the center of gravity of the great hypo- unless, indeed, they belonged near the opposite ends thetical structure rests entirely in the correlation of the scale. The task imposed by Professor Hunt- between the map of human energy, as attested by ington involves the comparative evaluation of one climate, and the map of civilization. Disprove the hundred and eighty-five civilizations arranged in a correlation, and the entire laborious structure col- scale from zero to one hundred. The thing is pre- lapses of its own weight. We have agreed to accept posterous ! the map of human energy. But the map of civiliza- If one could eliminate the difference of standards, tion must be challenged. having previously excluded the civilizations obvi- Suppose one hundred and eighty-five balls of dif- ously belonging near the bottom of the scale, one ferent color are placed in a jar. One by one, the would have to recognize that the vagueness of our balls will be produced and removed. The problem judgments in such matters is so pronounced that the is to guess in what order the balls will appear, when evaluations within the limits assigned would approx- produced. Under such conditions most persons will imate a chance distribution. If there is no evidence refuse to make a guess; but the bold man will take of this in Professor Huntington's Map of Civiliza- the risk. tion, the fact is due to the relative comparability of Now, suppose fifty such bold men have made their the standards used, a circumstance correlated with guesses. A comparative analysis of their answers the character of the Professor's correspondents. will show that balls of a certain color were repeat- In other words, if the map of civilization repre- edly assigned to a certain place in the order of ap- sents anything, it represents the bias of the white pearance. When the balls are produced, is it any race. Such being the case, Professor Huntington's more probable that the balls which were assigned demonstration of the climatic determinant of civil- to a certain place in the order of appearance by ization must be pronounced a pathetic failure. several participants will actually appear in that Meteorological magic does not seem to work. The place, than that the true guess or guesses will occur homeopathic magic of the primitive medicine-man in case of a ball or balls assigned to a particular place was vastly more effective. But then there were no once only? Not a jot. Each guess being absolutely sceptics in his audience. arbitrary and wholly unrelated to the actual event, A. A. GOLDENWEISER. 166 NEW REVIEW Inequality of Races relatively insignificant details that might, however, The Inequality of Human Races. By Arthur de Gobineau. Translated be indefinitely multiplied. by Adrian Collins. M. A. Introduction by Dr. Oscar Levy, editor of the authorized English version of Nietzsche's works. G. P. Putnam's Sons: Far more important, of course, are the general Xew York, 1915. $2.00. views advanced by Gobineau. Here an older writer OUNT GOBINEAU'S writings have had a great is in a somewhat better position than in regard to C influence on the theories of our latter-day particular facts. As to the latter, he is bound to be race theorists, and The Inequality of Human Races, antiquated through the progress achieved by science of which the volume here presented only forms part, since his time; but as respects basic points of view is accordingly a work of great historical interest, the possible number of positions that can be taken both with reference to the history of modern is small, consequently the probability of his assum- thought generally and as regards the development ing one that is approved at a later date is greater. of anthropological speculation in particular. We So we find that Gobineau rejects the influence of are thus bound to feel indebted to the publishers for environment on culture, and in this he is fully sup- presenting in readily accessible and fairly inexpen- ported by the consensus of modern ethnologists. On sive form some of Gobineau's representative the other hand, his central thesis as to the funda- thoughts. mental character of racial differences is demon- However, it cannot be said that the average read- strable neither by ethnological nor by psychological er is likely to derive any scientific instruction from data and is rejected by the most competent authori- a perusal of Gobineau. The book was written in ties. It is true that scientists of note might be cited 1853, when anthropology was at best in an embry- on the other side, but their achievements are almost onic condition, and before Darwin's Origin of Spe- uniformly in provinces different from those to which cies. Under these circumstances any specific stric- the race problem properly belongs. tures would be decidedly unfair to the author. On To make a long story short, Gobineau, as a force- the other hand, it is at least as unfair to the lay ful writer presenting one of the a priori possible reader to put such a book into his hands without an views of racial characteristics and accomplishments extensive commentary on the anthropological points is a figure of historical interest to the professional raised. For the average reader cannot be expected anthropologist. But those who are unable to sift to know that the Polynesians are not Negroes (p. his evidence in the light of present knowledge are 27) and that the Mound Builders are considered of liable to secure a very one-sided and antiquated stock the same race and type as the North American In- of anthropological data and theories. dians of a later period (p. 55), to mention only two ROBERT H. LOWIE.

A Socialist Digest

if the right wing of the German party The Split in the Social Democracy holds to the bourgeois conception of the HE chief causes of the split be- in the social-democracy has to do with aims of the war, the article used as a tween the right and left wings this question, to what extent may we text may be quoted as the present posi- T of the Social-Democracy of Ger- hold to the old democratic ideology? tion of that right wing. It reads in many are clearly illustrated by Fried- We have in the party an extreme right part as follows: rich Adler, the well-known Austrian wing which openly and willingly bows "In August, 1915, Germany de- Socialist, in a recent issue of Der to the ruling class theory that might clared that she was forced into this Kampf, published in Vienna. makes right. To this belongs the war, that for her it is a war of de- As a text upon which to make his greater part of the so-called majority, fence. Therefore, upon the conclusion which like the French bourgeoisie, criticism he takes an article entitled of peace there can arise no claims of "Kriegsziele" which appeared in the speaks the old language of democracy conquest. Should such claims be made Siiddeutschen Monatscheft, one of the without the belief in it and without the most prominent publications of the willingness to bring the power of the she would belie herself, she would de- German bourgeoisie. social-democracy into the struggle for prive her cause of justification, would It is evidently Adler's opinion that democratic aims." rob the unity of her people of its spir- the right wing of the German Social "The bourgeoisie has definitely itual strength. This conclusion has Democratic party adheres to the opin- broken from its traditions of 1789, but been heard again and again. ions expressed in this article, for he these lived in the proletariat at least "It appears to us that there is a says, by way of comment: until the beginning of the present war." fallacy in this reasoning. It does not "One chief point of the conflict with- If Adler's accusation is correct and take into account a small circumstance THE SPLIT IN THE SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY 167 which to some of us seems quite impor- from now on shall mean something dif- proletariat has nothing to do with the tant—the fact that between the ending ferent from what it has meant through- aims of the war. They are interested, of peaceful relations on August 1, 1914, out the whole of history? Or are the it is said, less in the 'subjective aims and the future restoration of peace, a people themselves concerned with such than the objective results of the war.' state of war has prevailed. Now what questions? Just ask our soldiers if But however fine this separation of aim is war? It means that peaceful inter- that is why they have shed their blood. and result may be in theory, there is course between nations has been elimi- "For the protection of their homes, in reality an inseparable connection be- nated because they have drawn the for the power of the state that afforded tween them. The results of the war sword to decide what thereafter shall this protection they gladly, in the hour depend upon the aims of the war." be considered the right and the just. of greatest danger, took their weapons Contrasting this attitude with that For no nation imperils its existence as in hand. They expect to gain from of the left wing of the German party a joke, the people do not shed their peace what the Kaiser promised them as typified by the delegation in the blood as a pastime. at the beginning—the greatest possible Prussian Landtag, a clear conception "Germany began the war of 1870 not security against the recurrence of the of the reasons for the split results. in the spirit of conquest but as a means same danger, the greatest possible On January 17, 1916, these delegates of defence. But did that prevent us strengthening of the protection against issued a declaration in which they ex- from taking Alsace- Lorraine? Or did this danger. They expect "real guar- pressly denounced the idea that the war the fact that we took it transform that anties," they expect land, people and should mean for Germany or any other war subsequently into an unjust war? possessions. nation increased territory. May he who believes that have the "The questions to be decided at the "We demand that the Imperial Chan- courage to say so publicly. We would coming of peace are simpler than some cellor, who has said no word against then be able to know how many people philosophers would have us believe. the monstrous annexation plans of pow- adhere to that doctrine. There is no necessity of bringing into erful economic associations and of other "Now, before the present war our in- this war the question of what is 'just' highly influential circles, shall not only tentions in regard to peace terms were or 'unjust' from the point of view of reject these plans in a decisive manner also honorable; we respected the status a juridical or ethical world opinion. but shall also break loose from that quo in regard to territory; for the The questions which we shall have to policy of annexation, which is a posi- growth granted us by God we sought answer, as involved as they may be, lie tive hindrance to any conclusion of forms which infringed upon no for- at least all in the same plane, the peace and which is augmenting to the eign rights. But our enemies them- plane of the existing national reality. uttermost the determination of the selves have declared invalid the right enemy to resist. "What does this offer us? What does to this status quo and have left the this allow us to accomplish today? "We do not see our possibilities of new decision to the sword. They have Those are the only questions with existence in the creation of an imperi- stated openly that if we are defeated which we have to do. Let us all be alistic Greater Germany or Central they will overthrow us and destroy us clear on that point. It is a question of Europe, but in the political and eco- upon the justification of war. They facts and of nothing else, of our well nomic relations of the nations such as have done their best to accomplish this. understood advantage, our hard mate- would result from the upbuilding of the But if we are the conquerors—then we rial interests, not of any theory, what- democracy, the abolition of secret' di- must gratefully restore them to the old ever its substance. Our single aim in plomacy and the removal of tariff fron- status quo because—well, why? Ap- this war is our own self-maintenance tiers. And on the other hand, we can- parently because we have conquered. by the means and aims which are per- not, as international Socialists, true to "But is it necessary to annex terri- missible in war. We need do no worry- the principles of our program and our tory, others ask. Shall we repeat the ing about the interests of foreigners. entire outlook on the world's affairs, action of 1848, we ask in return, and For when weapons speak, God has ever give a hand to the subjection of discuss principles until the hour of fate taken upon himself the decision be- other nations and to the infringement has slipped away? Did Bismarck live tween nations. He to whom He gives upon their political and economic in- in vain? Truly it is a great and noble power must use it." dependence. For we sympathize with work to give thought to and to prepare the sufferings of the proletariat of the better forms for the state to assume in " 'He to whom God gives power must nations today hostile to us exactly as the future, for everything earthly is use it.' That is refreshingly clear and we sympathize with the sufferings of full of defects and must constantly honestly outspoken," declares Adler. our own people. Our enemies, then, change in order to stay alive. But the "The imperialists of all nations want will be inclined to peace when they are articles of a practical treaty of peace nothing better and could ask nothing guaranteed the same security for their cannot be framed according to some better than to use their power, they national rights and interests as we possible future international law of the expect land, people and possessions, socialists claim for Germany. Espe- year 3000 A. D. The same forces will and are inspired by the principle that cially we demand that the complete in- rule in the conclusion of peace as now there is no necessity of worrying over dependence of Belgium be restored and rule in a state of war. Those who are the interests of foreigners. that complete compensation be made not strong enough to hold their own in "This was not always the point of for the injustice done this nation as the first must keep silent in the second. view of the bourgeoisie. There were admitted by the Chancellor himself on The nations of the world today are times when they would rather have August 4, 1914." states built upon power. But their 'frittered away an hour of fate" than What hope can anyone see in recon- power consists of land, people and pos- have sacrificed their democratic princi- ciling these two diametrically opposed sessions. ples to momentary interests, times views of the extreme wings of the Ger- "Or is this war, perhaps, a war of when war was to them a war of princi- man Social Democracy? And which of principles? Are the great powers, per- ples. these factions may be considered to haps, concerned with the question "There is an effort in the social have a claim to inclusion in the Inter- whether in the future territories shall democracy to put to one side all politi- nationale when peace makes possible or shall not be annexed? Whether war cal questions, for, it is maintained, the its reconstruction? 168 NEW REVIEW

ment of their standard of living is Magon Brothers Arrested Again really indispensable, and whether it is really necessary every year to cause a HE past ninety days have seen gry people want is entire liberty based so many attacks on the working on economic independence. Down with great loss of labor and wages by strikes and lock-outs. The war has changed T class press of the country that the so-called rights of private prop- many views; it has also helped trade one more will cause little surprise. The erty; and, as long as this evil right continues to exist we shall remain un- unions, their aims, their care of the postal laws have been used to the limit needy, their discipline, their uplifting to prevent free expression of opinion der arms. Enough of mockery!" activity to be adequately recognized by that is distasteful to the authorities In answer to this campaign of sup- pression a Workers' International De- all authorities. * * * Though such and those that they represent. In recognition cannot put an end to the rapid succession came the arrest of fense League of Los Angeles has been organized in affiliation with similar economic differences between employers Margaret Sanger for "misuse of the and workmen, yet it may be expected mails," the arrest of Elizabeth Gurley leagues in San Francisco, Chicago and New York, with headquarters at 621 that the settlement of these differences Flynn and conviction of Emma Gold- will not necessarily take place in the man, the suppression of The Alarm and American Bank Building. The League has taken charge of the same forms and with such great sacri- Revolt, the suppression of the last issue fices as has been the case during the of The Blast, edited by Alexander Berk- Magon case, and has set itself to put man. To this signficant list has now up the heavy bail of $10,000 demanded last 25 years. been added the jailing of Ricardo Flores by the court for the temporary release "These words denote a remarkable Magon and his brother, Enrique Flores change in the attitude of the trade of the prisoners, and to raise the unions and in socialist opinion. For Magon, editors of El Regeneration, a greatly needed funds for their defense. years, the Social Democrats, and in paper published in the Spanish lan- Attorneys Ryckman and Kirk have been their wake the trade unions, have clung guage in Los Angeles in the interest engaged as counsel, both of them vet- to the theory that the working class erans in fighting the battles of the of "free land and free men" in Mexico, had to lead a continual fight against workers—the latter, indeed, having and the indictment of their English the employers as representatives of collaborator, William C. Owen. served six months in jail for his activi- capitalism. The result was industrial ties in the San Diego free speech fight. The charge against these men is quarrels without end. Should this "using the mails to incite murder, ar- The treasurer of the League is J. D. theory now be thrown overboard, it son and treason." The utterances up- Kaufman, 621 American Bank Build- may be presumed that the employers on which the indictments are based are ing, Los Angeles, and a circular sent will only be too glad to seize the prof- quoted as follows: out from the organization intimates fered hand, and prove by granting all that contributions to the defense fund concessions apt to further the workers' "Justice and not bullets is what will be most welcome. ought to be meted out to the revolu- interest, that they are willing to do This is the third time the Magons their share in establishing peace with- tionists of Texas; and from now on we have faced the penitentiary; for twice should demand that the persecutions of in Germany's industry. Such an end they have been convicted of breaking to the "class strife" will result in close innocent Mexicans should cease. And the neutrality laws and have served as to the revolutionists, we should also co-operation, and will constitute a fac- terms in the State prison of Arizona tor of utmost importance in the re- demand that they be not executed." and the Federal penitentiary on Mc- "The ones who should be shot are shaping of German industrialism. Neil's Island. In a revolutionary ca- DR. R. J. OBERFOHREN." the 'rangers' and the band of bandits reer of twenty years, ten of which have who accompany them in their depreda- been spent in the United States, they tions." have passed more than five years be- Of course no Socialist can agree with "Enough of reforms! What we hun- hind the bars. Herr Oberfohren that this effort is likely to succeed. But it is important to note that the unions are making the German Labor Unions and the Class attempt. Struggle Fooling the Ger- T looks as though the Executive This industrial unity of all the classes Committee of the German Unions has its basis, of course, in a sound man Censor I had decided to declare a permanent patriotism realizing that internal strife HE German censorship is se- peace with capital. A letter to the must be pernicious to the common vere. But it is not efficient; New York Journal of Commerce from a cause. If a state of economic war T at least not as efficient as German bourgeois hails this possibility among the nations is to follow the pres- those German revolutionists who have with such delicious naivete that it reads ent clash of arms, such industrial unity studied the science and art of getting almost like satire. We quote all but will be of equal importance then as it around the censor for the last forty the irrelevant opening sentences: is now. German workmen are appar- years. There are many ways of doing The relations of the working classes ently realizing that fact. In the Feb- it—all equally effective in Germany, and the employers have hitherto in Can- ruary issue of the journal of the Gen- where not only the writers but the tinental Europe, as well as elsewhere, eral Committee of the Trade Unions, readers of opposition papers have had not always been satisfactory. Quar- the great socialist organization of Ger- a long and strenuous training in this rels, resulting in strikes and lock-outs man laborers, we find the following art. have been frequent, hampering the effi- passage: The public opinion of Germany's lit- cient running of the industrial wheels. "At present an examination seems to tle semi-democratic neighbors, Holland, While such industrial crises have oc- be very timely as to whether the enor- Switzerland and the Scandinavia! curred in England, even during the mous expenditure of the working popu- countries is vastly interested in th» war, Germany has been free of them. lation in the struggle for the better- German Socialist opposition. FOOLING THE GERMAN CENSOR 169

So the Kaiser's course is clear. He sociological problems, which in Ger- threat of German militarism, which must prove that there is no Socialist many is supplemented by that extraor- was inconsistent with a truly liberal opposition. He must prove that there dinary cult of the State as taught by form of government—a remark which is no repression. This he can achieve historians like Treitschke. When one is quite natural for a citizen of the only by repressing the Socialist oppo- sees how Bernhardi constantly quotes United States." sition in such a thorough yet artistic Treitschke, how Buelow starts out with Bernstein does not accept all of manner that no sign of repression es- a quotation from Treitschke, and Mun- Charles W. Eliot's views—but he does capes to foreign parts. sterberg also holds fast to the faith quote without criticism Eliot's state- When Edward Bernstein wanted to of Treitschke, one understands how it ment of the American feeling on this attack the Kaiser and monarchism re- is that the British and Americans point: cently, he wrote a lengthy article should consider the German mind con- "American sympathies are with the against George III. The article was trolled by the doctrines of Treitschke; German people in their sufferings and no mere parody of history. It was ac- and so far as the middle classes are losses, but not with their rulers, with curate, but out of the long reign of concerned it is true that Treitschke's the military class or with the profes- the British despot, it selected only influence has not been small. sors and men of letters who have those features that fit the German des- "German-Americans defending the been teaching for more than a genera- pot of to-day. German cause have repeatedly assured tion that might makes right. 'That But the world's leading opportunist the American public that Bernhardi's short phrase,' according to Eliot, out- Socialist is a formidable opponent. writings were 'not taken seriously in lines 'the fundamental fallacy which And he has delivered the Government Germany.' The frank statements of for fifty years has been poisoning the another serious blow, which has just this General, of course, were not suita- springs of German thought and Ger- been translated from the Neue Zeit ble to their purpose of winning over man policy on public affairs.' " and published in English by the Amer- the anti-militaristic Americans, and American pacifists want us to for- ican Association for International which had been worked out according get and forgive German atrocities, even Conciliation (Pamphlet No. 99). to the principle of denying even the when systematically ordered from Ber- Bernstein quotes at length and most self-evident if it seemed unfa- lin. Bernstein holds the opposite view, adopts for his own the views of lead- vorable. But Prince von Buelow's book and reminds us of them—as he has ing American critics of Germany in equally does not harmonize with that done in the German press—as far as the present war. He presents this as kind of whitewashing. the censor allowed. He quotes Eliot a scientific study of hostile opinion. He "Too frequently the predecessor of on this point, and adds his explicit ap- does not endorse every word he quotes. Bethmann-Hollweg had conducted for- proval of Eliot's standpoint, as fol- Yet his sole motive in picking and eign politics according to the taste of lows: choosing from numerous American ex- Bernhardi, and he was experienced "American public opinion, however, pressions is to select those that he con- enough to know what could be pre- has been greatly shocked in other ways siders most worthy of attention. More- sented to people capable of judging by the German conduct of the war. over, while he is not free to approve for themselves without making one's Eliot mentions a number of methods any part of these opinions, he is free self ridiculous. of warfare, as the dropping of bombs to disapprove. He has taken advan- "He does not therefore attempt to in cities and towns chiefly inhabited tage of this opportunity to point out depict Germany as the innocent being by non-combatants, the strewing of where he disagrees with the American which would avoid any friction under floating mines, etc. His list closes critics. And we cannot question that any circumstances. Mr. Hayes, there- with the enacting of ransoms from he has indicated each and every point fore, continues: 'A sincere and logical cities and towns under the threat of de- of disagreement where it is important. apostle of Buelow would normally be stroying them, and the holding of un- The American opinions that remain a Bernhardi. And it might be added armed citizens as hostage for the unanswered are thus—broadly speak- —this is now the main point—a Bern- peaceable behavior of a large popula- ing—Bernstein's. hardi would normally produce a whole tion, under threat of summary execu- It gives the position of one of the crop of Buelows. If Bernhardi is not tion of the hostages in the case of most able German opponents of the taken seriously in Germany, it must be any disorder. Kaiser—a position verified at many for some personal reason that escapes "To Americans all these methods of points by other successful efforts of his American reader.' warfare seem unnecessary, sure to Bernstein to get around the censor in "The American historian does not breed hatred and contempt toward the which he expresses opinions identical overlook the actual facts involved. His nation that uses them and, therefore, with those of the Americans quoted be- essay shows that he is at home in Ger- to make it difficult for future genera- low. man history and historical literature, tions to maintain peace and order in Of the various Americans he men- and capable of treating history intelli- Europe. They cannot help imagining tions Bernstein seems to have the high- gently." the losses civilization would suffer if est opinion of Professor Carlton Hayes If there were any doubt of Bern- the Prussians should ever carry into of Columbia. He agrees with Hayes stein's approval of the above view of Western Europe the kind of war that Treitschke and Bernhardi repre- the Bernhardi-Treitschke question, the which the Germans are now waging sent the views of the ruling classes of last two sentences remove it. in Belgium and France. They have Germany—in spite of all denials. On Bernstein takes pains to make many supposed that war was to be waged this point Bernstein quotes Hayes (ap- quotations—without denial or protest in this country only against public provingly) as follows: —pointing to the exceptionally mili- armed forces and their supplies and "At the end of his article Hayes, in taristic character of the present regime shelters." turning over towards the discussion of in Germany. Of Hayes' view on this In many places Bernstein condemns political history and philosophy, states point he says: the arguments used by pro-Germans that both in English and German books "In the main Mr. Hayes declares and pacifists who want peace even at there is an inadmissible application of that the character of French militar- the Kaiser's price. He repudiates the biological theories of evolution to ism was strictly defensive against the Munsterburg and others specifically, by 170 NEW REVIEW means of the following quotation from Hayes: "Munsterburg had proceeded in a way similar to that of the ninety-three I Wait a Minute \. CLUB OFFERS * intellectuals and, therefore, the Ameri- (For Canada add 2$c., for can refutes courteously but not less Foreign 5oc.) definitely this question dealt with in such a manner by calling the essay: New Review " 'So impressionistic and so replete THE Masses ;°w.::::'!:oSl$2.00 with errors and misrepresentations— of which, by actual count there are at New Review 1.501 least twenty-nine—that it is likely to SURVEY Critic & Guide.. l.OOJ do the German cause more harm than (Wm. J. Robinson, M.D., Editor) has a new once-a-month edition good.'" for busy folks who read as 1.50 Bernstein criticizes not only the gov- they run. New Review ernment, the professors and the ruling The Public 1.00 classes, but also the majority of the X A brief, snappy review of the <•*•> New Review 1.50 population which, he expects, will con- I month's progress in: Int. Soc. Review. 1.00 tinue to support them. He quotes the I prediction of James M. Beck, that there New Review 1.50 will be a revolution in Germany after | Civics Sunday Call.... the war, only expressly to say that the present-day Germany can not be ex- I Health New Review. pected to revolt. Pearson's . .. S}$2.00 The world-famous Socialist wishes to I Industry New Review 1.5 leave no doubt that present-day Ger- Solidarity 1 .C many is and will long remain a thor- (Official Organ I. W. W.) oughly militarist nation. He therefore I Education criticizes the optimism of President New Review 1.50 Butler as well as Mr. Beck, as fol- * Social Service Reedy's Mirror... 2.00 lows: New Review 1.50 •T> Based on First Hand Investiga- "We fear that among the average Little Review. .. . 1.50 Germans there are but few who would I tion subscribe to the following sentences of New Review. President Butler: 'The nation whose The Survey. , frontier bristles with bayonets and In The Survey Ask us for our rates on any com- with forts is like the individual with bination you desire. a magazine pistol in his pocket. Both for May make for murder. Both in their hearts really mean murder. The world will A WASTE BOX OF THE NEW REVIEW WORLD: Frederic C. Howe be better when the nations invite the tells of a war detention camp judgment of their neighbors and are right on Ellis Island. influenced by it. ... " 'One of the controlling principles of JUST FLICKERINGS OF LIFE: a democratic State is that its military Hour a Vice Commission un- and naval establishments must be earthed a traffic in new-born A Satirical Masterpiece completely subservient to the civil babies. power.'" FOR A NEW DRAMA: John Even Sir Edward Grey expressed Collier describes the role of Smith on this hope long before the war, in the community theatre in the very polite form, by saying he be- life of European people. lieved that all the peoples would revolt Preparedness UNDER THE EAyES OF WAR: against the growing burdens and men- An American visitor's impres- By Simeon ^Strunsky ace of militarism. What he meant sions of work-a-day England. was that he hoped the people of rival Mr. Strunsky has a real genius for countries would revolt. effective and unique comment on But they will probably do nothing Eight Months' Trial current events. His satire on Roose- velt, Through the Outlooking Glass, of the kind—at least for another quar- for a Dollar Bill ter century. There is only one hope was not only effective propaganda of revolution. If Germany is thor- but literature of a high order. oughly defeated (but not "crushed") SURVEY SMITH ON PREPAREDNESS or if the war lasts several years longer will make you laugh, laugh heartily even the militaristic Germany Bern- ASSOCIA TES —and think. It's a1 tonic. Read it! stein describes may be led to revolt. Inc. Price, ice. On the other hand if Germany's de- feat is not conclusive (Germany, Aus- 112 E. 19ih St. Said for half a dozen coplts mJ pnu Hem mound. tria and Turkey losing all the subject New York, N. Y. races they have so oppressed for so many years), or if the war ends this NEW REVIEW BOOK SERVICE year, there will be no trace of revolt. »V »»t« -

STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, Boudin, 477 E. 16th St., Brooklyn, N. Y.; THE RIP SAW MANAGEMENT, ETC., Maurice Blumlein, 133 Water St., J\ . 2107 Washington Street required by the Act of Congress of August York City; Alexander Fraser, 413 First Roxbury Sta., Boston, Mass. 24, 1918, of the NEW REVIEW, published St., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Louis C. Fraina, monthly at New York, N. Y., for April 124 Convent Ave., New York City; Felix 1. 1916. Grendon, 141 E. 26th St., New York City; State of New York, ) „ . Julius Heiman, 69 Landscape Ave., Yon- County of New York. J kers, N. Y. ; Isaac A. Hourwich, 80 Hewes Before me, a Commissioner of Deeds St., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Bertha W. Howe, in and for the State and county afore- Great Kills, S. I., N. Y.; Herbert W. said, personally appeared Bernard A. Isay, 256 Broadway, New York City; Paul Milner, who, having been duly sworn ac- Kennaday, 780 Park Ave., New York City; Socialism in cording to law, deposes and says that he Louise W. Kneeland, 970 Park PI., Brook- is the Business Manager of the NEW lyn, N. Y.; Eleanor Kneeland, 970 Park REVIFW and that the following is, to the Place, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Hildergarde Knee- America best of his knowledge and belief, a true land, 970 Park PL, Brooklyn, N. Y.; statement of the ownership, management, Philip L. Liebnian, 302 Broadway, New etc., of the aforesaid publication for the York City; Arthur A. Livingston, Colum- By John Macy date shown in the above caption, required bia University, New York City; M. by the Act of August Z4, 1912, embodied Michaelovsky, 235 W. 71st St., New York Wm. English Walling says: "I am in section 443, Postal Laws and Regula- City; Joseph Michael, 115 Broadway, New tions, to wit.: York City; Moses Oppenheimer, 1841 amazed that Mr. Macy has been able 1. That the names and addresses of the Marmion Ave., Bronx, N. Y;. Mary S. publisher, editor, managing editor, and Oppenheimer, 1841 Marmion Ave., Bronx, to cover all the most important business managers are: N. Y.; Charles Edward Russell, 1025 15th Publishers: New Review Publishing Asso- St., N. W. Washington, D. C; L. M. points, and yet—in spite of the very ciation, 856 Broadway, New York City. Solis-Cohen. 1270 Madison Ave., New York great condensation this necessitates Editors: Executive Editors: Louis B. Bou- City; Herman Simpson, 121 W. 120th St., din, 302 Broadway, New York City; Louis New York City; J. G. Phelps Stokes, 88 —has succeeded in making a book, C. Fraina, 124 Convent Ave., New York Grove St., New York City; B. Segall, City; Felix Grendon. 141 East 26th St., Orono, Maine; Ray Simpson, 203 W. 113th every page of which is interesting. I New York City; Martha Gruening, 227 St., New York City; Sarah S. Simpson, am convinced that no other writer in Waverly PI., New York City; Isaac A. 203 W. 113th St., New York City; Wm. Hourwich, 80 Hewes St., Brooklyn, N. Y.; English Walling, Greenwich, Conn. this country could have made such a Moses Oppenheimer, 1841 Marmion Ave., 3. That the known bondholders, mort- Bronx, N. Y. Contributing Editors: gagees, and other security holders owning brilliant success of this difficult task." Richard P. Appleton, 256 Broadway, New or holding 1 per cent, or more of the York City; Maurice Blumlein, 133 Water total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other Price $1.00, net. St., New York City; Frank Bohn, 362 securities are: None. Riverside Drive, New York City; Wm. E. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, Bohn, 206 N. Maple St., East Orange, giiving the names of the owners, stock- N. J.; Floyd Dell, 38 W. 14th St., New holders, and security holders, if any, con- NEW REVIEW BOOK SERVICE York City; W. E. B. DuBois, 70 Fifth tain not only the list of stockholders and Ave., New York City; Max Eastman, 33 security holders as they appear upon the W. 14th St., New York City; Jacob W. books of the company but also, in cases Hartmann, 468 W. 153d St., New York where the stockholder or security holder City; Paul Kennaday, 780 Park Ave, New appears upon the books of the company York City; Harry W. Laidler, 70 Fifth Ave., as trustee or in any other fiduciary rela- New York City; Robert Rives LaMonte, tion, the name of the person or corpora- New Canaan, Conn.; Robert H. Lowie, 448 tion for whom such trustee is acting, is St. Nicholas Ave., New York City; Helen given; also that the said two paragraphs Marot, 806 W. 13th St., New York City; contain statements embracing affiant's full Artists' Picture Joseph Michael, 115 Broadway, New knowledge and belief as to the circum- York City; Austin Lewis, Oakland, Calif.; stances and conditions under which stock- Materials Frames John Macy, Wrentham, Mass.; Mary W. holders and security holders who do not Ovington, 246 Fulton St., Brooklyn, N. appear upon the books of the company as Y.; Wm. J. Robinson, 12 Mt. Morris Park trustees, hold stock and securities in a W., New York City; Wm. English Wal- capacity other than of a bona fide owner; ling, Greenwich, Conn. and this affiant has no reason to believe Managing Editor: None. that any other person, association, or cor- Colors and Boards of all makes Business Manager: Bernard A. Milner, 256 poration1 has any interest direct or indirect Broadway, New York City. in the said stock, bonds, or other securi- 2. That tke owners are: (If o-^orpora- ties than as so stated by him. tion, give its_ name and the names and BERNARD A. MILNER, S. HALPERN addresses of stockholders owning or hold- Business Manager. ing 1 per cent, or more of the total Sworn to and subscribed before me this 3 East 30th St., near Fifth Ave. amount of stock): New Review Publish- 13th day of April, '1916. NEW YORK CITY ing Association, 256 Broadway, New York JACOB P. LEVINSON, City. Commissioner of Deeds. New York City. Richard P. A^pleton, 256 Broadway, New N Y. Co., Clerk's No. 1074, Reg. No. York City; Jessie Ashley, 27 Cedar Street, 17024. New York City; Louis B. Boudin, 302 [Seal.] Broadway, New Yoilc City; Anna P. (My commission expires February 2, 1917. Dpi! IIAT If you want for, self or ntu nvi ^.^ a paper |hat combats all religious dogma send 50c. Sample Copies for each HAMAQTIAandgetthe A friend of the NEW REVIEW, who distribute a bundle of sample copies, from subscriber ™"vO I •!»» hottest pa- feels that the magazine deserves a greater time to time, where they are likely to do circulation, has given us $50.00 on condi- some good, drop us a postal to that effect. per published. Don't delay. Send tion that we use the money to send sample copies to possible subscribers. If you can We need your cooperation. today. P A P F R THE CRUCIBLE, K. r II ft II Ask For Them 1330 1st Ave., Seattle. 50 CENTS Just Off the Press The "Socialism" of New Zealand By Robert H. Hutchinson

HAT the effect of the present war will be on the structure of future society is not so easy to foretell. W But from the nature of the measures taken by the belligerent governments it should be of interest to the person who appreciates the difference between Socialism and State Socialism. When one thinks of Germany nowadays one pictures a powerfully centralized mass of people divided roughly into those who command and those who obey, and the con- trolling power of it all, the government. So it is also with the other warring countries, and so it is becoming, though with less pronounced rapidity, among the nations at peace. State Socialism seems to be on the horizon. New Zealand is a good place in which to study State Socialism, because there is more of it there than in perhaps any other place in the world. —From the Author's Introduction.

CONTENTS I—The Historical Evolution. II—Railways, Post and Telegraph, and Other State Business. Ill—Public Debt and the Land Administration. IV—Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration. V—Woman Suffrage and the Position of Women. VI—Social Legislation and Labor Conditions. VII-—The Recent Strike and the Present Situation. VIII—Observations and Conclusions. IX—State Socialism and the War.

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