DOCSLIB.ORG

Development Plan 2006 - 2010 Gulatinget – the True Origin of the Scandinavian Democratic Model

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development Plan 2006 - 2010 Gulatinget – the True Origin of the Scandinavian Democratic Model SOGN OG FJORDANE COUNTY MUNICIPALITY GULEN MUNICIPALITY Development plan 2006 - 2010 Gulatinget – the true origin of the Scandinavian democratic model Gulatinget is one of the oldest representative assemblies in Scandinavia. From as early as the 10th century, free farmers would assemble at Gulatinget to solve disputes and adopt laws in direct negotiations with the king. Gulatinget was a regional assembly which covered a much larger area than any other assembly in Medieval Scandinavia. Its legislations covered West Norway from Sunnmøre to Rogaland and what are now Southern Norway, Hallingdal and Valdres. The regional self- government appointed by Gulating legislation to the farmers formed the basis for the deve- lopment of democracy and constitutional government in Norway. Gulatinget encompassed the core area of the oldest Norwegian monarchy under Harald Hårfagre, and was established as a link in the chain of the West Norwegian national assem- bly. It therefore played a decisive role in finally uniting Norway to one nation. Norway’s very first body of laws, Gulatingslova, was laid down at Gulatinget. This is the oldest Scandinavian body of laws known. It formed the basis for Magnus Lagabøte’s nati- onal legislation, which in turn provided the foundations for our modern day Constitution. The Gulating body of laws also awarded Norway its very first organised national defence, leidangen or army. This entire part of the country could be mobilised to fight off foreign invaders at short notice by lighting beacons known as vetar or vardar from mountain top to mountain top. Gulatinget also had an impact on the judicial development out on the Norse island com- munities to the west. For example, the Alltinget assembly on Iceland was established following the pattern of the Gulating assembly. The Gulatinget legacy is still very much present today in the Norwegian Parliament, where elected representatives sit according to region. The Gulatinget assembly is therefore an honourable institution of significant national importance and with an impact far beyond national borders, which we now intend to exhibit and communicate. Vision We aim to exhibit and communicate the history of Gulatinget, thereby displaying the values this historical assembly represents. STEERING COMMITTEE FOR THE GULATINGET MILLENNIUM SITE Ingebjørg Erikstad, Municipal Director for Culture, Sogn og Fjordane county municipality Cecilie Thaule Løvlid, County Council/Main Committee for Culture Trude Brosvik, Mayor of Gulen municipality Harald Haugejorden, Chief Municipal Executive, Gulen municipality Anne-Karin Misje Project Manager 2 Values under pressure Gulatinget represents values such as freedom of speech, self-government and law and order. These are the true foundation pillars of constitutional government, but these values are under pressure today. The peaceful resolution of conflicts via dialogue is losing ground, while unrest and terror challenge the basic principles of law and order and personal security. Democratic values and systems cannot be "induced", but these values – the mind- set and traditions which form the basis for the development of a democracy – can be communicated. Participation in democratic processes, freedom of speech and basic principles of constitutional government can be taught. We hope to contribute to this teaching process by communicating the history of Gulatinget assembly. Secondary goals • Help increase knowledge of the ideas, values and traditions which form the basis for the development of a democratic system • Promote an understanding of the importance of freedom of speech, self-government and basic principles of constitutional government • Communicate the importance of the role played by Gulatinget in the development of Norway as a democracy • Show how Gulatinget inspired other countries to develop a demo- cratic constitution according to the principles of constitutional government • Develop the Gulatinget Millennium Site as an arena for teaching, development and cultural exchange • Develop the Gulatinget Millennium Site as an important arena for research, communication and education • Develop the Gulatinget Millennium Site as a cultural arena and tou- rist destination Four strategies The entire project shall be divided into the following four strategies: • Information • Arena development • Activities • Culture and commercial development Internationalisation and network building Norwegians have "exported" their traditions and form of government to other coun- tries bordering the North Sea since the Middle Ages. Norwegians governed the Isle of Man for a certain period, and this island now has its own assembly site. Several European countries and Russia had similar institutions during this era. We have little information on the amount of contact between Gulatinget and other assembly sites on the continent or with East Europe and Russia during the Middle Ages. One of our goals during the project period is therefore to build networks with the other assembly sites, particularly those with a North Sea coastline, in order to research this field and to exchange information with other countries. We aim to establish a network cooperation where we can work together on providing information, cultural exchange and develop- ment of tourism. 3 National foundations The Icelandic assembly site, Thingvellir, is currently on the UNESCO World Heritage list, as it formed such an important basis for the development of democracy on Iceland. Thingvellir is central to Icelandic identity and national sentiment, and the Icelandic Parliament is in charge of the operation and development of the assembly site, receiving fixed governmental subsidies for this purpose. In Norway, responsibility for the admi- nistration and presentation of the Gulatinget history has been allocated to a county and a municipality, despite the fact that Gulatinget has had a fundamental impact on the development of Norway as a democracy and constitutional government. National cultural heritage Sogn og Fjordane county municipality and Gulen municipality are in a unique situation as they, on behalf of the entire Norwegian population, are in charge of a cultural heritage which is of great value in terms of politics, legal history, national defence history and cultural history. National collaboration The steering committee for this project is convinced that the responsibility for the administration and presentation of the national cultural heritage represented by Gulatinget is a national obligation, and that the further development of the project must be established on a national level. The steering committee has a three-year strate- gy to aim to work towards governmental cooperation for the development of the Gulatinget Millennium Site. From the opening ceremony in 2005. 4 The history of Gulatinget has to be told The lack of knowledge of the impact of Gulatinget on the development of Norway as a constitutional government and democracy may be attributed to the fact that the Gulatinget history has been anonymous for a number of years. Many Norwegians are unaware of the impact this institution has had on modern day Norway, and some do not even know where the assembly site is. As the current Gulating Court of Appeal assembles in Bergen courthouse, many believe that this is where it all started. It is there- fore high time the history of Gulatinget is top of the agenda. It is not least important to tell of the values Gulatinget represents and how these values have shaped the Norwegian mindset and conduct – up until modern day. Gulatinget also teaches us our cultural heritage and the shared cultural values we still hold today. Consensus The Gulatinget history is the history of how Norwegian farmers entered into dialogue and negotiations with the authorities to jointly lay down a legislation and a system of government with which we still operate. Gulatinget was also an institution where farmers and the authorities could meet to establish a consen- sus in order to avoid unrest or to moderate conflicts. These are values which Norwegians still hold high today, and which we often try to communicate to other countries which suffer from unrest and where there is no form of dialogue. The Norwegian contribution Norwegians carry out their legacy from Gulatinget when they act as peace nego- tiators – often in countries where democracy does not exist, and where there are no traditions for peaceful conflict resolution. Norwegians are known far and wide as a peace-loving people who, even in the most deadlocked conflicts, try to get the opposing parties to replace fighting with negotiations. This is our legacy from Gulatinget, and one we Norwegians can be proud of. A living Gulating There is an ever-increasing interest in learning more about how the Scandinavian coun- tries have developed as democracies throughout history. And through our work on the development of Gulatinget, the steering committee aims to contribute towards increa- sing knowledge of the background upon which Norway developed a constitutional government and a democratic form of government. The steering committee further intends to place Gulatinget at the top of the agenda, and to make the assembly site’s history a current topic by establishing an information centre at the Millennium Site, where the history and development of democracy can be communicated and discussed. A site of topical interest The establishment of the Millennium Site is also good timing in relation to the tourist market, where interest in local culture, character, history
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dkulturminne I HØYANGER
    HISTORISK BAKGRUNN TIL LOKAL KULTURMINNEPLAN dKULTURMINNE I HØYANGER Høyanger kommune eld kraft vatn 2 Historiedel til lokal Kulturminneplan for Høyanger kommune FØREORD Kulturminna våre er viktige kunnskapsberarar som er med på å fortelje oss (pbl), samt utforme områdeplanlegging eller legge tematiske omsynssoner vår historie. Dei kan og vere identitetsberarar som fortel oss kven vi er og der ein ønskjer ei sikra utvikling m.o.t eigenart som arkitektur, bygningsmi - kvar vi kjem frå, og er med på å gi oss identitet og rotfeste. Dei viser utvik - ljø eller sentrumsstruktur. lingstrekk i vår historie, og kan fungere som eit kikhol inn i fortida. Fortidas kulturminne er med oss i notida og gir oss grunnlaget til å skape framtidas Den lokale kulturminneplan gir ikkje noko juridisk vern for kommunal og samfunn. eller privat eigedom. Men ved at Høyanger kommune vedtek den lokale kulturminneplanen vil dette kunne medføre auka midlar gjennom stønads - Kulturminneplanen skal vere eit verktøy i kulturminneforvaltninga. Den skal ordningar og tilgang på rettleiing i bruk og vedlikehald. 3 vere eit hjelpemiddel i ein strategi for å prioritere kulturminne. Ei anna vik - tig side er å kartlegge og formidle kunnskap om våre kulturminne. Dette er Høyanger kommune ønskjer ei god forvaltning av kulturminna i kommu - starten på ein prosess som på sikt vil gje god oversyn og kunnskap om nen. Difor må kulturminna settast inn i ein historisk samanheng. Utarbeida kulturminna i kommunen, både i forvaltninga og formidlinga av kultur - historisk bakgrunn er vedlegg til denne lokale kulturminneplan. minne. God lesing! Kulturminneplanen er i plansystemet til Høyanger kommune, underlagt kommuneplanen sin samfunnsdel, samt arealplanen der ein har bandlagt Arve Varden Anita Nordheim område etter kulturminnelova.
    [Show full text]
  • Handtering Av Brøytesnø I Vestland Fylke.Pdf
    Vår dato: Vår ref: 12.03.2021 2021/2120 Dykkar dato: Dykkar ref: Sjå mottakarliste Saksbehandlar, innvalstelefon Anette Heggøy, 5557 2305 Handtering av brøytesnø i Vestland fylke Bakgrunn I samband med snøfalla i Bergen vinteren 2020/21, har Statsforvaltaren i Vestland motteke spørsmål frå brøyteentreprenørar om oppdaterte retningslinjer for handtering av brøytesnø og deponering på land og i sjø. I februar 2011 sendte Fylkesmannen i Hordaland ut eit informasjonsskriv med retningslinjer for handtering av brøytesnø og dumping av snø i Bergen. Miljødirektoratet har sidan den tid utarbeida nye retningslinjer for snøhandtering. Statsforvaltaren ønskjer med dette å orientere om oppdaterte retningslinjer for snøhandtering i Vestland fylke. Dette brevet erstattar retningslinjene i vårt brev av 2011. Retningslinjer for handtering av snø Forureining frå veg er ei viktig kjelde til forureining av sjø og vassdrag frå urbane område. Brøytesnø kan innehalde betydelege mengder partiklar, mikroplast, sand, grus og avfall, tungmetall og andre miljøgifter. Deponering og dumping av snø kan dermed representere ei fare for forureining av sjø og vassdrag og derfor krevje løyve frå statsforvaltaren. I følgje nye retningslinjer frå Miljødirektoratet1 er dumping av snø i sjø og vassdrag i utgangspunktet alltid søknadspliktig fordi faren for forureining og forsøpling er stor. Statsforvaltaren vil difor vera restriktiv med å gje løyve til dumping av snø i vassdrag og sjø. Også mellomlagring og deponering av snø på land kan krevje løyve etter forureiningslova, dersom mellomlageret/deponiet representerer ein risiko for forureining. Ei miljørisikovurdering for det aktuelle området, vil vise om snøen medfører ei fare for forureining av nærliggande vassdrag, sjø eller grunnen. Dersom vurderinga visar at deponiet kan medføre fare for forureining er det krav om løyve etter forureiningslova § 11 frå Statsforvaltaren.
    [Show full text]
  • Førebygging Av Vald Og Overgrep Mot Barn Og Unge
    Vår dato: Vår ref: 11.11.2020 2020/16127 Dykkar dato: Dykkar ref: Saksbehandlar, innvalstelefon Gunn Randi Bjørnevoll, 5764 3183 Til alle kommunar i Vestland v/ kommunedirektør/rådmenn Førebygging av vald og overgrep mot barn og unge Vald og overgrep mot barn og unge er eit stort samfunnsproblem. Om lag 1 av 20 barn veks opp under forhold prega av vald. Å vekse opp med vald, overgrep og omsorgssvikt aukar risikoen for alvorlege fysiske og psykiske helseplagar seinare i livet. Kjelde: Bufdir.no Eit av regjeringa sine prioriterte område er å førebyggje vald og overgrep mot barn og unge. Fylkesmannen i Vestland har saman med Ressurssenter om vold, traumatisk stress og selvmordsforebygging (RVTS Vest) fått i oppdrag å bidra til å gjere Opptrappingsplan mot vold og overgrep (2017-2021) kjend for kommunane. Dette er også i tråd med artikkel 19 i FNs barnekonvensjon, om vern mot misbruk. Vi skal bidra til implementering og bruk av valdsførebyggjande verktøy som «Snakke sammen» og «Jeg vet». I tillegg skal vi kartlegge om kommunane brukar desse verktøya. «Jeg vet» Dette er ein læringsressurs utvikla av Barne-, ungdoms- og familiedirektoratet (Bufdir). Det skal bidra til å førebyggje vald, overgrep og mobbing gjennom å gje barna auka kunnskap om desse tema. Læringsresursen gir lærarar i barnehage og skule tilgang til kvalitetssikra og alderstilpassa læringsopplegg for å gje barn og unge kunnskap om vald, overgrep og mobbing. «Snakke sammen» Dette verktøyet er utvikla av RVTS på oppdrag frå Bufdir. For mange er det utfordrande å snakke med barn som vi har mistanke om kan ha vore utsett for vald og overgrep.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Valløfter for Sogn Og Fjordane!
    Dette er framlegg til 10 valløfter for Sogn og Fjordane. Det er råd å kome med gode konkrete tiltak fram til regionsmøtet. 1 10 valløfter for Sogn og Fjordane! 2 1) Ja til Sogn og Fjordane 3 SV seier ja til ei ny framtid for Sogn og Fjordane, og rettvis fordeling av makt og 4 rikdom mellom folk og regionar. Sogn og Fjordane har både næring, kultur og natur 5 som er viktige å ta vare på, kjempe for og utvikle inn i framtida. Fleire statlege 6 institusjonar har dei siste åra blitt sentraliserte, og difor er det ekstra viktig å lage eit 7 fylke som er tettare på innbyggjarane. 8 SV vil at Stortinget skal skriv ut folkerøysting om framhald eller oppdeling av Vestland 9 fylke. Om fleirtalet i folkerøystinga, i ein av valkrinsane, seier ja til Sogn og Fjordane 10 skal Stortinget opprette fylka Sogn og Fjordane og Hordaland. 11 2) Ja til rein Førdefjord 12 SV seier ja til gruvedrift og nei til fjorddeponi og ope dagbrot. SV krev full utnytting av 13 ressursane ved gruvedrift i Vevring. 14 3) Ja til eit levande kulturliv i Sogn og Fjordane 15 Eit levande kulturliv treng både dei profesjonelle kulturarbeidarane, institusjonane og 16 det frivillige kulturlivet. SV vil sikre Musea i Sogn og Fjordane og Teater Vestland, 17 musikk-, dans- og dramalinja på Firda vidaregåande skule samt Bokbyen i Fjærland. 18 Vi vil sikre god finansiering festivalar og andre prosjektbaserte tiltak, og gje kulturhusa 19 levelege vilkår. 20 4) Ja til større mangfald i bygdene våre 21 Eit meir variert arbeidsliv og faste heile stillingar, særleg i helse- og omsorgssektoren, 22 gjer bygdene våre meir aktuelle for unge kvinner på jobbjakt.
    [Show full text]
  • Þingvellir National Park
    World Heritage Scanned Nomination File Name: 1152.pdf UNESCO Region: EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Þingvellir National Park DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004 STATE PARTY: ICELAND CRITERIA: C (iii) (vi) CL DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee Criterion (iii): The Althing and its hinterland, the Þingvellir National Park, represent, through the remains of the assembly ground, the booths for those who attended, and through landscape evidence of settlement extending back possibly to the time the assembly was established, a unique reflection of mediaeval Norse/Germanic culture and one that persisted in essence from its foundation in 980 AD until the 18th century. Criterion (vi): Pride in the strong association of the Althing to mediaeval Germanic/Norse governance, known through the 12th century Icelandic sagas, and reinforced during the fight for independence in the 19th century, have, together with the powerful natural setting of the assembly grounds, given the site iconic status as a shrine for the national. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS Þingvellir (Thingvellir) is the National Park where the Althing - an open-air assembly, which represented the whole of Iceland - was established in 930 and continued to meet until 1798. Over two weeks a year, the assembly set laws - seen as a covenant between free men - and settled disputes. The Althing has deep historical and symbolic associations for the people of Iceland. Located on an active volcanic site, the property includes the Þingvellir National Park and the remains of the Althing itself: fragments of around 50 booths built of turf and stone.
    [Show full text]
  • Vestland County a County with Hardworking People, a Tradition for Value Creation and a Culture of Cooperation Contents
    Vestland County A county with hardworking people, a tradition for value creation and a culture of cooperation Contents Contents 2 Power through cooperation 3 Why Vestland? 4 Our locations 6 Energy production and export 7 Vestland is the country’s leading energy producing county 8 Industrial culture with global competitiveness 9 Long tradition for industry and value creation 10 A county with a global outlook 11 Highly skilled and competent workforce 12 Diversity and cooperation for sustainable development 13 Knowledge communities supporting transition 14 Abundant access to skilled and highly competent labor 15 Leading role in electrification and green transition 16 An attractive region for work and life 17 Fjords, mountains and enthusiasm 18 Power through cooperation Vestland has the sea, fjords, mountains and capable people. • Knowledge of the sea and fishing has provided a foundation Experience from power-intensive industrialisation, metallur- People who have lived with, and off the land and its natural for marine and fish farming industries, which are amongst gical production for global markets, collaboration and major resources for thousands of years. People who set goals, our major export industries. developments within the oil industry are all important when and who never give up until the job is done. People who take planning future sustainable business sectors. We have avai- care of one another and our environment. People who take • The shipbuilding industry, maritime expertise and knowledge lable land, we have hydroelectric power for industry develop- responsibility for their work, improving their knowledge and of the sea and subsea have all been essential for building ment and water, and we have people with knowledge and for value creation.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2015 Contents
    SUPREME COURT OF NORWAY SUPREME COURT ANNUAL REPORT 2015 CONTENTS CONTENTS The Supreme Court in its bicentenary year 2015 Page 4 Summary of Supreme Court cases and procedure Page 6 The Supreme Court’s Bicentenary Page 7 - “HONOURABLE GENTLEMEN!” Page 8 - 200 years in two minutes – It began in a library Page 10 - The Bicentenary Meeting Page 12 Bicentenary celebration at Akershus castle Page 14 Open house in the Supreme Court Page 16 Justice Tjomsland captivates his audience Page 18 “The most difficult thing I have ever done as a researcher” Page 20 A powerful meeting with the lions Page 21 Law Truth Justice Page 22 Supreme Court commemorative stamp Page 23 A selection of cases from 2015 Page 24 The Supreme Court and International Law Page 29 Supreme Court Justices Page 31 Justice Liv Gjølstad looks back Page 33 The Supreme Court's administration Page 36 Rizwana Yedicam informs Page 41 New faces Page 42 County tour 2015 Page 43 Outside the courtroom Page 44 Statistics Page 46 Cover page: The Justice Building in Christiania 1903, which is now the Supreme Court Building. Photo: Unknown photographer Oslo Museum 2 3 Photo: Morten Brakestad SUPREME COURT SUPREME THE SUPREME COURT IN ITS BICENTENARY YEAR Under the Norwegian Constitution of 1814, the entertainment, etc. outside the building. year, judiciary service has carried on as usual, and Supreme Court is one of our three constitutional The event attracted an enthusiastic crowd. You can as such, 2015 has been a busy year with many bodies. However, it took time to establish a read more about the various events in the important cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2010 AF Group Annual Report Company
    Highlights 2010 annual reportAF Group 2010 Record profit The AF Group ended its 2010 anniversary year with the highest annual net profit in the history of the AF Group annual reportAF Group 2010 company. Profit before tax for 2010 was NOK 372 million, corresponding to a profit margin of 6.4 per cent. While the outlook for the five business areas varies, overall the AF Group is well positioned for the future from both an organisational and financial standpoint. Financially sound position At the end of 2010 AF had NOK 580 million in net interest-bearing receivables and an equity ratio of 32.1 per cent. Thanks to the sale of parts of the Environ- mental Base at Vats and profits from operations AF is financially strong and well equipped to meet opportunities and challenges in the time to come. High activity and good performance in Civil Engineering AF’s Civil Engineering business area reported its highest level of activity and earnings ever in 2010. Revenues in 2010 amounted to NOK 2,158 million and profit before tax was NOK 198 million, equivalent to a profit margin of 9.2 per cent. All the Civil Engineering units performed very well during the year. Historically low level of injuries HSE has high priority at AF and is an integral part of management at all levels. In 2010, AF had a historically low level of injuries, with an LTI rate of 1.7 for the Norwegian part of the business. The LTI rate is defined as the number of lost time injuries per million man- hours, and AF includes all sub-contractors in the Annual report 2010 calculation.
    [Show full text]
  • HARDANGER Photo: Jiri Havran / Statens Vegvesen
    HARDANGER Photo: Jiri Havran / Statens vegvesen / Statens Jiri Havran Photo: ational Tourist Route Hardanger passes through a scenic area steeped in culture and 57 E16 tradition, where for more than a century trav- N Voss ellers have come to experience mountains, fjords, wa- E16 terfalls and glaciers. Granvin Bergen Eidfjord 7 Utne Hardanger has been a fruit-growing region since the Steinsdalsfossen Halne 48 Tørvikbygd Kinsarvik 7 14th century. The soil along the fjords imparts a char- 49 Jondal acteristically fresh and tangy flavour to the fruit, and 13 49 Tyssedal in the growing season fruit is on sale from small stalls 48 Rosendal along the road. Hardanger is the cradle of national Låtefoss romanticism, and artists of all ages have sought in- Leirvik E134 spiration from its majestic scenery. Boat building and other industries benefit from the resources provided Førde 13 E39 Sauda by nature. E134 National Tourist Route Hardanger includes the stretches from Granvin to Steindalsfossen (County Road 7), from Norheimsund to Tørvikbygd (County Road 49), from Jondal to Utne (County Road 550) and from Kinsarvik to Odda and Låtefoss (National Road 13). The route has a total length of 158 kilometres, and is open for traffic all year. nasjonaleturistveger.no © Norwegian Public Roads Administration, May 2013 Havøysund Varanger Senja Andøya Lofoten 18 NATIONAL TOURIST ROUTES. Each of these selected routes represents a unique motoring Helgelandskysten experience, and each offers its own distinctive combination of road, scenery and history. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration seeks to enhance your journey by providing spectacular viewing platforms, service Atlanterhavsvegen facilities, car parks, picnic areas, Geiranger-Trollstigen Gamle Stryne- Rondane walking trails and art installations fjellsvegen Sognefjellet Gaular- Valdresflye fjellet along these routes.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights 2002 Email: [email protected] This Publication Can Also Be Downloaded from the Internet
    Annual Report Published by: Annual Report Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 7. juni plassen 1/Victoria Terrasse P.O.Box 8114 Dep. 0032 Oslo, Norway Human Rights 2002 Email: [email protected] This publication can also be downloaded from the Internet: http://odin.dep.no/ud Public institutions may order additional copies of this publication from: Statens forvaltningstjeneste Annual Report on Norway's efforts to promote human rights Kopi-og distribusjonsservice P.O.Box 8169 Dep. 0034 Oslo, Norway E-mail address: [email protected] Telefax: +47 22 24 27 86 Publication number: E-753E ISBN 82-7177-715-7 Graphic design and illustrations: Cox Design/www.cox.no Printed by: Kursiv Media AS/www.kursiv.no 12/2003 – circulation 3000 Human Rights 2002 Annual report Human Rights 2002 Annual Report on Norway’s Efforts to Promote Human Rights Photos: Page 8: © Nana Reimers / BAM / Samfoto Page 12: © AP/Scanpix Page 14: © Bernt Eide / Samfoto Page 19: © Mimsy Møller / Samfoto Page 21: © NORAD Page 26: © NORAD Page 30: © Fredrik Naumann / Samfoto Page 33: © AP/Scanpix Page 37: © Nils-Inge Kruhaug/Scanpix Page 40: © Stig Stasig / BAM / Samfoto Page 45: © Asle Hjellbrekke / NN / Samfoto Page 48: © Hans Hvide Bang / NN / Samfoto Page 51: © Bernt Eide / Samfoto Page 53: © Aftenposten /Scanpix Page 56: © Mimsy Møller / Samfoto Page 58: © Mikkel Østergaard / BAM / Samfoto Page 63: © Fredrik Naumann / Samfoto Page 64: © Nana Reimers / BAM / Samfoto Page 71: © NORAD Page 75: © Paul Sigve Amundsen / Samfoto Page 76: © Fredrik Naumann / Samfoto Page 81: © Fredrik Naumann / Samfoto Page 84: © Jarle Ree / Samfoto Page 89: © AP/Jacqueline Larma/Scanpix Page 90: © Fredrik Naumann / Samfoto Page 94: © FN /Scanpix Page 102: © Fredrik Naumann / Samfoto Page 108: © Knut Falch/Scanpix Page 110: © Berit Keilen/Scanpix 2 Human Rights 2002 1Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hostages of the Northmen: from the Viking Age to the Middle Ages
    Part IV: Legal Rights It has previously been mentioned how hostages as rituals during peace processes – which in the sources may be described with an ambivalence, or ambiguity – and how people could be used as social capital in different conflicts. It is therefore important to understand how the persons who became hostages were vauled and how their new collective – the new household – responded to its new members and what was crucial for his or her status and participation in the new setting. All this may be related to the legal rights and special privileges, such as the right to wear coat of arms, weapons, or other status symbols. Personal rights could be regu- lated by agreements: oral, written, or even implied. Rights could also be related to the nature of the agreement itself, what kind of peace process the hostage occurred in and the type of hostage. But being a hostage also meant that a person was subjected to restric- tions on freedom and mobility. What did such situations meant for the hostage-taking party? What were their privileges and obli- gations? To answer these questions, a point of departure will be Kosto’s definition of hostages in continental and Mediterranean cultures around during the period 400–1400, when hostages were a form of security for the behaviour of other people. Hostages and law The hostage had its special role in legal contexts that could be related to the discussion in the introduction of the relationship between religion and law. The views on this subject are divided How to cite this book chapter: Olsson, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2018 “EVERYTHING WE DO, WE DO to MAKE LIFE in WESTERN NORWAY EVEN BETTER!”
    Annual Report 2018 “EVERYTHING WE DO, WE DO TO MAKE LIFE IN WESTERN NORWAY EVEN BETTER!” When Sparebanken Vest was founded almost 200 years ago, it heralded a new way of thinking about banking. The bank was to be owned by its customers, and its objective was to help the many poor in society. The idea that challenges are best solved together was what made us, and it is still what drives us. Today, we have more than 290,000 owners, and everything we do, we do to make life in Western Norway even better. We aim to make life even better for those growing up and settling down. For those who need to break with tradition and go their own ways. For those who have a dream they want to pursue. For everyone who works hard and for business owners who create jobs in Western Norway. We will achieve this by caring about our customers, helping people where they are, being simple to bank with and by providing important advice along the way. This sense of community gives us a unique strength to deal with major challenges. Challenges that concern us all and that are decisive for our future. We can do it better together. Most of the photos used in the annual report are from the ‘Family Bank’. Sparebanken Vest follows customers through all the important phases of life and big and small events – in short, a friend through thick and thin. Photo: Anne Lise Nordheim. Sparebanken Vest strives for an active and future-oriented focus on the environment, both internally and externally.
    [Show full text]