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Provenance and Mineralogy of Sediments from the Early Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Peace River Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada

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Provenance and Mineralogy of Sediments from the Early Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Peace River Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-09-12 Provenance and Mineralogy of Sediments from the Early Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Peace River Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada McKinnon, Lynsey McKinnon, L. (2018). Provenance and Mineralogy of Sediments from the Early Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Peace River Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/32927 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/107751 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Provenance and Mineralogy of Sediments from the Early Cretaceous Bluesky Formation, Peace River Oil Sands, Alberta, Canada by Lynsey McKinnon A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2018 © Lynsey McKinnon 2018 Abstract The provenance of sediment in the McMurray Formation of the Athabasca Oil Sands has been widely studied, while the Bluesky Formation of the Peace River Oil Sands which holds significant deposits of heavy oil, has not been studied to the same extent. Mineralogy of the Bluesky Formation is also relatively poorly understood in the area and is important to evaluate due to steam-assisted gravity drainage methods used to optimize production. U-Pb geochronology ages from four samples were collected from the McMurray Formation and the Bluesky Formation. McMurray samples yielded similar results of sediment provenance determined in past studies, while the Bluesky Formation showed similarities and new date populations in comparison to previous data. The lower PR-1-Lagoon facies yielded age ranges of detrital zircons distributed from east-southeast-to-northwest and northwest-to-southeast drainage systems, while the lower secondary PR-1-Wave facies resulted in age ranges that changed to a more local southeast-to-northwest drainage system and northwest-to-southeast system from the Western Cordillera to a reintegration of the east-southeast-to-northwest and northwest-to- southeast drainage systems in the upper secondary PR-1-Wave facies due to transgressions and regressions of the Boreal sea and basin partitioning between the Assiniboia and Edmonton channels. Mineralogical assemblages of the Bluesky Formation was also studied using a combination of qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures including SEM, XRF and XRD, which determined that there is a complex mineralogy in comparison to the McMurray Formation. Kaolinite was the largely dominant clay type that fills pore space due to its vermicular form, while dawsonite was also abundant in large clusters that limits porosity. Quantitative results of ii XRD and XRF should be used together to evaluate mineral weight percentage as XRF shows a more reliable yield in data that isn’t effected by surface area of grains as much as XRD. Fractured framework grains and development of intragranular porosity suggests mechanical and chemical weathering and grain alteration, which are characteristic of faults in the area and hydrothermal fluid influx. Oil wells producing with the aid of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) techniques should be monitored as porosity-decreasing dawsonite and kaolinite can form at temperatures up to and over 200ᵒC, which will impact overall production and operation of the well. iii Acknowledgements I would like to extend sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Ronald Spencer, for his mentorship. His insight and encouragement during the past 4 years has been invaluable. I would also like to thank members of the Department of Geoscience for the following assistance: Dr. Sytle Antao for her encouragement and education on analysis and procedures of mineralogy; William Matthews for his contributions to my work and multiple discussions about procedures and the history of North America; Steven Hubbard for his advice on how to improve my work on multiple occasions; Mickey Horvath for his assistance in preparing samples for SEM analysis; Jordan Curkan for her help in cleaning and organizing all of my samples; and Christopher Debuhr for helping with SEM analysis. This project would not have been possible without the generous financial aid provided by Shell Canada and Suncor Energy. Thank you also to Mark Barton (Shell Canada), Victoria Walker (Shell Canada/Canadian Natural Resources Limited), and Pierre Malhame (Shell Canada/Canadian Natural Resources Limited) for their geological knowledge of the area, giving additional information to aid the project, and critiquing interpretations of data. Finally I would like to thank my friends and family for their emotional support. Thank you to my father Douglas, my mother Eunice and my brother Tim for their continuous financial support and words of encouragement during this process in the best and worst of times. iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….v LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Statement of Contribution…………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 1.2 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 CHAPTER TWO: A COMPARISON OF SEDIMENT PROVENANCE OF THE BLUESKY FORMATION, PEACE RIVER OIL SANDS TO THE MCMURRAY FORMATION, ATHABASCA OIL SANDS IN NORTHERN ALBERTA, CANADA………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 2.1 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 2.2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 2.3 Geological History………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 2.4 Study area and Peace River Facies Differentiation……………………………………………………………..10 2.5 Analytical Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 2.6 Provenance Sources of Detrital Zircons………………………………………………………………………………14 2.7 Results……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 2.8 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18 2.8.1 AOS-1 Samples…………………………………………………………………………………………………….18 2.8.2 Bluesky Samples………………………………………………………………………………………………….19 2.9 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26 2.10 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….38 CHAPTER THREE: THE PEACE RIVER OIL SANDS: A COMPLEX MINERALOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE BLUESKY FORMATION USING SEM, XRF AND XRD ANALYSIS……………………………………………..49 3.1 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..49 3.2 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 3.3 SEM, XRF and XRD Technology…………………………………………………………………………………………..53 3.4 Dawsonite………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55 v 3.5 Peace River Study Area………………………………………………………………………………………………………56 3.6 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..56 3.7 Results……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….59 3.7.1 SEM……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..59 3.7.2 XRF………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………62 3.7.3 XRD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..64 3.8 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….65 3.8.1 SEM Grain Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………65 3.8.2 XRF………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………69 3.8.3 XRD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..71 3.9 Comparison to McMurray Formation…………………………………………………………………………………73 3.10 Drilling Implications………………………………………………………………………………………………………….74 3.11 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….75 3.12 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..128 CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………….137 APPENDIX A: DATA TABLES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….140 APPENDIX B: BULK XRD GRAPHS FOR PR-1, PR-2 AND PR-4 WELLS….…………………………………….217 APPENDIX C: COPYRIGHT PERMISSION FROM CO-AUTHORS….………………………………………………235 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….237 vi List of Figures Figure 2-1: Study area and PR-1 well used for sampling.………………………………………………………….29 Figure 2-2: Sediment provenance map of North America………………………………………………………..30 Figure 2-3: Stratigraphic column of the Lower Cretaceous……………………………………………………….31 Figure 2-4: Well log for PR-1 well……………………..………………………………………………………………………32 Figure 2-5: Core photo of facies boundary in the Bluesky Formation of PR-1 well………..………….33 Figure 2-6: Heavy mineral beds in the McMurray Formation AOS-1 samples…………………………..34 Figure 2-7: Probability-density plot data compared to past studies……………………………….………..35 Figure 2-8: Map of hypothesized Alberta sediment drainage pathways during the Upper McMurray Formation, PR-1-Lagoon and upper PR-1-Wave facies deposition…………………………..36 Figure 2-9: Map of hypothesized Alberta sediment drainage pathways during the lower PR-1- Wave facies deposition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37 Figure 3-1: Study area and Peace River well locations………………………………………………………………77 Figure 3-2: Sediment provenance map of North America…………………………………………………………78 Figure 3-3: Stratigraphic column of the Lower Cretaceous……………………………………………………….79
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