NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) Expires 12-31-2005 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section: E Page 5 Railroads in Minnesota, 1862-1956 Name of Property Minnesota, Statewide County and State Section E. Statement of Historic Contexts I. Railroad Development in Minnesota, 1862-1956 Setting the Stage: Early Railroads Due to the country’s vast geographic expanse, transportation has always been a significant issue in America, influencing production, trade, travel, and communication in ways unknown to more compact European nations. In particular, as Euro-American settlers streamed into the trans-Appalachian west during the early nineteenth century, the United States needed an overland transportation system to link different regions of the country. From early roads to canals and finally to railroads, Americans built a transportation system by the turn of the twentieth century that was larger and more complex than any other in the world. The transformation of transportation in America began with the era of canal building. Although a system of roads extending westward from the major seaports had been established by 1820, water-borne transportation was more efficient for shipping heavy freight and generally faster than overland transport. Completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 demonstrated that canals could be built over long distances to connect major waterways and could be operated profitably. The immediate success of the Erie Canal led to a canal building boom that lasted through the 1830s. The network of canals and natural waterways provided antebellum America with important interregional links to exchange raw materials and manufactured goods, to transport passengers, and to deliver mail. When the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began construction on the first railroad in the United States in 1828, Baltimore city leaders had chosen to support that mode not because they had faith in the new technology, but because building a canal over mountainous terrain to the Ohio River was not feasible. Waterways remained the leading mode of transportation through the 1850s. In 1859, however, railroads surpassed canals in freight traffic and began a 60-year run as the single most dominant form of transportation. The advantages of railroads over other forms of transportation were numerous. Railroads were fast: for the first time in history, overland travel could move faster than the speed of a horse. Railroads were relatively reliable: due to their own operating and scheduling requirements, companies established timetables and a standard timekeeping system. Furthermore, because they required fewer transshipments than water-borne freight and were not slowed by the limitations of animal power, railroads were more efficient, especially for long hauls. Railroads were less expensive to maintain than canals, and routes were more direct because tracks were less dependant on topography and hydrology. In addition to their advantages in hauling freight, railroads dramatically reduced passenger travel times. For example, NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) Expires 12-31-2005 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section: E Page 6 Railroads in Minnesota, 1862-1956 Name of Property Minnesota, Statewide County and State while a trip from New York to Chicago previously required two weeks of travel, railroad connections by the early 1850s trimmed travel time to two days. By the early 1830s, numerous railroad charters were created with the intention to link cities on the eastern seaboard to each other and to the West. Often railroad construction was slower and more expensive than anticipated. The initial routes were often short lines connecting two cities, and connections to other lines were haphazard, due to differences in equipment and track gauges. Often no physical link existed between railroads. Nonetheless, the miles of track increased nationally to approximately 1,000 miles by 1835, then to 2,800 in 1840, and 8,900 by 1850. Most of that mileage was concentrated in the Northeast, which had a basic railroad network by 1850, predominately of tracks that already conformed to what would become the standard gauge of 4 feet, 8½ inches. Railroad construction during the 1840s was only a prelude to the rapid expansion during the 1850s, when railroad mileage more than tripled from 8,900 to over 30,000 miles. The combination of a generally prosperous economy, expanding Euro-American settlement into new areas, and abundant optimism in the future of railroad transportation, along with generous subsidies, grants, and bonds from federal, state, and local governments, all acted to stimulate rapid growth. While state and local governments borrowed millions of dollars to help finance railroad construction, the largest subsidies came from the federal government, which granted railroad companies 25 million acres of land during the 1850s and a total of 175 million acres by 1871. Although 70 railroad companies received land grants, 70 percent of the acreage went to only four companies, which included the Northern Pacific in Minnesota. The land grants did not provide immediate capital for the railroads, but they did provide substantial collateral for loans and encouraged railroad construction into new territories in advance of settlement. Although the 1850s was a period of rapid expansion for the railroads, by the eve of the Civil War the United States still did not have an integrated system. Differing track gauges between regions and companies required frequent transfers for freight and passengers traveling long distances, and a lack of rail service meant reverting to water-borne or animal-powered transportation. For example, due to a lack of rail connections as late as the early 1860s, a trip from Chicago to St. Paul (half the distance from New York to Chicago) still required two to three days, as travelers had to transfer from railroad cars to steamboats at La Crosse or Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Perhaps more dramatically, a trip from St. Paul to the Pembina settlement on the Red River (roughly the same distance as Chicago to St. Paul) required two weeks of travel via keel boat or ox cart. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (8-86) Expires 12-31-2005 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section: E Page 7 Railroads in Minnesota, 1862-1956 Name of Property Minnesota, Statewide County and State The Golden Age: 1865 through World War I Following the Civil War, railroad mileage in the United States more than quadrupled, primarily during three great waves of expansion: 1868 to 1873; 1879 to 1883; and 1886 to 1893. After the first period of expansion, a vast rail network extended from the Atlantic coast on the east to the Twin Cities in the northwest and to Kansas City in the southwest, with connections to the West Coast via the Union Pacific line. This area contained a mix of integrated agricultural and industrial areas that would become America’s manufacturing and corn belts. During the late 1870s to early 1890s, railroad construction expanded the existing rail systems east of the Mississippi River and extended railroad service into less developed areas to the west. In addition, companies completed the Northern Pacific (see company history, page 126) and Great Northern (see company history, page 85) transcontinental routes, plus connections to the Canadian Pacific transcontinental line via the Minneapolis St. Paul and Sault St. Marie (Soo Line) (see company history, page 111), and the Union Pacific via the Chicago St. Paul Minneapolis and Omaha or Omaha Road (part of the Chicago and North Western [C&NW] system) (see company history on page 35) (Borchert 1987; Brownlee 1979:272). As cities grew larger and an integrated national economy emerged during the mid to late nineteenth century, different regions of the United States became interdependent. In addition, cities, towns, and rural areas came to depend on each other for raw materials, processed foods, manufactured goods, labor, distribution, and markets for their respective products. The eastern part of the United States counted on the western population to provide markets for goods manufactured in eastern factories as well as a labor force for obtaining extractive resources (coal, minerals, lumber) that were needed to produce the manufactured goods. Similarly, the western part of the country relied on the eastern as a market for its commodities and to provide goods. Without a growing western population, no market would exist, nor the need for the shipment of resources and goods between the East and West. This pattern was reproduced on a smaller scale throughout the country for different resources and goods as large cities developed a mutual interdependence with their rural hinterlands. Rural areas, undergoing economic and population growth of their own, developed towns and smaller cities which maintained interdependent relationships with their own hinterlands. The railroads facilitated this symbiotic relationship between city and country. They hauled raw materials and agricultural produce into the city and carried manufactured or processed goods out into the country, while passengers and mail traveled in both directions. Although Minnesota’s first railroad was completed in 1862, the state’s railroad history extends back to the territorial period. As the first national