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Effects of Tourism on Natural Environment of the Hilly Region of Darjeeling

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Effects of Tourism on Natural Environment of the Hilly Region of Darjeeling © 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) EFFECTS OF TOURISM ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE HILLY REGION OF DARJEELING Saheli Banu Ex-pg student Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India ABSTRACT Today, tourism is a much faster growing industry in the world. This paper focuses on effects of tourism on natural environment of the hilly region of Darjeeling. The study area, Darjeeling located in the Himalayan region in eastern part of India. Many domestic and international tourist visits in Darjeeling for its unique local natural scenario. There are no restrictions imposed on the number of tourist visits. As a result, primary and secondary activities of tourism not only destroying sustainability of environment but also creating pressure on local resources. If the unscientific tourism activities are not controlled then its atrocious impacts on natural environment, where forest, wildlife, water and land and so on natural resources may be destroyed. So, sustainable development program must be needed, which favour to natural environment. Local people, government and tourists should be aware of eco-friendly behaviour of the tourism concerned in this area. Key words: Tourism industry, activity of tourism industry, over tourism, effects of tourism, natural environment, deforestation. I. INTRODUCTION Tourism is much fastest growing industry all over the world. Mountain tourism is one of the segments of them. The WTO's definition of tourism is now the one that is most widely accepted around the world. The definition, provided of the international conference on travel and tourism statistics in Ottawa in 1991, is the activities of a person outside his or her usual environment for less than a specified period of time and whose main purpose of travel is other than exercise of an activity remunerated from the place visited (Pender and Sharpley, 2005).Each year, the influence of tourism is increasingly felt across the globe. The beauty and grandeur of the Himalayas have always attracted visitors. In 2012 there were 702.6 million international tourist arrivals recorded worldwide. Tourism is not only about leisure holidays but also includes business, conference and education as purposes of visit (Karki, 2014). Darjeeling is one of the best hill stations in West Bengal known for tourism and the main reason of Darjeeling tourism is nature. It is considered as one of the most attractive Hill station of the country (Forest Survey of India, 1997). Nature tourism is an aspect of adventure tourism where the focus is upon the study and observations of flora, fauna and landscape (France, 1997). Darjeeling the queen of the hills and popularly known as the jewel in the crown of the eastern Himalayas where nature has kept her doors wide open. It is well known tourist attraction for the international tourist communities. It has been destination for the nature lovers and the adventure seekers. Darjeeling is the third most googled travel destination among all the tourist spots in India. Darjeeling hills showing highly positive tourist inflow picture (times of India-economic times, Dec 30, 2015).The beauties of Darjeeling sometimes attract danger. Over tourism create problem on physical environment such as deforestation, landslide, scarcity of food and water, over pressure on local resources are the causes of tourist to their primary and secondary activities. It damages the ecological system and the life styles of the host communities living in Darjeeling. Proper planning, action may be beneficial for the proper management for the betterment of tourist, tourism industry and overall development. II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDIES The major objectives of this research work as follows- To know the recent trend of tourism in Darjeeling region. To study the relation between tourism and environment in Darjeeling hilly region. To know the activities of tourism industries and its impact of natural environment. III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY According to C. R. Kothai, research methods may be understood as well those method or techniques that the used for conduction of research. JETIR1901B47 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 369 © 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) This research paper is based on secondary sources.The secondary sources are books, journals, research report and web source which have been used to make the report. Data analysis presented through simple percentage method. Collected information are quantified, analyzed and represented with the help of Microsoft world and Microsoft excel. IV. STUDY AREA The study area Darjeeling is a hilly region and it is a part of the lesser Himalaya. The latitudinal and longitudinal extension of the study area is from 26°27'N to 27°23'N and 87°59'E to 88°53'E. Total area is 3149 square kilometer and altitude 6710 feet. Annual mean maximum temperature is 14.9° Celsius and annual mean minimum temperature 8.9° Celsius and average annual rainfall is 3092 mm(Source: darjeeling.gov.in).Population in 2011 is 1,846,823(Darjeeling census data). The forests in and around Darjeeling have delightful Flora and fauna. Darjeeling has Four thousand species of flowering plants, three hundred varieties of ferns, including tree fern and countless types of flowerless plants and it is the home of six hundred varieties of beautiful birds (darjeeling.gov.in). V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Darjeeling had become an important tourist destination as early as 1860. It is reported to be the only location in eastern India that witnesses large numbers of foreign tourist (Mandal D. K., October 2014). Table no. 1: Tourist arrivals in the Darjeeling hills in 2001 to 2010 Tourist arrivals in the Darjeeling hills Year Foreign Domestic Total 2001 11100 242986 254086 2002 12350 249032 261382 2003 18700 284315 303015 2004 18090 261596 280496 2005 27218 415901 443119 2006 30394 460769 491158 2007 29669 444253 473922 2008 26346 359258 385604 2009 23819 342813 366632 2010 27218 372741 399959 (Source: tourist bureau, Darjeeling; foreigner’s registration office, DIB, Darjeeling) In Darjeeling tourism industry is rapidly growth. In 2001 to 2011 total arrival foreign tourist are increases 11100 to 27210. On the other hand domestic tourist also increase from 2001 to 2011 the number of tourist is 242986 to 372741. Total number of tourist increase in 2001 to 2011 is 254086 to 399959. Numbers of tourist are change every year and every month. Due to seasonal change, numbers of arrivals tourist are also changing it maybe foreign or domestic tourist. Table no. 2: Month wise foreign tourist arrivals in Darjeeling hills in 2005 to 2010 Month Foreign tourist arrivals Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 January 1006 1938 1970 1805 1675 1694 JETIR1901B47 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 370 © 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) February 1494 2160 1780 1013 2156 2193 March 3272 3338 3114 3362 3326 3366 April 1609 3109 3029 3777 4397 4437 May 855 3116 2486 2928 2142 2164 June 2308 1336 1219 799 1533 1551 July 1079 1325 1345 994 746 756 August 1614 1561 1222 1814 1264 1300 September 3075 2140 2019 1518 1522 1557 October 3077 4902 5519 3970 2695 2720 November 4863 3530 3201 2704 676 687 December 2967 1939 2765 1662 1686 1700 Total 27219 30394 29669 26346 23819 27218 (Source: Foreigners registration office, DIB, Darjeeling) Table no. 3: month wise domestic tourist arrivals in Darjeeling hills in 2012 to 2014 Month Domestic tourist arrivals Year 2012 2013 2014 January 24737 25081 32694 February 18362 18269 28719 March 34050 39518 55728 April 49923 49041 64480 May 81684 72988 94857 June 66630 65433 79787 July 17511 13405 29972 August 14492 448 19221 September 15151 5967 35175 October 45741 30334 61617 November 41474 23510 65728 December 39289 34908 41477 Total 447954 378902 609455 (Source; Gorkhaland territorial administration, department of tourism) Darjeeling town now has well over 125000 residents and there is a large influx of tourist population (some 30000) that gets added at any point of time during the high season (Darjeeling Tourism, 2016). 5.1 Activity of tourism industry and its impact on natural environment The activities of tourism industry include the continued cutting of the vegetation due to construction of the multi-storeyed building, roads for communication. A tourist place develops through the creation of infrastructure such as hotels and roads. Tourist growth continues in an uncontrolled and unregulated form. Hotel and road are rapidly increased with the increasing number of tourist. According to the district Gazetter of Darjeeling District (1980) the road length in the district are- national highway 100 km, state highway 80 km, major district road 37 km and ordinary district road 516 km (Darjeeling.gov.in). Today, the town are covered with concrete jungle, where large numbers of multi-storied buildings have been built (Sharma, Prasad R., 2012, P-65).The settlements at Darjeeling have been increased and continue increase of multi-storeyed building (Biswas and Pal, 2016). Due to ever increasing and over exploitation of natural resources, the environment of Darjeeling Himalaya gets degraded (Sarma, Prasad JETIR1901B47 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 371 © 2019 JETIR January 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) R., 2012).There are many direct influence of tourism of the mountain nature, e.g. picking up nice plants, disturbing of wild animals through noise, soil erosion due to trampling of vegetation by short cutting ways, air pollution from the dance traffic etc. Secondary impacts of tourism are developments which are much serious. They are connected with inadequate landscape infrastructure development and with step by step increasing of accommodation capacity, density of roads and traffic load, the water consumption, total amount of visitors etc.
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