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Encyklopédia Kresťanského Umenia

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Encyklopédia Kresťanského Umenia Marie Žúborová - Němcová: Encyklopédia kresťanského umenia Holanďan bludný - Bludný Holanďan holandská architektúra - http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Architectuur_in_Nederland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_architecture holandská bieloba - bieloba holandská/bieloba kremžská holandská história - http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Nederland holandská história podľa obdobia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Netherlands_by_period http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Nederland_naar_periode holandská renesancia - (1500-1584); http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_Renaissance holandská škola (maľby) - maliari v Holandsku od ranej renesancie do baroka; to zahŕňa rané obdobie holandského maliarstva (pozri holandskí maliari raní, flámski primitívi), ktoré spadá do obdobia 1400-1500, a holandskú renesanciu (1500-1584), čo boli umelci činní v severných nížinách, a neskôr do holandskej školy bol zaraďovaný aj holandský zlatý vek maľby (pozri holandskí maliari zlatého veku), čo bola maľba v zjednotených provinciách; mnoho maliarov, sochárov a architektov zo 17.st. je nazývaných „holandskí majstri“, zatiaľ čo skorší umelci sú všeobecne označovaní ako súčasť „holandskej“ tradície; Hieronymus Bosch a Geertgena tot Sint Jans sú dobre známe príklady holandských maliarov 15. a 16.st.; Rembrandt van Rijn, Frans Hals, Johannes Vermeer, Jacob van Ruisdael a Jan Steen zastupujú holandské umenie 17.st.; individuálne diela, ktorých umelca nemožno zistiť, sú označované alebo katalogizované ako „holandská škola“ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_School_(painting) Heslo HOLAND – HOLBA Strana 1 z 178 Marie Žúborová - Němcová: Encyklopédia kresťanského umenia Holandská škola: Posledné pomazanie (1600) holandská záhrada - rovinná kvetinová záhrada zvyčajne neveľkých rozmerov, ovplyvnená talianskymi renesančnými záhradami (giardinetto); zostavená z rôzne kombinovaných a tvarovaných trávnatých záhonov s kvetinami (od 17.storočia najmä hyacinty a tulipány) lemovanými nízkym dreveným alebo živým plotom s kvetináčmi; cesty s arkádami, cestičky s farebným pieskom a mušľami, vo väčších celkoch aj labyrinty, grotty a tvarované kríky Dudák v súvislosti s heslom záhrada: je typom záhrady formálnej; rozvíjala sa v čase renesancie a manierizmu; vznikla zo stredovekej záhrady podľa vzoru talianskej renesančnej záhrady; je to ozdobná rovinná kvetnica (giardinetto); má vykrajované trávnaté záhony (sústredné kruhy alebo hviezdice) s kvetinami, najmä hyacintmi a tulipánmi; záhony obrubujú živé ploty alebo drevené plôtiky s kvetináčmi; hlavné cesty tienila krytá mriežkovina s latiek a záhradná besiedka; vo väčších záhradách boli umiestnené grotty, labyrinty a dômyselne rezané kríky; typickou ozdobou boli dekoratívne sklené gule, ktoré odzrkadľovali, a tím množili obraz pomerne malej záhrady; holandská záhrada bola ďalej zdobená plastikami a nádobami z delfskej fajansy Heslo HOLAND – HOLBA Strana 2 z 178 Marie Žúborová - Němcová: Encyklopédia kresťanského umenia holandské maliarky - pozri H. Ronner-Knip http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_women_painters A Lizzy Ansingh B Sarah van Baalbergen Catharina Backer Maria Geertruida Barbiers Marjolein Bastin Else Berg Helen Berman Marie Bilders-van Bosse Kate Bisschop-Swift Gesine ter Borch Josephine Broekhuizen C Els Coppens-van de Rijt D Jenny Dalenoord Nelly van Doesburg Marlene Dumas E Catharina Jacoba Abrahamina Enschede Christina Gerarda Enschede F Maria Margaretha la Fargue G Lotti van der Gaag Diana Glauber Margaretha van Godewijk Maria de Grebber Aleida Greve H Adriana Johanna Haanen Elisabeth Alida Haanen Margaretha Haverman Jacoba van Heemskerck Margaretha de Heer Heslo HOLAND – HOLBA Strana 3 z 178 Marie Žúborová - Němcová: Encyklopédia kresťanského umenia Johanna Helena Herolt Toos van Holstein Anna Cornelia Holt Sophia Holt Francina Margaretha van Huysum K Catharina van Knibbergen Henriette Geertruida Knip Elise Thérèse Koekkoek-Daiwaille Joanna Koerten Marina Kulik L Judith Leyster M Tjaarke Maas Ans Markus Cornelia van Marle Eva van Marle Bouktje Medema Cornelia van der Mijn Maria Moninckx N Jacoba Maria van Nickelen O Maria van Oosterwijck Catharina Oostfries Maria Margaretha van Os P Charlotte van Pallandt Henrietta van Pee Magdalena Pietersz R Adriana van Ravenswaay Elise Reynolds Coba Ritsema Suze Robertson Catharina Julia Roeters van Lennep Geertruydt Roghman Henriette Ronner-Knip Noelle Roos Margaretha Roosenboom Anna Ruysch Rachel Ruyschová S Sara Saftleven Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen Riek Schagen Maria Schalcken Cornelia Scheffer Liqui Schoot Thérèse Schwartza Jackie Sleper Heslo HOLAND – HOLBA Strana 4 z 178 Marie Žúborová - Němcová: Encyklopédia kresťanského umenia Maria Geertruida Snabilie Adriana Spilberg Pietertje van Splunter Susanna van Steenwijk T Charley Toorop Sara Troost V Maria Vos Madelon Vriesendorp W Elisabeth Geertruida Wassenbergh Maria Weenix Alida Withoos Maria Withoos Aleijda Wolfsen Margaretha Wulfraet Geertgena Wyntges Y Catharina Ykens Y Catharina Ykens holandské maliarstvo - v 14.-15.st. obľúbená monochrómia (R.Campin, J.van Eyck); tvorba od pol.16.storočia ovplyvnená renesanciou (Massyas, Lucas van Leyden), pozri romanizmus; vytváranie obrazových okruhov (zátišie, krajinomaľba, portrét, žáner); inšpirácia benátskou školou; v l7.storočí rozvoj maliarských škôl: Amsterdam, Utrecht, Haag, Leiden, Delft) Baleka v súvislosti s heslom barok: po rozdelení severných španielskych provincií stratilo maliarstvo v severnom Holandsku objednávateľa v katolíckej cirkvi; vládnuci protestantizmus zakazoval výzdobu kostolov (tá sa naďalej uplatňovala vo flámskom juhu); v severnej oblasti sa rozvíjal realistický názor (realistický prúd barokového umenia); zodpovedal svetovému názoru vzmáhajúceho sa meštianstva, hlavnej spoločenskej sily krajiny; nové spoločenské potreby priniesli do umenia reprezentačný portrét, žánrové motívy, krajinárstvo, zátišie (v ňom sa odzrkadľovalo koloniálne a veľmocenské postavenie krajiny: exotická fauna a flóra); intimite meštianských bytov sa podriaďovalo maliarstvo menším formátom závesných obrazov a rozmachom grafických listov; maliarsky názor sa ponášal na carravagiovský, ale bo triezvejší a súčasne zdôrazňoval osobné a intímne rysy; hlavnými druhmi bol portrét, krajina, zátišie delené na rôzne druhy: zátišie vanitas, kvetín, rýb, zveriny a ď.; medzi portrétistami vynikol Frans Hals; portrétoval sebavedomých patricijov a ním rozvinutý obrazový typ doznel až v 19.st.; vrcholnou osobnosťou tohto obdobia bol Rembrandt van Rijn; jeho výtvarný názor súvisí s barokom iba v najvšeobecnejšom význame; gestá jeho postáv sú zdržanlivé, bez teatrálnosti; sústredil sa na vnútorné dianie a city postáv, zaoberal sa otázkami bytia ľudského jedinca a tragédiou všetkého zanikajúceho (autoportréty); pre holandské krajinárstvo je typický realizmus, ktorým preniká elegickosť/trúchlivosť; je vyvolávaná už samotnými motívmi cintorínov, zrúcanín, ktoré upozorňujú na pominuteľnosť ľudského bytia v protikladu k stále sa obnovujúcej prírode (Jan van Goyen, Aert van der Neer, marinisti Simon Jakobsz de Vlieger, Wilhelm van de Velde ml., Jan van de Capelle; neskoršie sa krajinomaľba rozšírila o heroickú a patetickú krajinu (Jakob van Ruisdael), ktorá ovplyvnila maliarstvo romantizmu; žánrová maľba zahrnovala výjavy z krčiem, biblické podobenstvá, alegórie času, predovšetkým ročných období (porovnaj mesačné obrazy), alegórie piatich zmyslov (David Terniers) -v súvislosti s heslom rám: na severe (Holandsko), kde bol rám odvodený od rámu zrkadla, boli naproti tomu maliari cechovými členmi výrobcov zrkadiel, lebo obraz tu bol ponímaný ako zrkadlo prírody, s dôsledkami pre perspektívnu sústavu maľby, kompozíciu (zorný uhol), spoločenskú Heslo HOLAND – HOLBA Strana 5 z 178 Marie Žúborová - Němcová: Encyklopédia kresťanského umenia funkciu (presný popis ako predpoklad poznania); sú ním odôvodnené aj empirická vernosť zobrazenia a zrakové klamy (trompe l'oeil) Baleka v súvislosti z heslom zátišie: zátišie holandské, v ktorom práve dokonale prepracovaný detail má ústredný význam; vývoj maliarstva bol v tento tendencii podopieraný grafikou (herbáre) a viedol k špecializácii, k medzinárodným zátišiam archaického typu (A.Bosschaert), monochrómnym banketom (P.Claez, W.C.Heda, G.Metsu), asketickým zátišiam (A.van de Velde), zátišiam vanitas, ukazujúcim na pominuteľnosť všetkého pozemského (H.Steenwyck), honosným zátišiam (A.van Beyeren, W.Kalf, F.Snyders), loveckým (J.Fyt), kvetinovým (J.Brueghel St.) a ďalším; v 17.st. sa začalo presadzovať i v dekoratívnych supraportách a zátišiach trompe l'oeil (S.van Hoogstraaten, W.Vaillant) Hall v súvislosti s heslom Krst Pána: krajina námetu Krst Pána, najmä v holandskom maliarstve, niekedy nadobúda vlastný význam a stojí tak na počiatku krajinomaľby; vidieť zákruty rieky diaľky medzi severskými lesmi a poľami pozri portrét skupinový, doelen stukken, kabinetové maliarstvo; Nočná hliadka, Nasýtenie piatich tisícov, Márnotratný syn hýri s neviestkami, zátišiec (Baleka); amsterdamská škola, delftská škola, haagská škola, leydenská škola, utrechtská škola, bergenská škola; holandský intimizmus, bentevueghels, romanizmus, anatómia/anatomické divadlo, obrazy mravov, tzv. galérie maľované, váženie srdca/psychostasis, cortegaarddje, ontbijtjes, doelen stukken; carta azzura, grisaille, monochrómia, zeleň šťavová; priestor obrazový, plenérová maľba; päť zmyslov; Majster košického oltára, Majster zo Flémalle; hlinka červená; Krst Pána (Hall); holandskí maliari; http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Pintura_del_Siglo_de_oro_neerland%C3%A9s
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