Building Structure I B ARE231B

Ho Shing Him Oscar, 173401110

Assignment 3 Building Structure List

Make of list of each reference to a building or structure mentioned in the lectures. Identify and describe in one or two sentences the significant aspect or issue. Include: Name of building or structure, place, architect and/or engineer, date of completion.

Lecture 1 Introduction

Sports Palace (Rome, Italy) P. L. Nervi, 1957 Arena is constructed with a ribbed concrete shell dome and is constructed of 1,620 prefabricated concrete pieces, which are braced by concrete flying buttresses.

Portugese National Pavilion Expo 98 (Lisbon, Portugal) Alvaro Siza, 1998 Curved concrete roof plane suspended between stone clad slim bookend pavilions.

HSBC Headquarters (Hong Kong) Norman Foster, 1985 High rise building, no support structure inside and it can be disassembled freely. All supporting structures are located outside the building, making the floor space more practical.

Pont du Gard (nr Nimes, France) Roman construction, 1985 Built on three levels, the three levels of arches are recessed, with the main piers in line one above another.

Exchange House (Londaon, UK) Skidmore Owings & Merrill (SOM), 1990 The shape and structure are built on an exposed steel bridge spanning 78 meters long railway station. Four parallel arches form the structure of the building

Statue of Liberty (NYC, USA) Gustave Eiffel & F. A. Bartholdi (sculptor), 1886 Sculpted monumental figure clad in sections of formed sheet metal supported with lightweight steel framing to a four column steel central mast. Rests on a classical stone base designed by the architect Richard Morris Hunt.

Columbus Convention Center (Columbus, Ohio, USA) Peter Eisenmann, 1993 Large, low rise building composed of narrow curved building forms that mask the scale of the interior open floor convention halls. Early example of what PE termed “soft architecture”.

880 N Lake Shore Drive (Chicago, Illinois, USA) Mies Van der Rohe, 1949-51 Twin multi storey steel frame residential towers (26/F). Structure forms an ideal 3x8 grid of unit bays of 6.46m (21 ft.).

Renault Distribution Center (Swindon, England, UK) Norman Foster with Ove Arup & Partners engr. 1982 Industrial high-tech building with painted (yellow) steel frames composed of masted columns and cable stayed trussed beam spans (24m).

Tagus Bridge (proposed) (Portugal) Fritz Leonhardt, 1960 Steel mono-cable suspension bridge with aerodynamic bridge deck design and diagonal web of suspension hangars.

Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong) I.M. Pei with Leslie Robertson, engr. 1983 Unique, innovative mega-space frame (steel) with four corner columns.

BCE PLACE: Galleria & Heritage Square (Toronto) S. Calatrava, 1989 Tall glass roofed arcade inserted between buildings. Steel column structure bifurcates in resemblance to tree trunk form. Sections made of welded cut plate steel.

Church of San Lorenzo (Turin, Italy) Guarino Guarini, late 17th c Magnificent dome structure of intersecting arch ribs on a hexagonal geometry. US Pavilion at Expo (Montreal, Canada) R. Buckminster Fuller (w/ Shoji Sadao), 1967. A spherical dome using the geodesic patent of the inventor. See also Alcoa Aluminum Headquarters (Mobile, Alabama).

Eiffel Tower (Paris) Gustav Eiffel, 1889 The Eiffel Tower was created for the Paris Exposition of 1889. It was the tallest building ever constructed (300m). It’s form is tapered, wide at the base to resist bending moments created by wind loads.

Caree d’Art Museum (Nimes, France) Norman Foster & Associates, 1983 A prominent museum of art in southern France. Won in competition and noted for its unique entrance canopy supported by very slender columns of titanium steel.

Hotel Arts (Barcelona, Spain) Skidmore Owings and Merrill, 1991 A residence for the Summer Olympics Athletes. Features an exposed steel frame on the exterior that was approved on the basis of fire performance tests.

Stadelhofen Rail Station platform canopy (Zurich, Switzerland) S. Calatrava, 1986 A cantilevered steel and glass canopy whose form is closely related to a desk table design (1948) by Jean Prouve.

Montjuïc Communications Tower (Barcelona, Spain) S. Calatrava, 1992 A striking communications tower 136m in height. Its bent, iconic main structural column creates a dynamic contraposto to the upright, spindle shape communications antenna it supports high above.

Alamillo Bridge (Seville, Spain) S. Calatrava, 1989. Noted for its inclined asymmetrically positioned moment resisting mast from which emanates the cable stays supporting the bridge span.

Lecture 2 Foundations

Castel S’ Angelo Bridge (Rome) Piranesi , 134 AD The bridge is faced with travertine marble and spans the Tiber with five arches, three of which are Roman; it was approached by means of ramp from the river.

Tower of Pisa (Pisa, Italy) Bonanno Pisano, 1372 It is designed to be built vertically, but it was tilted shortly after the project began due to uneven foundations and soft soil layers The tower leaned southeast.

MTR Station at Tung Chung (Hong Kong) Rocco Design Limited & Ove Arup HK, 1997 The roof structure is a double cantilever beam slab. The supporting beam between piers must resist both the vertical load transferred to it by the cantilevered ribbed slab as well as the twisting or torsional force also created by the cantilever.

World Trade Center (New York,America) Minoru Yamasaki and Emery Roth, 1973 It was the tallest building in the world at the time and a landmark in New York. 9/11 incident that occurred on September 11, 2001

Exeter Library (Exeter, New Hampshire,America) Louis Kahn, 1972 An independent boarding school located in Exeter, New Hampshire. It is the largest secondary school library in the world.It consists entirely of a double zone around a large central space, the inner zone being the library area protected from direct sunlight

Burj Khalifa (Dubai) Adrian Smith and Marshall Strabala, 2010 The burj khalifa tower is the highest self-supporting structure in the world. It relies on a core column extending from the ground floor to the 156th floor "585 meters" and three buttress core supporting towers.

Tai Wai KCR (Hong Kong) Aedas, 2004 An around 40 metres high volume which focuses all attention through the south façade toward views of Hong Kong’s Central skyline and Victoria Peak beyond

Festival Walk (Hong Kong) Arquitectonica, 1998 The long span across the open circulation zone. Columns are located just inside the shop fronts, out of the way of interference with circulation movement.

United College Chan Chun Ha Hostel (Hong Kong) Chau, Ku & Leung Architects & Engineers Limited, 2004 Chan Chun Ha Hostel is a ten-storey building that commands breathtaking views of Tolo Harbour. Foundations on slopes,the rooms in the east generally only look out onto the slope.

Mong Man Wai Building (Hong Kong) Ho Tao, 1998 At the base of the slope the rock emerges from the soil . Here the length of the caisson is very short, needing only to be socketed into the rock. Columns of the structure extend below the building to be attached to the tops of the caissons.

Lecture 3 Integrated Floor

Austin Hall (Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass) H. H. Richardson, 1884 The hall was built 1882–1884 in Romanesque Revival style. Single-story wings flank a heavy, two-story central mass, with the reading room extending rearwards to form an overall T shape.

23 bis Rue Franklin (Paris, France) August Perret, 1903 Reinforced concrete frame, large infill glazing: column to column, floor to ceiling

Maison Jaoul (Paris, France) Le Corbusier, 1956 Shallow concrete vaults cast against a permanent framework of thin bricks set in place without the use of centering. These brick spans served as permanent molds for the shell concrete vaults cast in place on top of them.

Theatre de Champs Elysee (Paris, France) August Perret, 1911 The theatre is built of reinforced concrete and features rectangular forms, straight lines, and decoration attached to the outside on plaques of marble and stucco, which was a radical departure from the Art Nouveau style.

Dom-ino Housing Project (Paris, France) Le Corbusier, 1915 Steel girders temporarily attached to the columns with pegs support steel beams which directly support the blocks. No wood formwork is required except to block the edges or the slab.

Villa Carthage (North coast of Algeria) Le Corbusier, 1925 The problem consisted of trying to avoid the sun while assuring a constant ventilation in the house.

Villa Savoye (near Paris,France) Le Corbusier, 1928 Le Corbusier's best known building. Use columns to support instead of walls, which can have free planes, free facades, and horizontal windows; without using load-bearing walls, arrange partitions as needed.

Cook House (Paris,France) Le Corbusier, 1926 As in most of the houses of Le Corbusier the structure was performed by slab formwork encasetonadas or system. As one of the first projects the Villa Cook maintains the design of the five points from the assumption Le Corbusier.

Zurich Warehouse (Zurich,Switzerland) Robert Maillart, 1910 Zurich Warehouse was the first of Robert Maillart’s buildings to be constructed with his patented beamless slab floors supported on ‘mushroom’ columns.

Robie House (Chicago,America) Frank Lloyd Wrigh, 1908 Best known examples of Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie style of architecture. The term was coined by architectural critics and historians who noticed how the buildings and their various components owed their design influence to the landscape and plant life of the midwest prairie of the United States.

Larkin Building (Buffalo,New York) Frank Lloyd Wrigh, 1904 The five story dark red brick building used pink tinted mortar and utilized steel frame construction.The space is occupied by lower steel cabinets filers, windows are double.

Lever House (Manhattan, New York) Skidmore Owings and Merrill, 1951 Glass-box skyscraper. The design of the Lever House offsets the tall office tower from the horizontal base. Curtain wall which is made of bluegreen heat-resistant glass and stainless steel.

United nations secretariat (Manhattan, New York) Oscar Niemeyer and Le Corbusier, 1957 Modern tall skyscraper building, it is the first skyscraper in New York City to use a curtain wall. International Style aesthetic was an intentional decision by Niemeyer.

General Motors Technical Centre (Warren, Michigan) Eero Saarinen, 1956 The new framing system developed by Saarinen demonstrated how related concepts of climate-controlled space and building depth could come together in the ideal of a diaphanous space that was free from physical obstructions.

Mitchell Hall US Air Force Academy (Colorado Spring,America) SOM / G.L. Kerbis, 1958 SE provided overall design and management for the complete programming, architectural, structural, mechanical, plumbing, and electrical services. The dining area covers 1.7 acres and has the capability of serving the entire cadet wing at the same time.

Yale University Art Gallery (New Haven, Connecticut) Louis I. Kahn, 1954 The oldest university art museum in the Western Hemisphere, multi-angular forms invited installation of gallery panels in times of conversion.

University of Pennsylvania Medical Research Towers (Philadelphia, PA) Louis I. Kahn, 1965 Configured as a group of laboratory towers with a central service tower, the building has a structure of reinforced concrete that is clearly visible and openly depicted as bearing weight.

Salk Institute (La Jolla, CA) Louis I. Kahn, 1965 The main design influence on the structure is composed of two symmetrical buildings, with a central square paved with travertine separating the water flow.

Yale Center for British Art (New Haven, Connecticut) Louis I. Kahn, 1977 Appearance adopts frosted steel and reflective glass. The transition to the interior is met by a mix of elemental spatial and material evolutions.

Crystal Palace: Centennial Exhibition (England) John Paxton, 1851 Cast-iron and plate-glass structure, represent the start of modern architecture.

Eames House (Los Angeles, CA) Charles and Ray Eames, 1949 The frame of the Eames House in the transverse direction rests on a retaining wall to the west and a grade beam on the east. The sliding walls and windows give it the trademark versatility and openness of the De Stijl Movement.

Lecture 4 Beams Part 1

Hong Kong Club (Hong Kong) Harry Seidler, 1985 One of the last examples of renaissance architecture remaining in Hong Kong. Cores and bearing wall structures, concrete material, oval interior space.

Reliance Controls (Swindon, England) Foster + Partners, 1965 The structural steelwork was celebrated both inside and out, indeed the structural members were painted white to contrast with the grey, plastic-coated, corrugated-steel cladding.

Commerzbank (Swindon, England) Foster + Partners, 1965 Tall building, the triangular shape and central atrium assisted in the creation of a zone of negative pressure.

Crown Hall IIT Campus (Chicago, USA) Mies van der Rohe, 1956 Regarded as one of Mies van der Rohe's masterpieces, creating the openness was achieved by the building having a suspended roof, without the need for interior columns.

Kimbell Museum (Dallas, USA) Louis Kahn, 1956 The relatively flat cycloid curve would produce elegant galleries that were wide in proportion to their height, allowing the ceiling to be lowered to 6m

Jakem Warehouse (Munchwilen, Switzerland) Santiago Calatrava, 1985 Warehouse, truss and function structure.

Kirchheim Bridge (Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany) Schlaich Bergermann Partner, 1992 Rigid frame bridge with inclined legs structure, long wide slab is supported by two inclined struts that amount to a raked frame, and is supported by tendons encased in concrete in the middle.

Lecture 5 Beams Part 2

Clayton County Public Library (Jonesboro, GA) Scogin Elam & Bray Architects, 1988 The structure is steel frame with long span truss joists of wood and galvanized steel. The foundations are concrete footings. The exterior skin is a combination of metal sidings with a variety of textures and patterns.

Wilkhahn Factory (Bad Munder, Germany) Thomas Herzog, arch, 1992 Slender bottom chords of steel provide a greater effective structural depth. 24m laminated timber roof beams do indeed hang from the naves.

Wohlen High School (Switzerland) Santiago Calatrava, 1988 The entrance canopy fills the narrowing space between these blocks and is supported by a steel, tubular arch that in plan runs obliquely to the surface of the glazed facade.

Crystal Palace: Centennial Exhibition (England) John Paxton, 1851 Cast-iron and plate-glass structure, represent the start of modern architecture.

Lecture 6 Case Study

Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris) R.Plano & R.Roger, 1977 Steel exoskeleton structure, structural system, mechanical systems, and circulation exposed on the exterior of the building.

Kinnaird Bridge (British Columbia, Canada) Luigi Morrandi, 1960 Rigid frame bridge. It stands on four V-shaped concrete supports with no cabling or overhead support structure

Kemper Memorial Arena (Kansas City, USA) Helmut Jahn/C.F. Murphy, 1973 The roof is hung by three giant steel structure space truss. The nearly windowless structure.

Phillips Exeter Academy Sports Center (Exeter, NH) Kallman and Mckinnell, 1977 Concrete with external steel trusses. Fifteen weathering steel trusses spanning.

Linz Convention Center (Linz, Germany) Thomas Herzog, 2001 A unique glass roof on top, the steel arch structure of the design center constitutes a 10,000 square meter columnless interior roof.

Lecture 7 Columns

Johnson Wax Administration Building (Racine, Wisconsin, USA) F.L. Wright, 1936 Every other floor is a mezzanine set back from the exterior wall, Pyrex tubes span the height of two floors between brick spandrels.

General Raphael Urdaneta Bridge (Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela) Riccando Morandi, 1962 Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge. Made of reinforced and prestressed concrete.

Morandi Bridge (Genoa, Italy) Riccardo Morandi, 1967 It was a cable-stayed bridge characterised by a prestressed concrete structure. A hybrid system for the stays constructed from steel cables with prestressed concrete shells

Lowara Office (Italy) Renzo Piano Building Workshop, 1986 It is covered by a light steel parabolic structure equipped with an automatic sprinkler avoiding overheating during the summer.

Air Terminal at Dulles Airport (Washington, DC) Eero Saarinen, 1962 Terminal constructed with glass, steel, and concrete, with a catenary curve roof supported by cables.

London Airport (Stansted, England) Foster Associates, 1991 Supported by tree-like columns. The roof is held up by 36 trees. From the trunk four branches, linked by slender tension-members, extend diagonally from the top of each to support the roof.

British Pavilion (Seville, Spain) Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners, 1992 Formed of a British-made prefabricated white tubular structure, with pin-jointed connections to eliminate the need for on-site welding, the rectilinear facades were clad with a range of materials to moderate diurnal change and extreme temperatures.

Alamillo Bridge (Seville, Spain) Calatrava, 1992 The bridge deck consists of an hexagonal steel-box-beam spine to which the stay cables are attached. Side steel wings cantilevered off the hexagonal spine support the traffic decks, three lanes on each side.

BCE Place Gallery (Toronto, Canada) S.Calatrava, 1992 The structure is comprised of eight freestanding steel supports on either side of the Galleria. These supports branch out into parabolic shapes.

Carre’d’ Art (Nimes, France) Foster+ Partners, 1993 Constructed of glass, concrete and steel nine-storey structure, half of which is sunk deep into the ground, keeping the building's profile low in sympathy with the scale of the surrounding buildings.

Yamanashi Broadcasting and Press Centre (Kofu, Japan) Kenzo Tange, 1996 Reinforced concrete structure, with hanging cantilevers at oblique angles.

Sendai Mediatheque (Sendai, Japan) Toyo Ito, 2000 The building is composed of thirteen independent steel-ribbed shafts (tubular columns, mainly steel-tube truss construction) and seven steel-ribbed honeycomb slabs of sandwiched steel-plate construction.

Garden Café (Japan) Sejima/Nishizawa SANAA, 1999 Use thin columns and glass as the structure to support the shed with a simple matrix pattern and detailed structure.

Tokyo International Forum (Tokyo, Japan) Raphael Vinoly, 1999 Each side stands in sharp contrast with the other based on the use of different materials, glass for the western side and steel for the eastern side opposite the railways.

Lecture 8 Horizontal span systems

Thnouh School (Thnouh Village, Cambodia) Project Little Dream, 2015 A three dimensional truss space structure is formed using a wooden frame to form the roof.

Factory Warehouse (Zurich, Switzerland) Rossetti &Wyss Architekten AG, 2015 Wooden box structure.

Ballard Library (Seattle, Wash. USA) Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, 2005 Designed with a deep, welcoming front porch and a green roof, this highly visible building has become an icon for the community and a statement of its values.The curved roof of the wooden frame is combined with the wooden truss.

Wilkhahn Factory (Bad Munder, Germany) Thomas Herzog, arch,1992 Slender bottom chords of steel provide a greater effective structural depth. 24m laminated timber roof beams do indeed hang from the naves.

Vocational Training Center (Herne-Sodingen, Germany) Jourda & Perraudin, arch , 1998 The whole building is made of trusses.

National Galery (Berlin, Germany) Mies van der Rohe, 1968 The roof is constructed with steel frames and simple supports.

McCormick Place (Chicago, USA) Gene Summers | Helmut Jahn, 1969 The public buildings with the largest capacity of people flow are built with the integrated and huge truss roof.

Festival Plaza EXPO`70(Fukuoka,Japan) Kenzo Tange | Arata Isozaki, 1969 Main building of Japan's world expo, it is mainly a social space with a unified spatial frame roof. Parking Structure 1111 Lincoln Rd（ Miami, USA ） Herzog & deMeuron, 2010 The structure resembles a house of CARDS.The main support through reinforced concrete pillars is due to the parking lot. It is an open-air structure with no exterior walls constructed around buttresses and cantilevers.

Lecture 9 Lateral Force

The Central Plaza (Wanchai, Hong Kong) Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man | CTBUH, 1995 Super high-rise building, lateral resistance to wind results in an expenditure on structure of approx.

Highcliff Tower (Hong Kong) DLN Architects, 2003 The tallest all-residential building in Hong Kong with a slenderness ratio of 1:20. Due to the visual effect of its proximity to The Summit, another very thin and tall building, the two together are often referred to as "The Chopsticks".

Citicorp Tower (New York City, USA) Hugh Stubbins& William LeMessurier,1977 The building is one of the most distinctive and imposing in New York City’s skyline, thanks to a 45° angled top and a unique stilt-style base.

Reliance Controls Factory (Swindon, England) Richard Rogers & Norman Foster, 1967 Structure using only four elements as welded steel frame: Column and crosshead.

Vocational Training Center (Herne-Sodingen,Germany ) Jourda & Perraudin, 1998 Diagonal cross bracing in the roof plane of the Vocational Training Center resists distortion under the lateral loading along its edge. Roof acts as a diaphragm.

INMOS Microprocessor Factory (Newport, UK ca.) Richard Rogers Partnership / Anthony Hunt, Engr, 1982 Suspended beams span 40m from the central spine with masts along the length of the building allowing for a post-free area, and so providing a flexible interior and the possibility of large work areas.

Bodegas Protos ( Penafiel, Spain) Rogers Stirk Harbour & Partners, 2010 Slanted steel struts support the roof beams above the arches. The diagonal struts are pin connected to the beams, but the stable triangular configuration creates a lateral force resisting mechanism.

Lecture 10 Frame

Long Sutton Studio (Hampshire, England ) Cassion Castle Architects | Tim Lloyd, 2013 The wooden building is connected by rigid joints between the pillars and the frame to ensure the stability of the whole building.

Ray & Charles Eames House (Pacific Palisades (LA)) (Case Study House 8), 1949 The building structure materials are steel with rigid structure.

Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology (Chicago, Illinois, USA) Mies Van der Rohe ,1956 Crown Hall was recognized as architecturally significant because its architects perfected the basic steel and glass style of the building, with elegant steps of purity and openness.

Reliance Controls Factory (Swindon UK) Foster & Partners, 1966 Structure using only four elements as welded steel frame: Column and crosshead.

Gustav Heinemann Bridge Berlin, 2005 Vierendeel frames are used with providing a good span for the bridge.

Salk Institute (California ,USA) Louis Kahn ,1963 The main design influence on the structure is composed of two symmetrical buildings, with a central square paved with travertine separating the water flow.

Sears Tower (now Willis Tower),(Chicago, USA) Skidmore Owings & Merrill (B. Graham & F. Khan) , 1974 The main load-bearing structure is Bundled tube, others frames are Vierendeel frames.

Yale Center for British Art Yale University(Connecticut, USA) Louis I. Kahn New Haven, 1977 A reinforced concrete frame is a rigid frame structure. No lateral force resisting systems are required.

Lecture 11 Tall Building Part 1

The Two Towers (Bologna,Italy), 12th century The Asinelli Tower is approximately 100m tall and its 9m wide at the base. An aspect ratio of 11:1. To achieve such height in a masonry structure the walls at the base are almost 3m thick.

Washington Monument (Washington DC), 1884 The stele building has a hollow interior and is the tallest stone building in the world.

The Monadnock Building (Chicago,IL ,USA) Burnham,1891 The tallest load-bearing brick building ever constructed, it employed the first portal system of wind bracing. Its decorative staircases represent the first structural use of aluminum in building construction.

Home Insurance Building (Chicago,IL,USA) Willam le Baron Jenney, 1885 It is frequently noted as the first tall building to be supported both inside and outside by a fireproof structural steel and metal frame, which included reinforced concrete.

Auditorium Building (Chicago,USA), Louis Sullivan & Charles Adler, 1889 Tall structure with load-bearing outer walls. The Auditorium is a heavy, impressive structure externally, and was more striking in its day when buildings of its scale were less common.

Bayard Building (NYC ,USA) Louis Sullivan,1898 This commercial office building is clad in white terra cotta over a masonry wall. The Bayard Building was one of the first steel skeleton frame skyscrapers in New York City.

Chicago Tribune Building (Chicago,USA) Raymond Hood & John Howells,1925 A 36-storey tower with flying buttresses common in Gothic churches was built on the top of the tower. The details such as the entrance of the building are also full of Gothic style.

Glass Skyscraper project (Berlin, Germany) Mies van der Rohe,1922 The geometry of crystalline skyscrapers Friedrichstrasse was transformed into this project in a biomórflca plant consisting of a core and three wings curvilinear. Using the idea of plants from cantilever reinforced concrete slabs arranged around two cylindrical concrete supports.

Rockefeller Center (NYC,USA) Raymond Hood et al with Corbett, Harrison & Mac Murray, 1940 A city-in-a-city consisting of several skyscrapers is composed of nineteen buildings, all of which are connected on the ground floor.

PSFS Building (Philadelphia, PA) George Howe and William Lescaze,1932 The skyscraper's design was a departure from traditional bank and Philadelphia architecture, lacking features such as domes and ornamentation. Sructure is a steel skeleton 150m tall with a transfer truss at the third level.

Seagrams Building (NYC,USA) Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson,1958 Built of a steel frame, from which non-structural glass walls were hung. Mies preferred the steel frame to be visible to all.

Lecture 12 Tall Building Part 2

Pirelli Tower (Milan, Italy) Gio Ponti & Pier Luigi Nervi, 1958 Characterized by a structural skeleton, curtain wall façades and tapered sides, it was among the first skyscrapers to abandon the customary block form.

Apartment Tower (Bremen, Germany) Alvar Aalto, 1962 Parallel bearing wall structure, the wedge-shaped apartments widen in the direction of the outer wall, thus settling into a soft curving fan-shape.

Hong Kong Club (Hong Kong) Harry Seidler, 1985 One of the last examples of renaissance architecture remaining in Hong Kong. Cores and bearing wall structures, concrete material, oval interior space.

Knights of Columbus (New Haven, CT) Roche, Dinkaloo & Assocs, 1969 23-story modern style reinforced concrete building. Cores and bearing wall structures, cylindrical wall corner service shafts accommodate all vertical and lateral loading.

Burj Khalifa (Dubai, UAE) Adrian Smith | SOM, 2010 The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Cores and bearing wall structures, built of reinforced concrete and clad in glass, the tower is composed of sculpted volumes arranged around a central buttressed core.

S. C. Johnson & Son Office Building (Racine, US) F. L. Wright,1939 Cantilever slab structure, the building features many curvilinear forms and subsequently required over 200 different curved "Cherokee red" bricks to create the sweeping curves of the interior and exterior. The mortar between the bricks is raked in traditional Wright-style to accentuate the horizontality of the building.

Kansas City Tower (Kansas City, Missouri) Louis Kahn| August Komendant, 1974 Cantilever slab structure with tube inside the each floor in square shape.

Harbor City (Hong Kong) Foster + Partner, 1999 Core and slab structure with reinforced concrete flat slab with drop panels. Cantilevered on all sides.

Standard Bank Centre (Johannesburg S. Africa) H. Hentrich & H. Petschnigg w/ Ove Arup, Engr, 1968 Cantilever and suspension-Core tree structure, floors are suspended from cantilevered arms in groups of ten floors.

Lake Shore Apartments (Chicago, Illinois,US) Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, 1949 Rigid shear frame structures with steel construction. The plan for the towers was organized in a 21 foot grid that was represented with steel columns placed at the intersections of the grid.

Stanhope (Quarry Bay, Hong Kong) House Lee & So and Associates, 1990 Rigid shear framestructures with reinforced concrete construction

Alcoa Building (San Francisco, California, US) Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 1968 The steel frame design of the building focuses on the most economical way to prevent earthquake damage, while the center column and braces are built on the entrance floor. The exterior components and curtain wall frames are covered with bronze anodized aluminum.

Bank of China. (Hong Kong) I.M Pei 1987 Trussed frame structures,the most top building in Hong Kong, exterior consisting of triangular frameworks covered by glass curtain walls

First Wisconsin Center (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) Skidmore Owings & Merrill,1974 An example of a steel frame with a belt truss and outrigger system at the 15th and 41st floors, and a transfer truss at the 3rd level. The outrigger trusses are in the direction parallel to the short sides of the tower..

Brunswick Building, (Chicago, US) Goldsmith, Graham & Khan,1966 Using a casing-type structural system. The core tube and periphery of the building are composed of straight, hollow pipes, which diagonally brace the building and create a column-free internal space.

John Hancock Center, (Chicago, US) SOM / Bruce Graham / Fazlur Khan, 1970 Supertall skyscraper, the structure consists of a tubular system that strengthens the building against wind and earthquakes. The famous cross-bracing on the exterior provides security against horizontal movement while opening up the interior of the building with more uninterrupted floor space.

Downtown Athletic Club (NYC, US) Starrett & Van Vleck | Duncan Hunter, 1931 Tube structure. Early example of a mixed-use hi-rise.

Sears Tower (now Willis Tower),(Chicago, USA) Skidmore Owings & Merrill (B. Graham & F. Khan) , 1974 The main load-bearing structure is Bundled tube, others frames are Vierendeel frames.