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Estudio De Estado La Biodiversidad En VeracruzLa biodiversidad en estudio de estado volumen II volumen II DIVERSIDAD DE ESPECIES: CONOCIMIENTO ACTUAL Coordinador y Editor General Andrea Cruz Angón Compilación y Edición científica Francisco G. Lorea Hernández Vicente Hernández Ortiz Jorge E. Morales Mavil VeracruzLa biodiversidad en estudio de estado preliminares Vol. II.qxp 11/5/11 20:19 Página 4 Primera edición, 2011 D.R. © 2011 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Liga Periférico – Insurgentes Sur 4903 Parques del Pedregal, Tlalpan, 14010 México, D. F. http://www.conabio.gob.mx D.R. © 2011 Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Palacio de Gobierno, Av. Enríquez s/n. Col. Centro, CP 91000, Xalapa, Ver. Tel. (228) 841-8800. http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx D.R. © 2011 Universidad Veracruzana, Dirección General Editorial, Hidalgo 9, Centro, Xalapa, Veracruz Apartado postal 97, CP 91000, Tel/fax (228) 818 59 80; 818 13 88, Xalapa, Ver., 91000, México. [email protected] D.R. © 2011 Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Teléfono (228) 841801. http://www.inecol.edu.mx/ ISBN: 978-607-7607-49-6 (obra completa) ISBN: 978-607-7607-51-9 (volumen II) Forma de citar: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Conabio). 2011. La biodiversidad en Veracruz: Estudio de Estado. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. México. Coordinación y Edición General: Andrea Cruz Angón Compilación y Edición Técnica y Científica: Volumen I.- MEDIO FÍSICO: Margarita Soto Esparza; CONTEXTO SOCIOECONÓMICO: Hipólito Rodríguez Herrero y Eckart Boege Schmidt; CONTEXTO NORMATIVO E INSTITUCIONAL: Elisa E. de Jesús Sadas Larios, Wilfrido Márquez Ramírez, Martha E. Primo Castro; DIVERSIDAD DE AMBIENTES: Terrestres: Gonzalo Castillo Campos, Acuáticos: Ana Laura Lara Domínguez; LA BIODIVERSIDAD Y ALGUNAS DE SUS AMENAZAS: Eugenia J. Olguín Palacios; TRANSFORMAR LAS AMENAZAS EN OPORTUNIDADES PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD: Eugenia J. Olguín Palacios; SISTEMAS PRODUCTIVOS EN VERACRUZ Y ALTERNATIVAS ECONÓMICAS SUSTENTABLES: Cesáreo Landeros Sánchez; Volumen II.- DIVERSIDAD DE ESPECIES, Hongos y plantas: Francisco G. Lorea Hernández; Invertebrados: Vicente Hernández Ortiz; Vertebrados: Jorge E. Morales Mavil. Seguimiento editorial: Maquetación: Fernando Camacho Rico Aída Pozos Villanueva Corrección de estilo: Cuidado de la edición: Ana Bertha García Sepúlveda Aída Pozos Villanueva Juan Corral Aguirre Diseño: Fernando Camacho Rico Juan Arturo Piña Martínez (portada e interiores) Enriqueta López Andrade (interiores) Cartografía: Capas originales proporcionadas por los autores Diseño final: Fernando Camacho Rico Revisión técnica de textos, listados de especies y mapas por parte de la Conabio: Erika Daniela Melgarejo, Fernando Camacho Rico, María Eugenia González Díaz, Mariana Zareth Nava López, Verónica Aguilar Sierra, Cecilia Fernández Pumar, Ana Isabel González Martínez, Diana Hernández Robles, Ariadna Ivonne Marín Sánchez, Juan Manuel Martínez Vargas, Eduardo Morales Guillaumin, Elizabeth Moreno Gutiérrez, Susana Ocegueda Cruz, Rocío Villalón Calderón y Norma G. Moreno Díaz. Cartografía: Modelo Digital del Terreno: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Conabio) 1997. "Modelo Digital del Terreno de México". Escala 1:250,000. México. Agradecimientos: El Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, la Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, la Universidad Veracruzana y el Instituto de Ecología, A.C. expresan su reconocimiento a todas aquellas instituciones y personas que colaboraron en la elaboración del presente Estudio de Estado, particularmente a Miguel Equihua, Ernesto Rodríguez Luna, Jaime Claudio Torres Nachón y Eivin San Roman, quienes participaron en el inicio de este proceso. Impreso y hecho en México Printed and made in Mexico Moscas de la fruta (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) Vicente Hernández-Ortiz INTRODUCCIÓN otras no se alimentan propiamente de los frutos, sino que también lo hacen en semillas, inflorescen- Entre los insectos, el orden Diptera conforma en la cias y tallos (Christenson y Foote, 1960). actualidad uno de los grupos más diversos en el Entre las especies frugívoras destacan algunas mundo con poco más de 124 000 especies descritas, como ,“la mosca del mediterráneo” Ceratitis capi- representadas por 128 familias. Su amplia diversi- tata (Wiedemann), que infesta más de 200 hospe- dad de hábitos alimentarios, les confieren impor- deros, posee una amplia distribución en las tantes funciones en las redes tróficas de los regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo, y ecosistemas, puesto que ciertas familias viven aso- actualmente está presente en otros países de Amé- ciadas con plantas, algunas otras como degradado- rica Central y en Sudamérica. En otros grupos res de restos vegetales y animales, otras como nativos de América, también existen diversas espe- polinizadores de plantas diversas, ciertos grupos son cies frugívoras en los géneros Anastrepha Schiner, depredadores y parasitoides de otros artrópodos, e Toxotrypana Gerstaecker y Rhagoletis Loew asocia- incluso algunos de ellos constituyen vectores de das con una gran variedad de plantas nativas e ciertas enfermedades (Skevington y Dang, 2002). introducidas. La familia Tephritidae es uno de los grupos más Por otra parte, las especies no frugívoras se des- diversos de Diptera a nivel mundial y, en términos arrollan principalmente en las cabezuelas de inflo- generales, se les conoce comúnmente como “verda- rescencias, o forman agallas en los tallos, también deras moscas de la fruta”, debido a sus hábitos de tienen importancia como agentes de control bioló- alimentación sobre el tejido vivo de diversas plantas gico de diversas malezas, tal es el caso de la especie silvestres y cultivadas, por lo cual, algunas especies nativa de México, Procecidochares utilis Stone, tienen gran importancia económica. No obstante, introducida en Hawaii y Nueva Zelanda para el 411 HERNÁNDEZ-ORTIZ control de Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng (Foote, Las larvas son vermiformes y poseen un cuerpo 1967). alargado o corto y ancho, son de color blanco o La información aquí presentada procede princi- amarillento; el segmento anterior no forma una palmente de las bases de datos de moscas de la fruta cápsula cefálica y posee un par de ganchos mandi- de México, cuyos datos se basan en material de refe- bulares oscuros fuertemente esclerosados, abertura rencia depositado en la colección entomológica del bucal con varios pliegues orales; espiráculos anterio- Instituto de Ecología (IEXA), en Xalapa, México, así res situados en el primer segmento torácico for- como en la colección del Instituto Smithsoniano mado por un número variable de túbulos; (USNM), en Washington, D.C., EUA. espiráculos posteriores localizados en el segmento caudal, conformados por dos placas con tres abertu- ras alargadas en cada uno de ellos. DESCRIPCIÓN Los miembros de la familia Tephritidae se caracteri- BIOLOGÍA zan por ser organismos de tamaño pequeño a grande (2-35 mm) de colores muy variados; generalmente Como su nombre lo indica, las moscas de la fruta poseen patrones de coloración alar de formas muy tienen hábitos fitófagos como un requerimiento diversas ya sea con bandas obscuras o amarillas, man- indispensable para completar su desarrollo. En chas hialinas redondeadas, o una combinación de general, los Tephritidae son mejor conocidos por ambas. La morfología corporal indica que algunas sus hábitos de alimentación en frutos y vegetales en especies son miméticas de avispas, mientras que maduración, pero también existe otro grupo com- diversos patrones de coloración alar imitan a ciertas puesto por especies que particularmente se alimen- arañas. Las hembras poseen el séptimo segmento tan de cabezas florales o formando agallas en tallos, abdominal de forma cónica, dentro del cual se especialmente de la familia Asteraceae (Foote et al., encuentra una estructura por lo general bien esclero- 1993). sada, que se denomina ovipositor o aculeus, que le Durante su ciclo de vida, las hembras utilizan el permite insertar los huevos en el tejido vivo de diver- ovipositor para insertar sus huevos en el tejido vivo. sas plantas. Las características particulares tanto del Las larvas presentan tres estadios de desarrollo, los patrón alar como del ovipositor tienen un alto valor cuales transcurren generalmente en un periodo de taxonómico para el reconocimiento de las especies entre 20-40 días en el interior de la planta de ali- (Foote ,1980; Foote et al., 1993). mentación, y cuando han completado su desarrollo, Las moscas de la fruta se pueden distinguir de abandonan las estructuras en donde se alimentan otros dípteros Acalyptratae por la naturaleza de la para pupar en el suelo, pero algunas forman el vena subcostal en las alas, la cual se dobla abrupta- pupario dentro de esas mismas estructuras; el estado mente hacia la vena costal formando un ángulo pupal transcurre en un periodo de 20-30 días (Hea- aproximado de 90 0 y generalmente se adelgaza drick y Goeden, 1998). La duración del ciclo larva- inmediatamente después de esa curvatura. La rio depende en gran medida de las condiciones de cabeza presenta usualmente una proboscis carnosa y humedad y temperatura, pero también de las carac- palpos bien desarrollados, un par de ojos compues- terísticas propias del hospedero (Baker et al., 1944), tos y tres ocelos, antena simple
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