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Planktonic Ciliates of the Baltic Sea (A Review) E ISSN 1995-0829, Inland Water Biology, 2009, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 13–24. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009. Original Russian Text © E.I. Mironova, I.V. Telesh, S.O. Skarlato, 2009, published in Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod, No. 1, 2009, pp. 15–26. AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA Planktonic Ciliates of the Baltic Sea (a Review) E. I. Mironovaa, I. V. Teleshb, and S. O. Skarlatoa aInstitute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, Tikhoretskii Prospect 4, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia bZoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya 1, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia e-mail: [email protected] Received April 22, 2008 Abstract—The data on the ciliates species composition are given for the Baltic Sea, a brackish-water semi- closed water body where a considerable part of the planktonic fauna is presented by freshwater species. During the observation period, 789 species of ciliates were found, 160 of which are typical planktonic forms. The eco- logical characteristics of ciliates are given, along with an assessment of their role in the productivity of the Bal- tic Sea pelagic communities. Key words: ciliates, species composition, production, Baltic Sea. DOI: 10.1134/S1995082909010039 INTRODUCTION The species compositions of benthic and planktonic ciliates communities differed quite considerably [23], The Baltic Sea is the world largest semiclosed although benthic ciliates may be found in pelagial, too. brackish water body; it resembles a giant fjord with a They are often noted in coastal and shallow waters due constant inflow of freshwater entering with riverine dis- to strong wind impact, which facilitates the intensive charge. The water salinity in the Baltic Sea is ≤18‰, mixing of water masses [5, 32]. averaging 7–8‰ over the whole sea area. Vast coastal The ciliates of the western the Baltic Sea are best sea regions are often classified as freshwater or oligo- studied [14, 19–22, 24, 29, 32, 35, 37]. Many studies on haline ecosystems dominated by freshwater flora and planktonic ciliates [23, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36, 41] were car- fauna species [38]. ried out in the northern Baltic. The southern part of the sea is also studied well [2, 10–13, 15-18, 43]. The cili- Ciliates play an important role in the cycling of ates of the eastern Baltic, in particular the Gulf of Fin- nutrients in various aquatic ecosystems. Being the main land, are studied least of all [5, 31, 40]. picoplankton (bacteria and algae 0.2–2.0 µm in size) consumers, they are a component of the so called In the Baltic Sea, 789 ciliates species are known “microbial loop.” Picoplankton organisms assimilating [1–43], only 160 of which are typically planktonic. dissolved organic matter produce most pelagial produc- Compared to other seas, the Baltic ciliate fauna is the most tion. By consuming picoplankton, ciliates serve as an studied. For instance, 620 ciliates species are registered in intermediate link in the energy transfer from picoplank- the Caspian [6] and about 500 in the Black Sea [33]. ton to zooplankton. Due to their sizes and high growth Based on our own and literature data on the Baltic and reproduction rates, ciliates represent a considerable Sea ciliate species, the following list of species has portion of the rations of aquatic invertebrates and fish been composed: larvae. Many species of planktonic ciliates serve as Acaryophrya collaris Kahl, 1926 indicators of water eutrophication and pollution. Acineta amphiasci Precht, 1935 A. compressa Claparede & Lachmann, 1859 The studies on the Baltic Sea planktonic ciliates A. foetida Maupas, 1881 were initiated at the end of the 1940s [10]. Tintinnids A. laomedeae Precht, 1935 (loricate ciliates) were studied in most papers, because these ciliates are more easily collected byn planktonic A. pyriformis Stokes, 1891 nets due to their relatively large sizes [10, 11, 27, 28]. A. schulzi Kahl, 1934 Other groups of ciliates were also studied [13, 14]. A. sulcata Dons, 1927 Research on benthic, in part psammophylic, ciliates in A. tuberosa Ehrenberg, 1834 the Baltic Sea started much earlier (by the end of Amphileptus inquieta Biernacka, 1963 1920s) [29, 37]. A series of studies on benthic [18, 23, A. trachelioides Zacharias, 1893 31] and planktonic [2, 7, 9, 31, 33, 36] ciliates has been Amphisiella annulata Kahl, 1932 carried out in the Baltic Sea over the last 20 years. A. marioni Wicklow, 1982 13 14 MIRONOVA et al. A. milnei Kahl, 1932 B. vestitum Kahl, 1928 Amphorella sp.* Bursella spumosa Schmidt, 1921 Amphorides quadrilineata Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 Caenomorpha levanderi Kahl, 1927 Anigsteinia clarissima Isquith, 1968 Calyptotricha lanuginosa (Penard, 1922) Wilbert & A. longissima Kahl, 1928 Foissner, 1980 A. salinaria Kahl, 1928 Carchesium gammari Precht, 1935 Anophrys sarcophaga Cohn, 1866 C. jaerae Precht, 1935 Anteholosticha scutellum (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 C. pectinatum (Zacharias, 1897) Kahl, 1935 A. arenicola (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 C. polypinum (Linnaeus, 1758) Ehrenberg, 1830** A. fasciola (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 C. spectabile Ehrenberg-Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 A. monilata (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 C. steinii Wrzesniowski, 1877 A. multistilata (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 Cardiostomatella mononucleata Dragesco, 1960 A. pulchra (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 C. vermiforme Kahl, 1928 A. violaceae (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 Caudiholosticha setifera (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 Apiosoma sp. C. viridis (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 Aristerostoma marinum Kahl, 1931 Certesia quadrinucleata Fabre-Domergue, 1885 Ascobius simplex Dons, 1918 Chaenea gigas Kahl, 1933 Askenasia sp.* C. robusta Kahl, 1930 A. stellaris (Leegaard, 1920) Kahl, 1930* C. simulans Kahl, 1930 Aspidisca sp. C. teres Dujardin, 1841 A. aculeata Ehrenberg, 1838 C. vorax Quennerstedt, 1867 A. angulata Bock, 1952 Chilodonella calkinsi Kahl, 1928 A. binucleata Kahl, 1932 C. cucullus (O. F. Müller) Ehrenberg, 1833 A. cicada O. F. Müller, 1786 C. cyprinid (Moroff, 1902) Strand, 1928 A. dentata Kahl, 1928 C. helgolandica Kahl, 1935 A. fusca Kahl, 1928 C. rigida Kahl, 1933 A. leptaspis Fresenius, 1865 C. subtilis Kahl, 1933 A. lyncaster (O.F. Müller, 1773) von Stein, 1859 Chilodontopsis caudate Kahl, 1933 A. lynceus O.F. Müller, 1773** C. elongate (Kahl, 1928) Corliss, 1960 A. major Madsen var. faurei Dragesco, 1960 C. oblonga Maupas, 1883 A. mutans Kahl, 1932 C. ovalis Biernacka, 1963 A. polypoda Dujardin, 1841 C. vorax (Stokes, 1886) Kahl, 1931 A. polystyla Stein, 1859 Chlamydodon cyclops Entzsen, 1884 A. robusta Kahl, 1932 C. major (Kahl, 1931) Carey, 1994 A. steini Buddenbrock, 1920 C. mnemosyne Ehrenberg, 1838 A. turrita (Ehrenberg, 1831) Claparede & Lachmann, C. obliquus Kahl, 1931 1858 C. triquetrus O. F. Müller, 1786 Atopochilodon arenifer Kahl, 1933 Ciliofaurea arenicola Dragesco, 1960 A. distichum Deroux, 1976 C. mirabilis Dragesco, 1960 Australothrix zignis Entz, 1884 Cinetochilum margaritaceum Perty, 1852** A. gibba Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 Climacostomum gigas Meunier, 1907 Avelia gigas Dragesco, 1960 C. virens Ehrenberg, 1833 Balanion comatum Wulff, 1922* Codonella sp.* Balanion sp.* C. cratera Leidy, 1877* Balladyna elongate Roux, 1901 C. lagenula Claparede et Lachmann, 1858* Biholosticha arenicola (Dragesco, 1963) Berger, 2003 C. orthoceras (Haeckel) Joergensen, 1924* B. discocephalus (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003 C. relicta Minkiewich, 1905* Blepharisma sp. Codonellopsis sp.* B. clarissimum Kahl, 1928 C. contracta Kofoid & Campbell, 1929* B. dileptus Kahl, 1928 C. orthoceros Haeckel, 1873* B. hyalinum Perty, 1852 Cohnilembus sp. B. salinarum Florentin, 1899 C. stichotricha Kahl, 1928 B. steini Kahl, 1932 C. vermiformis Kahl, 1931 B. tardum Kahl, 1928 C. verminus (Müller, 1786) Kahl, 1933 B. undulans Stein, 1868 Coleps sp. INLAND WATER BIOLOGY Vol. 2 No. 1 2009 PLANKTONIC CILIATES OF THE BALTIC SEA (A REVIEW) 15 C. arenarius Bock, 1952 C. fuscum Kahl, 1935* C. bicuspis Noland, 1925 C. glaucoma O. F. Müller, 1773* C. elongates Ehrenberg, 1830** C. marinum Borror, 1963** C. hirtus (O. F. Müller, 1786) Nitzsch, 1827 C. plouneouri Dragesco, 1963* C. pulcher Spiegel, 1926 C. similans Kahl, 1928* C. remanei Kahl, 1933 Cyclidium sp.* C. similes Kahl, 1933 C. veliferum Kahl, 1933* C. spiralis Noland, 1937 C. xenium Fenchel et.al, 1995* C. tesselatus Kahl, 1930 Cyclotrichium cyclokaryon Meunier, 1907* Colpidium campylum (Stokes, 1886) Bresslau, 1922** C. ovatum Faure-Fremiet, 1924* Colpoda cucullus O. F. Müller, 1786 Cyphoderia ampulla Ehrenberg, 1840 Conchostoma longissimum Faure-Fremiet, 1963 Dictyocysta elegans Ehrenberg, 1854 Condylostoma arenarium Spiegel, 1926 Didinium balbiani f.rostratum Kahl, 1926* C. magnum Spiegel, 1926 D. balbiani Fabre-Domergue, 1888* C. minima Dragesco, 1960 D. gargantua Meunier, 1907* C. patens O.F. Müller 1786 D. nasutum (Müller, 1773) Stein, 1859* C. patulum Claparede & Lachmann, 1858 Didinium sp.* C. psammophila Kahl, 1928 Dileptus sp. C. remanei Spiegel, 1928 D. anser (Müller, 1786) Dujardin, 1841 C. rugosa Kahl, 1928 D. cygnis Claparede & Lachmann, 1859 C. tardum Penard, 1922 D. estuarinus Dragesco, 1960 C. tenuis Faure-Fremiet, 1958 D. marinus Kahl, 1933 C. vorticella Ehrenberg, 1833 D. massutii Kahl, 1933 Copemetopus subsalsus Villeneuve-Brachon, 1940 Diophryopsis hystrix (Buddenbrock, 1920) Hill & Bor- Corynophrya campanula Kahl, 1934 ror, 1992 C. marina Kahl, 1934 Diophrys sp. Cothurnia arcuata Mereschkowsky, 1879 D. appendiculata (Ehrenberg, 1838) Kahl, 1932 C. borealis (Hensen, 1890) Ostenfeld, 1916 D. scutum Dujardin, 1841 C. ceramicola Kahl, 1933 Discocephalus ehrenbergi Dragesco, 1960
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