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Catholic Churches and Mass Mobilization in Austrian Galicia, 1890-1914

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Catholic Churches and Mass Mobilization in Austrian Galicia, 1890-1914 Catholic Churches and Mass Mobilization in Austrian Galicia, 1890-1914 Zoriana Melnyk Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 01 February 2018 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Catholic Churches and Mass Mobilization in Austrian Galicia, 1890-1914 Zoriana Melnyk Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Professor Pavel Kolá ř, EUI Supervisor Professor Pieter Judson, EUI Professor Kerstin S. Jobst, Universität Wien Professor Yaroslav Hrytsak, Ukrainian Catholic University © Zoriana Melnyk, 2018 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of History and Civilization - Doctoral Programme I <Zoriana Melnyk> certify that I am the author of the work < Catholic Churches and Mass Mobilization in Austrian Galicia, 1890-1914 > I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297). The copyright of this work rests with its author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This work may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. This authorisation does not, to the best of my knowledge, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that this work consists of < 80167 > words. Statement of language correction: This thesis has been corrected for linguistic and stylistic errors. I certify that I have checked and approved all language corrections, and that these have not affected the content of this work. Signature and date: 19.01.2018 Contents Introduction............................................................................................................ 1 Scenery and protagonists of the study: Galicia and Galicians ................................................. 5 Research questions and structure ........................................................................................... 9 Sources and methods ............................................................................................................ 16 Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 1. The beginning of mass mobilization: between agricultural strikes and the struggle for electoral reforms ................................................................................ 21 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 21 Pillars of local Catholicism: the role of parish priests in their communities ......................... 22 Shaking the pillars: the agricultural strikes of 1902 as the first active involvement of the Greek Catholic clergy in mass mobilization ........................................................................... 25 Building new pillars: electoral reforms and the role of the Catholic clergy .......................... 33 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 45 Chapter 2. The Catholic hierarchy on the role of clergy and women in the process of mass mobilization ................................................................................................. 46 Clergy and elections .............................................................................................................. 47 Public activity of the clergy and Catholic parties in Galicia ............................................... 52 The Catholic churches and the mass mobilization of women ............................................... 57 Universal male suffrage and women ................................................................................. 68 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 70 Chapter 3. Roman Catholics and social Catholicism: Father Stojalowski and his agitation ............................................................................................................... 73 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 73 The personality and political image of Stojalowski ............................................................... 75 The Galician Lueger: Stojalowski’s mobilization strategy ..................................................... 77 Stojalowski forging and inflaming connections using national identity ................................ 92 Stojalowski’s attitude to other nationalities ..................................................................... 96 Stojalowski and Jews ....................................................................................................... 100 Reaction: the response of the Church and government to Stojalowski’s mobilization ...... 103 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 112 Chapter 4. Greek Catholics and mass mobilization: conflicts between priests and local authorities .................................................................................................. 114 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 114 Threats by the laity to change their rite .............................................................................. 116 Competition for the influence in the village ........................................................................ 121 The priest and intensive political agitation ......................................................................... 129 Rising national issues as a way to resist the starosta .......................................................... 132 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 140 Chapter 5. A crowd disease: priests, elections, and the transformation of local violence, 1897-1908 ............................................................................................ 142 Violence in the village .......................................................................................................... 142 The first mass elections in 1897 and local violent clashes .............................................. 144 Between universal male suffrage and the curial system: the elections in 1907 and 1908 ......................................................................................................................................... 151 Violence in the city: the assassination of the governor in 1908 ......................................... 160 Catholic vs national visions of the assassination ............................................................. 165 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 170 Final Conclusions ................................................................................................ 173 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 182 1 Introduction For the citizens of Europe, the late nineteenth century was marked by the beginning of mass mobilization. In many states, including the Habsburg Empire, people were transformed from subjects into citizens and the representatives of certain political preferences and national identities. I research the beginning of this mass mobilization process with specific attention to the role of the Catholic Church in Austrian Galicia, as the Church was a leading social institution and set an example of action for its laity. With this thesis, I aim to contribute to the history of mass mobilization and social history by emphasizing the changes and challenges that the mass mobilization process brought to the Catholic Church (divided in Galicia into the Greek Catholic and the Roman Catholic churches) and its laity during the fin de siècle. The Greek and Roman Catholic churches, which I understand as consisting of high hierarchs, clergy, and laypeople, were important players in the mass mobilization process and managed to influence it dramatically. The beginning of mass mobilization challenged the strong position of the hierarchy and clergy and stimulated them to produce new strategies and values in order to remain influential and important, especially for their laity. By laity, I mean those who were part of these institutions, more precisely the peasants. I organize case studies around important manifestations of the mass mobilization process (such as the participation of the clergy and laity in elections, mass gatherings, demonstrations, and activities
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