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The Contribution of the People's United Democratic Movement (Pudemo)

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The Contribution of the People's United Democratic Movement (Pudemo) THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE’S UNITED DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT (PUDEMO) TO DEMOCRATIC CHANGE IN SWAZILAND, 1983-2013 2018 HANKY PRINCE SEREO THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE’S UNITED DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT (PUDEMO) TO DEMOCRATIC CHANGE IN SWAZILAND, 1983-2013 BY HANKY PRINCE SEREO A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY in the FACULTY OF ARTS, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY at the University of Zululand 2018 Supervisor: Professor Hamilton Sipho Simelane i DECLARATION I acknowledge that I have read and understood the University’s policies and rules applicable to postgraduate research, and I certify that I have, to the best of my knowledge and belief, complied with their requirements. In particular, I confirm that I had obtained an ethical clearance certificate for my research and that I have complied with the conditions set out in that certificate. I further certify that this thesis is original, and that the material has not been published elsewhere, or submitted, either in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other university. I declare that this thesis is, except for the supervisory guidance received, the product of my own work and effort. I have, to the best of my knowledge and belief, complied with the University’s Plagiarism Policy and acknowledged all sources of information in line with normal academic conventions. I have subjected the document to the University’s text-matching and/or similarity-checking procedures. HANKY PRINCE SEREO, Author ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated with love and gratitude to Mr. Eric S. Sibanda, the finest man I have ever known. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank God, the Almighty, who has kept and sustained me throughout my life and the production of this work. I extend my sincere thanks to the Head of the Department of History at the University of Zululand, Professor Hamilton Sipho Simelane, who is also my supervisor, for his competent handling and compassionate guidance of the writing process of this thesis. I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all individuals who spared time for interviews and those who provided me with documents which were hard to come by under the prevailing political climate in the Kingdom of Swaziland. I gladly acknowledge and say thank you to the following organisations and people, whose help and patience has been absolutely indispensable to the research and the completion of this thesis: The People’s United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO) The Swaziland Youth Congress (SWAYOCO) The staff at the University of Swaziland Library The staff at the Swaziland National Archives Bongani Masuku Zodwa Mkhonta Bonginkhosi Ntshangase Mario Masuku Mphandlana Shongwe Manqoba Nxumalo iv Furthermore, I am also grateful to my mother, Apostle Clarah Fakudze, for her prayers, for giving me moral support during my period of study and for appreciating my passion for acquiring further education. Lastly, I am eternally grateful to my family: to Kelebogile, my angel and my daughter; to Mpho, my brother and my son; and to Nolwazi, my love, my best friend and my wife, in their unwavering love, support and in their belief in my abilities to write and complete this thesis. I acknowledge their enduring forbearance at my frequent absence from home while carrying out field research. They have been my source of inspiration throughout and to them, I owe the greatest debt. v THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE’S UNITED DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT (PUDEMO) TO DEMOCRATIC CHANGE IN SWAZILAND, 1983-2013 ABSTRACT This is a historical study of modern politics in the Kingdom of Swaziland. It is a study of a leading driver for democratic change in Africa’s ‘only absolute monarchy’. The leading driver is a modern political formation known as the People’s United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO) and the study demonstrates a variety of ways in which the Swazi monarchy responded to PUDEMO’s struggle to democratise the Kingdom of Swaziland. These ways are presented as signs of democratic practice in a country that abolished the Independence Constitution and cardinal practices of liberal democracy in 1973, five years after the end of formal British rule. The thesis uses the experience of PUDEMO to show that the signs of change were not simply products of monarchical benevolence, but came about as a result of pressure put by PUDEMO on the Swazi leaders. It is a study of the history of PUDEMO and its contribution to the process of democratisation of Swaziland. It interrogates the various ways in which PUDEMO has influenced change towards a democratic dispensation in the country. Key words: King Sobhuza II, King Mswati III, Democracy, Democratisation, Monarchy, SWAYOCO, PUDEMO, UMBANE, Liqoqo, Tinkhundla. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE TITLE PAGE DECLARATION ……………………………………………………………… i DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………… iii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………… v TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………… vi LIST OF MAPS ……………………………………………………………….. x LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS………………….………………………………… xi LIST OF PLACARDS ………………………………………………………… xii LIST OF BROCHURES ………………………………………………………. xiii LIST OF LOGOS ……………………………………………………………… xiv LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………………. xv LIST OF ACROYNYMS………………………………………………………. xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background ..........................................................................................…... 1 Statement of the Research Problem ……………………………………………. 4 Study Aims and Objectives …………………………………………….....… 5 Research Questions …………………………………………………………….. 5 Significance of the Study …………….………………………………….……… 5 Methodology…………………………………………………………………….. 6 Structure and Focus of Chapters……………………………………………….... 11 Limitations of the Study …….…………………………………………..…….. 16 vii CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction …………………………………………………..…………….. 17 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………… 17 Literature Review …………………………………………………………… 23 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………… 39 CHAPTER 3 POST-INDEPENDENCE SWAZI POLITICAL HISTORY: CREATING SPACE FOR POLITICAL DISSENT, 1968-1981 Introduction …………………………………………………………………..….. 40 Preparatory Developments to PUDEMO’s Birth …………..………….…………. 42 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..……. 58 CHAPTER 4 KING SOBHUZA II’S DEATH AND BIRTH OF PUDEMO, 1982-1986 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 59 Political Developments After King Sobhuza II’s Death Leading to PUDEMO’s Birth ……………………………………………………………………………… 60 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 81 CHAPTER 5 PUDEMO’S CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRATIC CHANGE IN SWAZILAND Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 83 Pressure for Political Reform of the Tinkhundla System ………...………………. 84 The Change in the Political Climate of Swaziland ………….…..………………. 92 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….. 119 viii CHAPTER 6 THE MILITANT PUSH FOR DEMOCRACY: THE CASE OF SWAYOCO Introduction …………………………………………………………….……… 121 SWAYOCO’s Birth …………………...……………………………….….…… 121 SWAYOCO and its Role in PUDEMO’s Democratisation Efforts …...…….…. 126 Mphandlana Shongwe’s Contributions ……………………………...………….. 141 Conclusion ………………………………………………………...…………….. 143 CHAPTER 7 PUDEMO AND THE USE OF VIOLENCE TO INFLUENCE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY Introduction …………………………………………………………………...… 144 Bombings of Strategic Installations: Suspicions and Denials …..……………..… 145 State Response of the State to PUDEMO’s Strategy of Violence …...………..…. 159 The Impact of the Violence Strategy on PUDEMO ……….…………….……… 169 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 172 CHAPTER 8 STATE RESPONSE TO PUDEMO’S DRIVE FOR DEMOCRACY Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 174 Difficulties Faced by PUDEMO in the Struggle for Democratisation …………… 175 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….. 201 CHAPTER 9 A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF PUDEMO’S CONTRIBUTION TO DEMOCRATISATION IN SWAZILAND Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 203 PUDEMO’s Internal Weaknesses and Failures ………….……………..….…….. 203 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 217 ix CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................... 218 Appendices ..……………….…………………………………………………….. 231 Bibliography …..……………………………………………………….....……… 264 x LIST OF MAPS MAP PAGE 1. Political Map of Swaziland ………………………………………………… 2 xi LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTOGRAPH PAGE 1. King Sobhuza II ………………………………………………………….. 41 2. Indlovukati Dzeliwe Shongwe ……………………………………………. 66 3. Indlovukati Ntfombi Tfwala …………………………………………….. 66 4. Mario Masuku ……………………………………………………………. 77 5. King Mswati III …………………………………………………………... 90 6. Mario Masuku, Jan Sithole and Themba Msibi …………………………. 94 7. Jay Naidoo, Vincent Ncongwane and Vincent Dlamini ....……………… 107 8. Activists in London calling for Democracy in Swaziland Now …………. 110 9. Professor Dlamini with the late Benedict ‘Didiza’ Tsabedze ……………. 125 10. Mphandlana Shongwe …………………………………………….……. 140 11. Bombed house of PUDEMO member Alex Langwenya …………..…… 150 12. Former PUDEMO member Thandaza Silolo …………………………… 153 13. Amos Mbhedzi ………………………………………………………….. 157 14. Prime Minister Dr Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini …………………………. 163 15. Mario Masuku and Maxwell Dlamini …………………………………….. 186 16. PUDEMO banner during picket in Johannesburg ………………………. 186 17. PUDEMO and SWAYOCO Placard …………………………………….. 191 18. Members of Swazi security forces beating up a protestor during a demonstration ……………………………………………………….………. 195 xii LIST OF PLACARDS PLACARD PAGE 1. SWAYOCO Placard bearing political prisoners …………..……………… 136 2. SWAYOCO Placard demanding
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