Declaration of Indulgence and the Glorious Revolution
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First Evidence of Farming Appears; Stone Axes, Antler Combs, Pottery in Common Use
BC c.5000 - Neolithic (new stone age) Period begins; first evidence of farming appears; stone axes, antler combs, pottery in common use. c.4000 - Construction of the "Sweet Track" (named for its discoverer, Ray Sweet) begun; many similar raised, wooden walkways were constructed at this time providing a way to traverse the low, boggy, swampy areas in the Somerset Levels, near Glastonbury; earliest-known camps or communities appear (ie. Hembury, Devon). c.3500-3000 - First appearance of long barrows and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as "corpse exposure" was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open air to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds. c.3000-2500 - Castlerigg Stone Circle (Cumbria), one of Britain's earliest and most beautiful, begun; Pentre Ifan (Dyfed), a classic example of a chambered tomb, constructed; Bryn Celli Ddu (Anglesey), known as the "mound in the dark grove," begun, one of the finest examples of a "passage grave." c.2500 - Bronze Age begins; multi-chambered tombs in use (ie. West Kennet Long Barrow) first appearance of henge "monuments;" construction begun on Silbury Hill, Europe's largest prehistoric, man-made hill (132 ft); "Beaker Folk," identified by the pottery beakers (along with other objects) found in their single burial sites. c.2500-1500 - Most stone circles in British Isles erected during this period; pupose of the circles is uncertain, although most experts speculate that they had either astronomical or ritual uses. c.2300 - Construction begun on Britain's largest stone circle at Avebury. c.2000 - Metal objects are widely manufactured in England about this time, first from copper, then with arsenic and tin added; woven cloth appears in Britain, evidenced by findings of pins and cloth fasteners in graves; construction begun on Stonehenge's inner ring of bluestones. -
THE POWER of BEAUTY in RESTORATION ENGLAND Dr
THE POWER OF BEAUTY IN RESTORATION ENGLAND Dr. Laurence Shafe [email protected] THE WINDSOR BEAUTIES www.shafe.uk • It is 1660, the English Civil War is over and the experiment with the Commonwealth has left the country disorientated. When Charles II was invited back to England as King he brought new French styles and sexual conduct with him. In particular, he introduced the French idea of the publically accepted mistress. Beautiful women who could catch the King’s eye and become his mistress found that this brought great wealth, titles and power. Some historians think their power has been exaggerated but everyone agrees they could influence appointments at Court and at least proposition the King for political change. • The new freedoms introduced by the Reformation Court spread through society. Women could appear on stage for the first time, write books and Margaret Cavendish was the first British scientist. However, it was a totally male dominated society and so these heroic women had to fight against established norms and laws. Notes • The Restoration followed a turbulent twenty years that included three English Civil Wars (1642-46, 1648-9 and 1649-51), the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Commonwealth of England (1649-53) and the Protectorate (1653-59) under Oliver Cromwell’s (1599-1658) personal rule. • Following the Restoration of the Stuarts, a small number of court mistresses and beauties are renowned for their influence over Charles II and his courtiers. They were immortalised by Sir Peter Lely as the ‘Windsor Beauties’. Today, I will talk about Charles II and his mistresses, Peter Lely and those portraits as well as another set of portraits known as the ‘Hampton Court Beauties’ which were painted by Godfrey Kneller (1646-1723) during the reign of William III and Mary II. -
Erin and Alban
A READY REFERENCE SKETCH OF ERIN AND ALBAN WITH SOME ANNALS OF A BRANCH OF A WEST HIGHLAND FAMILY SARAH A. McCANDLESS CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PART I CHAPTER I PRE-HISTORIC PEOPLE OF BRITAIN 1. The Stone Age--Periods 2. The Bronze Age 3. The Iron Age 4. The Turanians 5. The Aryans and Branches 6. The Celto CHAPTER II FIRST HISTORICAL MENTION OF BRITAIN 1. Greeks 2. Phoenicians 3. Romans CHAPTER III COLONIZATION PE}RIODS OF ERIN, TRADITIONS 1. British 2. Irish: 1. Partholon 2. Nemhidh 3. Firbolg 4. Tuatha de Danan 5. Miledh 6. Creuthnigh 7. Physical CharacteriEtics of the Colonists 8. Period of Ollaimh Fodhla n ·'· Cadroc's Tradition 10. Pictish Tradition CHAPTER IV ERIN FROM THE 5TH TO 15TH CENTURY 1. 5th to 8th, Christianity-Results 2. 9th to 12th, Danish Invasions :0. 12th. Tribes and Families 4. 1169-1175, Anglo-Norman Conquest 5. Condition under Anglo-Norman Rule CHAPTER V LEGENDARY HISTORY OF ALBAN 1. Irish sources 2. Nemedians in Alban 3. Firbolg and Tuatha de Danan 4. Milesians in Alban 5. Creuthnigh in Alban 6. Two Landmarks 7. Three pagan kings of Erin in Alban II CONTENTS CHAPTER VI AUTHENTIC HISTORY BEGINS 1. Battle of Ocha, 478 A. D. 2. Dalaradia, 498 A. D. 3. Connection between Erin and Alban CHAPTER VII ROMAN CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN (55 B.C.-410 A.D.) 1. Caesar's Campaigns, 54-55 B.C. 2. Agricola's Campaigns, 78-86 A.D. 3. Hadrian's Campaigns, 120 A.D. 4. Severus' Campaigns, 208 A.D. 5. State of Britain During 150 Years after SeveTus 6. -
The Jacobites
THE JACOBITES Teacher’s Workshop Notes Timeline 1688 James II & VII overthrown; Stuarts go into exile 1701 James II & VII dies in France, his son becomes ‘James III & VIII’ in exile 1707 Act of Union between England and Scotland; union of the parliaments 1708 James attempts to invade Scotland but fails to land 1714 George I becomes King of Great Britain 1715 Major Jacobite uprising in Scotland and northern England; James lands in Scotland but the rising is defeated 1720 Charles Edward Stuart “Bonnie Prince Charlie” born in Rome 1734 Charlie attends siege of Gaeta, his only military experience, at just 14 years old 1744 Charles is invited to France to head a French invasion of Britain which is then called off; Charles decides not to return home and plans to raise an army in Scotland alone 1745 23 Jul Charles lands in Scotland with just a few supporters 19 Aug Charles raises the Standard at Glenfinnan; 1200 men join him 17 Sept Charles occupies Edinburgh 21 Sept Battle of Prestonpans, surprise Jacobite victory 1 Nov Jacobite Army invades England 5 Dec Council of War in Derby forces Charles to retreat against his will 1746 17 Jan Confused Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk; retreat continues 16 Apr Jacobites defeat at the Battle of Culloden 20 Sept Charles finally escapes from Scotland 1766 James III & VIII dies in Rome; Charles calls himself ‘King Charles III’ in exile 1788 Charles dies in Rome, in the house in which he was born The Jacobites The name Jacobite comes from the Latin form of James, Jacobus, and is the term given to supporters of three generations of exiled Royal Stuarts: James II of England & VII of Scotland, James III & VIII, and Charles Edward Stuart. -
Preface Introduction: the Seven Bishops and the Glorious Revolution
Notes Preface 1. M. Barone, Our First Revolution, the Remarkable British Upheaval That Inspired America’s Founding Fathers, New York, 2007; G. S. de Krey, Restoration and Revolution in Britain: A Political History of the Era of Charles II and the Glorious Revolution, London, 2007; P. Dillon, The Last Revolution: 1688 and the Creation of the Modern World, London, 2006; T. Harris, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720, London, 2006; S. Pincus, England’s Glorious Revolution, Boston MA, 2006; E. Vallance, The Glorious Revolution: 1688 – Britain’s Fight for Liberty, London, 2007. 2. G. M. Trevelyan, The English Revolution, 1688–1689, Oxford, 1950, p. 90. 3. W. A. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, Englishmen and the Revolution of 1688, Oxford, 1988, p. 72. Speck himself wrote the petition ‘set off a sequence of events which were to precipitate the Revolution’. – Speck, p. 199. 4. Trevelyan, The English Revolution, 1688–1689, p. 87. 5. J. R. Jones, Monarchy and Revolution, London, 1972, p. 233. Introduction: The Seven Bishops and the Glorious Revolution 1. A. Rumble, D. Dimmer et al. (compilers), edited by C. S. Knighton, Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series, of the Reign of Anne Preserved in the Public Record Office, vol. iv, 1705–6, Woodbridge: Boydell Press/The National Archives, 2006, p. 1455. 2. Great and Good News to the Church of England, London, 1705. The lectionary reading on the day of their imprisonment was from Two Corinthians and on their release was Acts chapter 12 vv 1–12. 3. The History of King James’s Ecclesiastical Commission: Containing all the Proceedings against The Lord Bishop of London; Dr Sharp, Now Archbishop of York; Magdalen-College in Oxford; The University of Cambridge; The Charter- House at London and The Seven Bishops, London, 1711, pp. -
The Irish Catholic Episcopal Corps, 1657 – 1829: a Prosopographical Analysis
THE IRISH CATHOLIC EPISCOPAL CORPS, 1657 – 1829: A PROSOPOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS VOLUME 1 OF 2 BY ERIC A. DERR THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PHD DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERISTY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH SUPERVISOR OF RESEARCH: DR. THOMAS O’CONNOR NOVEMBER 2013 Abstract This study explores, reconstructs and evaluates the social, political, educational and economic worlds of the Irish Catholic episcopal corps appointed between 1657 and 1829 by creating a prosopographical profile of this episcopal cohort. The central aim of this study is to reconstruct the profile of this episcopate to serve as a context to evaluate the ‘achievements’ of the four episcopal generations that emerged: 1657-1684; 1685- 1766; 1767-1800 and 1801-1829. The first generation of Irish bishops were largely influenced by the complex political and religious situation of Ireland following the Cromwellian wars and Interregnum. This episcopal cohort sought greater engagement with the restored Stuart Court while at the same time solidified their links with continental agencies. With the accession of James II (1685), a new generation of bishops emerged characterised by their loyalty to the Stuart Court and, following his exile and the enactment of new penal legislation, their ability to endure political and economic marginalisation. Through the creation of a prosopographical database, this study has nuanced and reconstructed the historical profile of the Jacobite episcopal corps and has shown that the Irish episcopate under the penal regime was not only relatively well-organised but was well-engaged in reforming the Irish church, albeit with limited resources. By the mid-eighteenth century, the post-Jacobite generation (1767-1800) emerged and were characterised by their re-organisation of the Irish Church, most notably the establishment of a domestic seminary system and the setting up and manning of a national parochial system. -
Paper No 2, History of Great Britain from 1485-1884 Name of Faculty-Dr
Name of Dept/Subject- History B.A.- Part 1 History (Hons) Paper no 2, History of Great Britain from 1485-1884 Name of Faculty-Dr. Anjana, R.N. College, Hajipur GLORIOUS REVOLUTION OF 1688 The Glorious Revolution refers to the events of 1688–89 that saw King James II of England deposed and succeeded by one of his daughters and her husband. James’s overt Roman Catholicism, his suspension of the legal rights of Dissenters, and the birth of a Catholic heir to the throne raised discontent among many, particularly non-Catholics. Opposition leaders invited William of Orange, a Protestant who was married to James’s daughter Mary (also Protestant), to, in effect, invade England. James’s support dwindled, and he fled to France. William and Mary were then crowned joint rulers. In 1688 King James II of England, a Roman Catholic king who was already at odds with non- Catholics in England, took actions that further alienated that group. The birth of his son in June raised the likelihood of a Catholic heir to the throne and helped bring discontent to a head. Several leading Englishmen invited William of Orange, a Protestant who was married to James’s eldest daughter, Mary (also Protestant), to lead an army to England. He arrived in November, and James fled the next month. In April 1689 William and Mary were crowned joint rulers of the kingdom of England. This revolution in England stemmed from religious and political conflicts. King James II was Catholic. His religion, and his actions rooted in it, put him at odds with the non-Catholic population and others. -
The Eighteenth Century
Aula 5 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY META Compreender o século XVII como um momento de transição na literatura inglesa, caracterizado, em sua primeira metade, pelo Neoclassicismo, e na segunda pelas primeiras manifestações do Romantismo. OBJETIVOS Ao final desta aula, o aluno deverá: Identificar e analisar as características da poesia inglesa do século XVIII, sobretudo em sua primeira metade. Familiarizar o estudante com a poesia neoclássica de Alexander Pope. PRÉ-REQUISITOS História da literatura inglesa até o século XVII. Luiz Eduardo Oliveira Literatura de Língua Inglesa II INTRODUÇÃO During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions. Philosophy and science increased in promi- nence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution, although it was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror of Maximilien Robespierre. At first, the monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad co- alitions for the counter-revolution. The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe's military improvements during the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century. Fonte: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century DESENVOLVIMENTO As Charles II had no legitimate children, his brother James (1633-1701), who was the first in the line of succession, ascended the throne and became James II and VII from 1685 until the Glorious Revolution of 1688. -
Abstract Stuart Suits and Smocks
ABSTRACT STUART SUITS AND SMOCKS: DRESS, IDENTITY, AND THE POLITICS OF DISPLAY IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH COURT by Emilie M. Brinkman This thesis centers on the language of dress and the politics of display during the late Stuart dynasty (1660–88). In the late Stuart courts, fashion and material possessions became an extension of one’s identity. As such, this study examines how elite Englishmen and women viewed themselves, and others, through their clothing on the eve of Britain’s birth in response to critical moments of identity crisis during the Restoration period. Whitehall courtiers and London gentility utilized their physical appearance, specifically their clothing, accoutrements, and furnishings, to send messages in order to define themselves, particularly their “Englishness,” in response to numerous unresolved issues of identity. Therefore, this thesis argues that the roots of English national character were evident in the courts of Charles II and James II as a portion of the English population bolstered together in defiance of the French culture that pervaded late seventeenth-century England. STUART SUITS AND SMOCKS: DRESS, IDENTITY, AND THE POLITICS OF DISPLAY IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH COURT A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Emilie M. Brinkman Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2013 Advisor ______________________ P. Renée Baernstein, PhD Reader ______________________ Andrew Cayton, PhD Reader ______________________ Katharine Gillespie, PhD TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. The Character of Clothes 12 III. Diplomatic Dress 23 IV. Gendered Garb 36 V. -
Restoration, Religion, and Revenge Heather Thornton Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2005 Restoration, religion, and revenge Heather Thornton Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Thornton, Heather, "Restoration, religion, and revenge" (2005). LSU Master's Theses. 558. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/558 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RESTORATION, RELIGION AND REVENGE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of History By Heather D. Thornton B.A., Lousiana State University, 1999 M. Div., Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary, 2002 December 2005 In Memory of Laura Fay Thornton, 1937-2003, Who always believed in me ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank many people who both encouraged and supported me in this process. My advisor, Dr. Victor Stater, offered sound criticism and advice throughout the writing process. Dr. Christine Kooi and Dr. Maribel Dietz who served on my committee and offered critical outside readings. I owe thanks to my parents Kevin and Jorenda Thornton who listened without knowing what I was talking about as well as my grandparents Denzil and Jo Cantley for prayers and encouragement. -
The Glorious Revolution
HOUSE OF COMMONS PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE FACTSHEET No 8 THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION 1988 marked the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89. This was the series of events which culminated in the exile of King James II (reigned 1685-88) and the accession to the throne of William and Mary. It has also been seen as a watershed in the development of the constitution and especially of the role of Parliament. This Factsheet is an attempt to explain why. (An illustration is available in hard copy only) Presentation of the Declaration of Rights to William and Mary in the Banqueting House. EVENTS OF 1685-1689 1685 6 February: Death of Charles II and succession of the Catholic, James II. In spite of widespread fears of Catholicism, and the previous attempts which had been made to exclude James II from the throne, the succession occurred without incident, and in fact on 19 May, when James's Parliament met, it was overwhelmingly loyalist in composition. The House voted James for life the same revenues his brother had enjoyed, and indeed after the invasions of Argyle and Monmouth (the Duke of Monmouth was the illegitimate son of Charles II), the Commons voted additional grants, accompanied by fervent protestations of loyalty. However, this fervour did not last. When the House was recalled after the summer, James asked the Commons for more money for the maintenance of his standing army. He further antagonised them by asking for the repeal of the Test Acts. These were the Acts which required office holders to prove that they were not Catholics by making a declaration against transubstantiation. -
Born Prince & Princesses
DUNFERMLINE – BORN PRINCE & PRINCESSES 2 DUNFERMLINE – BORN PRINCE & PRINCESSES BY J. B. MACKIE, F.J.I., Author of “Life and Work of Duncan McLaren.” “Modern Journalism.” “Margaret Queen and Saint.” & Dunfermline; DUNFERMLINE Journal Printing Works. 3 RUINS OF THE ABBEY CHOIR, AULD KIRK, & DUNFERMLINE. CIRCA A.D. 1570. (From Old Sketches and Plans.) 4 PREFACE. ____ These Sketches were written for the Dunfermline Journal for the purpose of quickening local interest and pride in the history of the ancient city. They are now published in book form in the hope that they may prove not an unwelcome addition to the historical memorials cherished by lovers of Dunfermline at home and abroad, and be found helpful to the increasing number of visitors, attracted by the fame of the city, so greatly enhanced within recent years by the more than princely benefactors of one of its devoted sons. J. B. M. Dunfermline, November, 1910. 5 Contents. _______ Chapter 1. - The Children of the Tower. Page 6 II. Edgar the Peaceable. 11 III. Alexander the Fierce. 15 IV. David “the Sair Sanct.” 23 V. Queen Matilda. 29 VI. Prince William and the Empress 35 Matilda. VII. Mary of Boulogne and her Daughter. 40 VIII. James I. 45 IX Elizabeth of Bohemia, “Queen of Hearts.” 54 X Charles I. 61 6 DUNFERMLINE BORN PRINCES AND PRINCESSES . CHAPTER 1 THE BIRTHPLAE OF ROYALTY – MALCOLM AND MARGARET’S FAMILY. Dunfermline has frequently been spoken and written about as a burial place of Scottish Royalty. In the eleventh century the centre of ecclesiastical power was transferred from Iona to Dunfermline, after the Culdee leadership had been overpowered by the authority of the Roman Church, and King Malcolm and Queen Margaret had made the seat of their Court the leading centre of religious worship.