History of Britain from the Restoration to 1783
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First Evidence of Farming Appears; Stone Axes, Antler Combs, Pottery in Common Use
BC c.5000 - Neolithic (new stone age) Period begins; first evidence of farming appears; stone axes, antler combs, pottery in common use. c.4000 - Construction of the "Sweet Track" (named for its discoverer, Ray Sweet) begun; many similar raised, wooden walkways were constructed at this time providing a way to traverse the low, boggy, swampy areas in the Somerset Levels, near Glastonbury; earliest-known camps or communities appear (ie. Hembury, Devon). c.3500-3000 - First appearance of long barrows and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as "corpse exposure" was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open air to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds. c.3000-2500 - Castlerigg Stone Circle (Cumbria), one of Britain's earliest and most beautiful, begun; Pentre Ifan (Dyfed), a classic example of a chambered tomb, constructed; Bryn Celli Ddu (Anglesey), known as the "mound in the dark grove," begun, one of the finest examples of a "passage grave." c.2500 - Bronze Age begins; multi-chambered tombs in use (ie. West Kennet Long Barrow) first appearance of henge "monuments;" construction begun on Silbury Hill, Europe's largest prehistoric, man-made hill (132 ft); "Beaker Folk," identified by the pottery beakers (along with other objects) found in their single burial sites. c.2500-1500 - Most stone circles in British Isles erected during this period; pupose of the circles is uncertain, although most experts speculate that they had either astronomical or ritual uses. c.2300 - Construction begun on Britain's largest stone circle at Avebury. c.2000 - Metal objects are widely manufactured in England about this time, first from copper, then with arsenic and tin added; woven cloth appears in Britain, evidenced by findings of pins and cloth fasteners in graves; construction begun on Stonehenge's inner ring of bluestones. -
THE POWER of BEAUTY in RESTORATION ENGLAND Dr
THE POWER OF BEAUTY IN RESTORATION ENGLAND Dr. Laurence Shafe [email protected] THE WINDSOR BEAUTIES www.shafe.uk • It is 1660, the English Civil War is over and the experiment with the Commonwealth has left the country disorientated. When Charles II was invited back to England as King he brought new French styles and sexual conduct with him. In particular, he introduced the French idea of the publically accepted mistress. Beautiful women who could catch the King’s eye and become his mistress found that this brought great wealth, titles and power. Some historians think their power has been exaggerated but everyone agrees they could influence appointments at Court and at least proposition the King for political change. • The new freedoms introduced by the Reformation Court spread through society. Women could appear on stage for the first time, write books and Margaret Cavendish was the first British scientist. However, it was a totally male dominated society and so these heroic women had to fight against established norms and laws. Notes • The Restoration followed a turbulent twenty years that included three English Civil Wars (1642-46, 1648-9 and 1649-51), the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Commonwealth of England (1649-53) and the Protectorate (1653-59) under Oliver Cromwell’s (1599-1658) personal rule. • Following the Restoration of the Stuarts, a small number of court mistresses and beauties are renowned for their influence over Charles II and his courtiers. They were immortalised by Sir Peter Lely as the ‘Windsor Beauties’. Today, I will talk about Charles II and his mistresses, Peter Lely and those portraits as well as another set of portraits known as the ‘Hampton Court Beauties’ which were painted by Godfrey Kneller (1646-1723) during the reign of William III and Mary II. -
Lord Henry Howard, Later 6Th Duke of Norfolk (1628 – 1684)
THE WEISS GALLERY www.weissgallery.com 59 JERMYN STREET [email protected] LONDON, SW1Y 6LX +44(0)207 409 0035 John Michael Wright (1617 – 1694) Lord Henry Howard, later 6th Duke of Norfolk (1628 – 1684) Oil on canvas: 52 ¾ × 41 ½ in. (133.9 × 105.4 cm.) Painted c.1660 Provenance By descent to Reginald J. Richard Arundel (1931 – 2016), 10th Baron Talbot of Malahide, Wardour Castle; by whom sold, Christie’s London, 8 June 1995, lot 2; with The Weiss Gallery, 1995; Private collection, USA, until 2019. Literature E. Waterhouse, Painting in Britain 1530 – 1790, London 1953, p.72, plate 66b. G. Wilson, ‘Greenwich Armour in the Portraits of John Michael Wright’, The Connoisseur, Feb. 1975, pp.111–114 (illus.). D. Howarth, ‘Questing and Flexible. John Michael Wright: The King’s Painter.’ Country Life, 9 September 1982, p.773 (illus.4). The Weiss Gallery, Tudor and Stuart Portraits 1530 – 1660, 1995, no.25. Exhibited Edinburgh, Scottish National Portrait Gallery, John Michael Wright – The King’s Painter, 16 July – 19 September 1982, exh. cat. pp.42 & 70, no.15 (illus.). This portrait by Wright is such a compelling amalgam of forceful assurance and sympathetic sensitivity, that is easy to see why that doyen of British art historians, Sir Ellis Waterhouse, described it in these terms: ‘The pattern is original and the whole conception of the portrait has a quality of nobility to which Lely never attained.’1 Painted around 1660, it is the prime original of which several other studio replicas are recorded,2 and it is one of a number of portraits of sitters in similar ceremonial 1 Ellis Waterhouse, Painting in Britain 1530 to 1790, 4th integrated edition, 1978, p.108. -
Contact Sheet Working
Royal Collection Season on the BBC All images can be downloaded from www.bbcpictures.co.uk BBC One, The Coronation Her Majesty The Queen with St Edward’s Crown Her Majesty The Queen and Alastair Bruce The Coronation Spoon The Sovereign’s Sceptre St Edward’s Crown The Imperial State Crown Her Majesty The Queen Riding in the Gold State Coach Her Majesty The Queen with her Maids of Honour and the Archbishop of Canterbury during the after her Coronation. Credit: ITV Archive Coronation. Credit: ITV Archive BBC Four Art, Passion & Power: The Story of the Royal Collection Episode One The Bearers of Trophies Charles I with and Bullion, detail from M. de St Antoine by The Triumphs of Caesar by Sir Anthony van Dyck, Andrea Mantegna, 1633 c.1484-92 Andrew Graham-Dixon comes face to face with Charles I by Sir Anthony van Dyck, 1635-before June 1636 Hubert Le Sueur’s portrait bust of Charles I Cicely Heron by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1526-7 Andrew Graham-Dixon in the Picture Gallery at Buckingham Palace Andrew Graham-Dixon in the Picture Gallery Andrew Graham-Dixon in the Picture Gallery at Buckingham Palace at Buckingham Palace BBC Four Art, Passion & Power: The Story of the Royal Collection Episode Two Andrea Odoni by Lorenzo Lotto, 1527 The Bacino di San Marco on Ascension Day by Canaletto, c.1733-4 Frances Stuart, Charles II by Duchess of Richmond by John Michael Wright, Sir Peter Lely, 1662 c.1771-6 The foetus in the womb by Leonardo da Vinci, c.1511 Andrew Graham-Dixon in Venice on the trail of Canaletto Andrew Graham-Dixon in Venice on the -
Abstract Stuart Suits and Smocks
ABSTRACT STUART SUITS AND SMOCKS: DRESS, IDENTITY, AND THE POLITICS OF DISPLAY IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH COURT by Emilie M. Brinkman This thesis centers on the language of dress and the politics of display during the late Stuart dynasty (1660–88). In the late Stuart courts, fashion and material possessions became an extension of one’s identity. As such, this study examines how elite Englishmen and women viewed themselves, and others, through their clothing on the eve of Britain’s birth in response to critical moments of identity crisis during the Restoration period. Whitehall courtiers and London gentility utilized their physical appearance, specifically their clothing, accoutrements, and furnishings, to send messages in order to define themselves, particularly their “Englishness,” in response to numerous unresolved issues of identity. Therefore, this thesis argues that the roots of English national character were evident in the courts of Charles II and James II as a portion of the English population bolstered together in defiance of the French culture that pervaded late seventeenth-century England. STUART SUITS AND SMOCKS: DRESS, IDENTITY, AND THE POLITICS OF DISPLAY IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH COURT A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Emilie M. Brinkman Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2013 Advisor ______________________ P. Renée Baernstein, PhD Reader ______________________ Andrew Cayton, PhD Reader ______________________ Katharine Gillespie, PhD TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. The Character of Clothes 12 III. Diplomatic Dress 23 IV. Gendered Garb 36 V. -
Born Prince & Princesses
DUNFERMLINE – BORN PRINCE & PRINCESSES 2 DUNFERMLINE – BORN PRINCE & PRINCESSES BY J. B. MACKIE, F.J.I., Author of “Life and Work of Duncan McLaren.” “Modern Journalism.” “Margaret Queen and Saint.” & Dunfermline; DUNFERMLINE Journal Printing Works. 3 RUINS OF THE ABBEY CHOIR, AULD KIRK, & DUNFERMLINE. CIRCA A.D. 1570. (From Old Sketches and Plans.) 4 PREFACE. ____ These Sketches were written for the Dunfermline Journal for the purpose of quickening local interest and pride in the history of the ancient city. They are now published in book form in the hope that they may prove not an unwelcome addition to the historical memorials cherished by lovers of Dunfermline at home and abroad, and be found helpful to the increasing number of visitors, attracted by the fame of the city, so greatly enhanced within recent years by the more than princely benefactors of one of its devoted sons. J. B. M. Dunfermline, November, 1910. 5 Contents. _______ Chapter 1. - The Children of the Tower. Page 6 II. Edgar the Peaceable. 11 III. Alexander the Fierce. 15 IV. David “the Sair Sanct.” 23 V. Queen Matilda. 29 VI. Prince William and the Empress 35 Matilda. VII. Mary of Boulogne and her Daughter. 40 VIII. James I. 45 IX Elizabeth of Bohemia, “Queen of Hearts.” 54 X Charles I. 61 6 DUNFERMLINE BORN PRINCES AND PRINCESSES . CHAPTER 1 THE BIRTHPLAE OF ROYALTY – MALCOLM AND MARGARET’S FAMILY. Dunfermline has frequently been spoken and written about as a burial place of Scottish Royalty. In the eleventh century the centre of ecclesiastical power was transferred from Iona to Dunfermline, after the Culdee leadership had been overpowered by the authority of the Roman Church, and King Malcolm and Queen Margaret had made the seat of their Court the leading centre of religious worship. -
A Guide to the Pictures at Powis Castle Dr Peter Moore a Guide to the Pictures at Powis Castle by Dr Peter Moore
A Guide to the Pictures at Powis Castle Dr Peter Moore A Guide to the Pictures at Powis Castle by Dr Peter Moore Contents A Guide to the Pictures at Powis Castle 3 The Pictures 4 The Smoking Room 4 The State Dining Room 5 The Library 10 The Oak Drawing Room 13 The Gateway 18 The Long Gallery 20 The Walcot Bedroom 24 The Gallery Bedroom 26 The Duke’s Room 26 The Lower Tower Bedroom 28 The Blue Drawing Room 30 The Exit Passage 37 The Clive Museum 38 The Staircase 38 The Ballroom 41 Acknowledgements 48 2 Above Thomas Gainsborough RA, c.1763 Edward Clive, 1st Earl of Powis III as a Boy See page 13 3 Introduction Occupying a grand situation, high up on One of the most notable features of a rocky prominence, Powis Castle began the collection is the impressive run of life as a 13th-century fortress for the family portraits, which account for nearly Welsh prince, Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn. three-quarters of the paintings on display. However, its present incarnation dates From the earliest, depicting William from the 1530s, when Edward Grey, Lord Herbert and his wife Eleanor in 1595, Powis, took possession of the site and to the most recent, showing Christian began a major rebuilding programme. Herbert in 1977, these images not only The castle he created soon became help us to explore and understand regarded as the most imposing noble very intimate personal stories, but also residence in North and Central Wales. speak eloquently of changing tastes in In 1578, the castle was leased to Sir fashion and material culture over an Edward Herbert, the second son of extraordinarily long timespan. -
British Documents Against Catholicism Collection, 1673-1689
British documents against Catholicism collection, 1673-1689 Emory University Pitts Theology Library 1531 Dickey Drive, Suite 560 Atlanta, GA 30322 404-727-4166 Descriptive Summary Title: British documents against Catholicism collection, 1673-1689 Call Number: Manuscript Collection No. 135 Extent: 0.5 cubic feet (1 oversize box) Abstract: Contains five broadsides of proclamations issued by Charles II, votes from the House of Commons, and other anit-Catholic broadsides. Language: Materials entirely in English. Administrative Information Restrictions on Access Unrestricted access. Terms Governing Use and Reproduction All requests subject to limitations noted in departmental policies on reproduction. Citation [after identification of item(s)], British documents against Catholicism collection, MSS 135, Archives and Manuscript Dept., Pitts Theology Library, Emory University. Processing Processed by Jim Cooper, 1994; and Nancy Watkins, 1996. Processed from Accession No. 95-020, 95-022, 95-023, 95-024, 95-025, 95-026, and 95-027. Collection Description Biographical Note In 1670, King Louis XIV of France entered into an agreement with England's Charles II, known as the Treaty of Dover. Under the public terms of this treaty, England and France would join together in a war against the Netherlands. Secretly, Charles declared that he would accept the Catholic religion at some time in the future. In return Louis offered him troops and money. In 1672, before the war began, Charles issued a Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the penal laws against Catholics and non-conformists. The Commons resented this arbitrary use of Emory Libraries provides copies of its finding aids for use only in research and private study. -
From the Commonwealth to the Georgian Period, 1650-1730
A STROLL THROUGH TATE BRITAIN This two-hour talk is part of a series of twenty talks on the works of art displayed in Tate Britain, London, in June 2017. Unless otherwise mentioned all works of art are at Tate Britain. References and Copyright • The talk is given to a small group of people and all the proceeds, after the cost of the hall is deducted, are given to charity. • Our sponsored charities are Save the Children and Cancer UK. • Unless otherwise mentioned all works of art are at Tate Britain and the Tate’s online notes, display captions, articles and other information are used. • Each page has a section called ‘References’ that gives a link or links to sources of information. • Wikipedia, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Khan Academy and the Art Story are used as additional sources of information. • The information from Wikipedia is under an Attribution-Share Alike Creative Commons License. • Other books and articles are used and referenced. • If I have forgotten to reference your work then please let me know and I will add a reference or delete the information. 1 A STROLL THROUGH TATE BRITAIN • The History of the Tate • From Absolute Monarch to Civil War, 1540-1650 • From Commonwealth to the Georgians, 1650-1730 • The Georgians, 1730-1780 • Revolutionary Times, 1780-1810 • Regency to Victorian, 1810-1840 • William Blake • J. M. W. Turner • John Constable • The Pre-Raphaelites, 1840-1860 West galleries are 1540, 1650, 1730, 1760, 1780, 1810, 1840, 1890, 1900, 1910 East galleries are 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 Turner Wing includes Turner, Constable, Blake and Pre-Raphaelite drawings Agenda 1. -
MEDALLIC HISTORY of RELIGIOUS and RACIAL INTOLERANCE: MEDALS AS INSTRUMENTS for PROMOTING BIGOTRY by Benjamin Weiss
MEDALLIC HISTORY OF RELIGIOUS AND RACIAL INTOLERANCE: MEDALS AS INSTRUMENTS FOR PROMOTING BIGOTRY by Benjamin Weiss ABSTRACT Prejudices of all types represent a profound failure and blight on our society. These prejudices manifest themselves in individuals and nations having policies which, overtly or covertly, subtly or blatantly, discriminate on the basis of religion, race, nationality, gender, age or sexual orientation--- religious and racial prejudices being among the most commonly encountered. Even a cursory examination of the history of religious bigotry amply demonstrates the frequent, prevalent and globally widespread nature of these practices. The consequences on individuals range from the relatively inconsequential, such as slurs and insults, to the devastating, including confiscation of property, expulsion from countries and mass slaughter. Religious and racial intolerance has also been responsible for a multitude of regional conflicts and global wars in the past as well as in the present, as evidenced by a mere perusal of current events. This article traces the repercussions of religious and racial intolerance through the eyes of historical and commemorative medals. As such, it attempts to be a Medallic History of Religious and Racial Intolerance. The discourse reviews briefly the history of this enormous field, concentrating on those countries and events where medals exist that exemplify the consequences of religious and racial prejudice. The coverage of the subject must, of necessity, be superficial, as the topic is so wide. Nevertheless, a group of medals has been selected that serve to illustrate, through imagery and wonderful art, that medals not only have provided a window through which to view historical events surrounding bigotry but also have been issued to actually promote religious and racial hatred. -
Fairmount Folio
1 Fairmount Folio Penn's Sylvania: "A Holy Experiment" Suzanne Alexander In 1681, King Charles II of England granted land in the New World to William Penn. The colony which Penn established, Pennsylvania, was a unique social experiment in religious liberty that lasted for seventy-five years. In order to understand Penn's experiment, and its impact, it is necessary to look at two factors. The first is Penn's convincement to Quakerism, in the face of societal and parental opposition. 1 The second is the unique friendship he enjoyed with the Stuart monarchs--his radical religious views notwithstanding. Penn's ideologies shaped the character of the colony which later became the center of the fledgling government of the United States of America. Penn's "holy experiment", as he called it, became the proving ground for religious tolerance and individual liberty. Penn's grandfather, Giles Penn, came from a long line of wealthy country gentlemen. Giles, however, chose to spend his life at sea and traded with the Spaniards and Moors, establishing a flourishing shipping business. Giles' son William, Penn's father, joined the Royal Na"l and served, in one capacity or another, for the remainder of his life. 1 People are not converted to Quakerism, they are "convinced." "Quakers" was a derisive nickname for the Religious Society of Friends. Edwin B. Bronner, William Penn's "Holy Exooriment•: The Founding of Pennsylyania 1681-1701 (New York: Temple University Publications, 1962), 6. I have used the terms "Quaker' and 'Quakerism" because they are the terms which occur most often in the literature and they are the ones with which people are most familiar. -
Lowell Libson Limited British Art
LOWELL LI BSON LTD 2 0 12 • LOWELL LIBSON LIMITED BRITISH ART 3 Clifford Street · London w1s 2lf +44 (0)20 7734 8686 · [email protected] www.lowell-libson.com LL 2012 text for Alta.indd 1 01/12/2011 13:05 LOWELL LIBSON LTD 2012 LL 2012 text for Alta.indd 2 01/12/2011 13:05 LL 2012 text for Alta.indd 3 01/12/2011 13:05 INDEX OF ARTISTS LOWELL LIBSON LTD Richard Parkes Bonington 96–101 Robert Carpenter 64 3 Clifford Street · London w1s 2lf John Constable 86–95 Telephone: +44 (0)20 7734 8686 Fax: +44 (0)20 7734 9997 David Cox 112–117 Email: [email protected] Richard Earlom 58 Website: www.lowell-libson.com Henry Edridge 73 The gallery is open by appointment, Monday to Friday James Jefferys 56 The entrance is in Old Burlington Street Thomas Gainsborough 18–31 Daniel Gardner 42 In 2012 our exhibition schedule is: Hubert Gravelot 12 Master Drawings New York Valentine Green 60 January 21–28 William Holman Hunt 118 George Lambert 16 TEFAF Maastricht Thomas Lawrence 76–79 March 16–25 John Linnell 102 Master Drawings London Thomas Malton 70 June 27 – July 5 Master of the Giants 56 John Hamilton Mortimer 54 Matthew William Peters 50 George Romney 32–41 Michael Angelo Rooker 68 George Stubbs 52 Peltro William Tomkins 44 Francis Towne 62 William Turner of Oxford 104–111 George Augustus Wallis 80 Cover: a sheet of 18th-century Italian paste paper (collection: Lowell Libson) Richard Westall 48, 84 John Michael Wright 8 Frontispiece: detail from Sir John Morshead George Romney (see pages 38–41) Joseph Wright of Derby 58–61 LL 2012 text for Alta.indd 4 01/12/2011 13:05 LL 2012 text for Alta.indd 5 01/12/2011 13:05 We are delighted to be able to publish some of the acquisitions – paintings, drawings, watercolours, prints and sculpture – which we have made over the last year.