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Conspectus of trees and shrubs of Tbilisi environs (East Georgia, South Caucasus)

N.J. Lachashvili, N.V. Eradze, L.D. Khetsuriani

PII: S1512-1887(16)30061-6 DOI: 10.1016/j.aasci.2016.08.008 Reference: AASCI 43

To appear in: Annals of Agrarian Sciences

Received Date: 22 May 2016

Accepted Date: 25 July 2016

Please cite this article as: N.J. Lachashvili, N.V. Eradze, L.D. Khetsuriani, Conspectus of trees and shrubs of Tbilisi environs (East Georgia, South Caucasus), Annals of Agrarian Sciences (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.aasci.2016.08.008.

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Annals of Agrarian Science vol. 14, no. 3, 2016 Conspectus of trees and shrubs of Tbilisi environs (East Georgia, South Caucasus)

N.J. Lachashvili *, N.V. Eradze**, L.D. K hhhetsuriani * *Ilia State University, Institute of Botany 1, Botanikuri Str., Tbilisi, 0114, Georgia ** Georgian National Botanical Garden 1. Botanikuri Str., Tbilisi, 0114, Tbilisi, Georgia Received 22 May 2016, Accepted 25 July 2016

Corresponding author: N.J. Lachashvili [email protected] Abstract Floristic composition of Tbilisi environs trees and shrubs are studied. On the one hand, variety of physical-geographical conditions and ecosystem of Tbilisi, and on the other hand, its location conditioned either floristic or bioecological diversity of the trees and the shrubs. 177 species of trees and shrubs, belonging to 89 genera and 44 families, were recorded. 35 species of them are endemics of Caucasus and included in “Red List of the Endemic Plants of the Caucasus”. Among them 2 species are endemics of Georgia, which of them 1 is local endemic of Tbilisi environs. 18 species are plants of Red List of Georgia. Floristic composition is enriched with naturalized plants (28 species). Habitats and area of species in Tbilisi environs are established. The full list of the trees and shrubs of Tbilisi MANUSCRIPTenvirons as a conspectus is given. The review of and vegetation of Tbilisi environs is attached to the article.

Keywords : Trees, Shrubs, Tbilisi environs, Floristic composition, Endemic. ------

Introduction The part of basin of the river Mtkvari, which is spread from the vil. Dzegvi to the section between Fonichala and Rustavi, is considered conditionally in the environs of Tbilisi. Endings of the thick geographic units of various origin and geographic age are gathered in the vicinities of Tbilisi that makes its relief considerably complicated. Privately, they are involved in the environs of Tbilisi: 1. extremee southern branching of Caucasian range – Saguramo-Ialno range; 2. eastern part of Kvernaki low range (Skhaltba low range); 3. Eastern endings of Trialeti range (the ranges ofACCEPTED Satskepela and Armazi, Mskhaldidi and Lisi, Mtatsminda, Narikhala, Tabori, Telet-sakharaulo); 4. western and extremee north-western part of Iori upland (Samgori, Vaziani, Tbilisi Sea and its adjacent territory, etc.) 5. Extremee north-western ending of Mtkvari-Araxi lowland (plains of Fonichala and Kumisi-Tsalaskuri). Hypsometrical amplitude of the Tbilisi vicinity is from 350 m to 1875 m above s.l.. Types of low and middle-height mountain-gorge and stepped plain relief are highlighted in the relief [1-5]. In the environs of Tbilisi,two types of climate with the appropriate two zone of the climate are apportioned [2, 3]: (1) The climate with insufficient humidity, dry and hot summer and mild but well expressed winter, (2) moderately humid climate with moderately warm summer and moderately cold snowy winter. The first zone of the climate contains the whole left side of the 1

Mtkvari, plains of FonichalaACCEPTED and Kumisi-Tsalaskuri MANUSCRIPT and the river floodplain as well. The secondary climate zone contains the mountainous part of the right side and the main part of Saguramo-Ialno range. Mainly, grey cinnamonic soil is developed on the western ending of the Iori upland and on the slopes of middle-height low range, which is of skeleton in most cases. Just of the same types, but light saline soil is on the plains of Fonichala and Kumisi-Tsalaskuri, where the solonets and solonchak is speckled. Mainly, different modifications of cinnamonic soil (cinnamonic leached, cinnamonic calcareous, cinnamonic light) is spread on the slopes of eastern endings of Trialeti range, on the slopes of southern exposure of Saguramo-Ialno ringe and partly on the Skhaltba low range. And, brown forest soil of various modifications is met in the upper parts of these ringes. Alluvial soils remained on the terraces of the rivers. Thin primitive skeleton soil and scree-stony is widely spread in the grey cinnamonic soil areal. Rocky bareness of groundless soil covering is also met. The section of clay and clay-sand badlands is met on the southern slope of Skhaltba low range [2, 4-8]. Variety of relief-edaphic conditions, geographical location and muster of several geographic units those are different from each other, existence of different climate zones, geological past, modern geophysical and geochemical processes and etc. conditions significant biodiversity of Tbilisi environs. By the words of M. Sakhokia [9], vicinity of Tbilisi represents distinctive “botanical junction”, where the areas of various important floristic centre are intersected. You can face either floristic or ecosystem diversity as well. Approximately 1600 species of vascular plants are distributed in the Tbilisi environs according to A. Makashvili [10, 11]. From the point of landscapes creation and taken space, forests, shrubberies and steppes are the most important, which are represented by diverse modifications [12]. Accordingly, the role of trees and shrubs in making landscapes of Tbilisi surroundings is very big. They play an important role in the regulation of erosion processes, in creation of micro-climate of Tbilisi environs and, in general, in keeping of ecological balance.

Objectives and Methods MANUSCRIPT The aim of our research was to study floristical composition of trees and shrubs in Tbilisi environs and to establish area and habitatefor each specieson the base of own research and literary data. Data were obtaited by route method. Apportionment of Caucasian endemics was based on the data of J. Solomon, T. Shulkina and G. E. Schatz [13].

Results and Analysis On the base of own research and literary data 177 species of trees and shrubs, belonging to 89 genera and 44 families, were recorded in the Tbilisi environs. Ecobiological features. Most of species are deciduous plants (160 species) and conifers and other evergreen plants are represented only by 17 species. The conifers are: Juniperus foetidissima , J. hemisphaerica , J. oblonga , J. oxycedrus , J. polycarpos , Picea orientalis , Pinus eldarica, P. kochianaACCEPTED, P. nigra , Platycladus orientalis , Taxus baccata . Composition of evergreen trees and shrubs are very scanty. Besides conifers 6 species of evergreen trees and shrubs were recorded: Buxus colchica , Hedera helix , H. pastuchowii , Ilex colchica , Quercus ilex , Ruscus aculeatus subsp. ponticus . Diversity of physical-geographic conditions determined the distribution of trees and shrubs of various ecology. On the one hand mesophilous and on the other hand xerophilous and hemixerophilous trees and shrubs are represented here. Many plants are transient between them, too (xeromesophilous and mesoxerophilous plants). Trees and shrubs typical for moist ecotopes are spread too. Though, it should be mentioned that such kind of separation has conditional

2 character. In addition, an importantACCEPTED part of MANUSCRIPT species is characterised by high ecological amplitude and is distributed in various environment. Mesophilous trees and shrubs in many cases are concentriced in the forests. They are: Fagus orientalis , Carpinus caucasica , Quercus iberica , Picea orientalis , Taxus baccata , Acer laetum , Acer platanoides , Ilex colchica , Hedera pastuchowii , Euonymus latifolia , Cornus mas , Corylus avellana , Rhododendron luteum , Vaccinium arctostaphylos , Quercus macranthera , Frangula alnus , Laurocerasus officinalis , Populus tremula , Staphylea pinnata , Tilia begoniifolia , Ulmus elliptica , Vaccinium arctostaphylos etc. Hemixerophilous species are characteristic for shibliac and tragacanthic formations and arid forests [14-16]. Most of them are shrubs ( Atraphaxis caucasica , Paliurus spina-christi , Caragana grandiflora , Ephedra procera , Cerasus incana , Jasminum fruticans , Juniperus oxycedrus , Rhamnus pallasii , Rh. spathulifolia , Astragalus caucasicus , A. microcephalus , A. tanae, Cotoneaster morulus , C. saxatilis , C. racemiflorus , C. suavis , C. meyeri , Colutea orientalis , Lonicera iberica , Cotinus coggygria , Spiraea hypericifolia etc.) but the small part is tree (Juniperus foetidissima , J. polycarpos , Pyrus fedorovii , P. ketzchovelii , P. salicifolia , Pistacia mutica , etc.). Xeromesophilous and mesoxerophilous trees and shrubs in many cases are distributed in the derivatives of forests, forest edges and the secondary mesoxerophilous shrubberies. Among them are: Crataegus caucasiaca , C. meyeri , C. pentagyna , C. pontica ,C. pseudoheterophylla , Carpinus orientalis , Berberis vulgaris , Prunus divaricata , Pyracantha coccinea , Acer campestre , Swida armazica , S. australis , Cytisus caucasicus , Rhamnus cathartica etc.. Plants associated with moist ecotopes (banks of rivers, rills and moist ravines) are: Vitis sylvestris , Clematis vitalba , Smilax excelsa , Tamarix hohenackeri , T. ramosissima , Populus canescens , P. nigra , Salix alba , S. caprea , S. excelsa , S. triandra , S. wilhelmsiana , Periploca graeca , Alnus barbata , Hippophae rhamnoides , Elaeagnus angustifolia , Hedera helix , Quercus pedunculiflora , etc.. From the environmental point of view, distribution of Acer trautwetteri , Quercus macranthera , Betula litwinovii , Sorbus caucasigena , RibesMANUSCRIPT alpinum , Salix kusnetzowii and Grossularia reclinata in the Tbilisi environs is important, as their main areal is comprises upper forest and subalpine belts. [17-19].

Endemics, rare and endangered species. 35 endemic species of Caucasus among the trees and shrubs distributed in Tbilisi environs are recorded. All of them with differetn status are registered in Red list of the endemic plants of the Caucasus [13]. They are: Acantholimon lepturoides – NE Pyrus demetrii – EN B2ab (III,v) Acer ibericum – NE Pyrus fedorovii – NE Alnus barbata – NE Pyrus georgica – NE Amygdalus georgica – VU Pyrus ketzkhovelii – EN B2ab (III,v) Astragalus caucasicus – NE Pyrus sachokiana – NT Astragalus tanae – NE Pyrus salicifolia – NE Berberis iberica –NE Rhamnus pallasii – NE Corylus iberica – DD Rhamnus spathulifolia – NE Cotoneaster morulusACCEPTED – NE Rubus caucasicus – NE Cotoneaster saxatilis – DD Rubus dolichocarpus – LC Crataegus caucasica – NE Rubus ibericus – DD Cytisus caucasicus – DD Salix kuznetzowii – NT Daphne axilliflora – NE Salix micans – DD Euonymus leiophloeus – NE Sorbus caucasigena – DD Hedera pastuchowii – NE Swida armasica – CR B1ab (iii) Philadelphus caucasicus – NE Swida iberica – NE Picea orientalis – LC Tilia begoniifolia – LC Pinus eldarica – NT 3

Among the endemic speciesA 2CCEPTED ( Amygdalus MANUSCRIPT georgica , Swida armasica ) are endemic of Georgia. From them Swida armasica is local endemic of Tbilisi environs. Euonymus leiofloeus var. armasica is also a local endimic, which was at first described as independent species. Among the recorded plants 18 are in Red List of Georgia [20]. They are: Acer ibericum – NE Amygdalus georgica – NE Astragalus tanae – NE Buxus colchica – NE Celtis glabrata 1– NE Crataegus pontica – NE Daphne transcaucasica – NE Juglans regia – NE Juniperus foetidissima – NE Juniperuspolycarpos – NE Pistacia mutica – NE Pyrus demetrii – NE Pyrus ketzkhovelii – NE Pyrus sachokiana – NE Quercus macranthera – NE Quercus pedunculiflora – NE Taxus baccata – NE Ulmus minor – NE

Naturalized plants . 28 of 177 recorded species are naturalized plants for Tbilisi environs. They are: Acer negundo , Ailanthus altissima , Amorpha fruticosa , Amygdalus bucharica , A. communis , A. spinosissima , Cercis siliguastrum , Cydonia oblonga , Gleditsia triacanthos , Jasminum nudiflorum , Juglans regia , Koelreuteria paniculata , Laburnum anagiroides , Lonicera fragrantissima , Lycium barbatum , Morus alba MANUSCRIPT, M. nigra , Pinus eldarica , P. kochiana , P. nigra , Platanus orientalis , Platycladus orientalis , Prunus armeniaca , Punica granatum , Quercus ilex , Robinia pseudoacacia , Spartium junceum , Styphnolobium japonicum . One of naturalized plants – Pinus eldarica is endemic of South Caucasus and is included in Red list of the endemic plants of the Caucasus [13].

Relicts. From trees and shrubs of Tbilisi environs plants of the Tertiary period is noteworthy. They are: Hedera pastuchovii , Vaccinium arctostaphylos , Viburnum orientalis , Taxus baccata , Ilex colchica , Laurocerasus officinalis , Buxus colchica , Corylus iberica , Quercus macranthera , Quercus pedunculiflora , Staphylea pinnata . Most of them are concentrated in moist environmentals of Saguramo-Ialno ridge. Аmong the relicts Vaccinium arctostaphylos , Viburnum orientalis , Ilex colchica and Laurocerasus officinalis are considered to be components of Colchic forests and Hedera pastuchovii is a characteristic species of Hyrcanic forests [21-23]. Some species ( Platycladus orientalis , Juglans regia , Punica granatum , Pinus eldarica ) naturalized inACCEPTED Tbilisi environs appertain to relict species too.

Conspectus. Floristic composition of trees and shrubs of Tbilisi environs in form of conspectus is represented below. Wildly growing 177 species (among them naturalized plants), are entered therein. Habitats and area in Tbilisi environs for each species are given.

1This species in the conspectus is mentioned as Celtis planchoniana K.I.Chr. [ Celtis glabrata Steven ex Planch., nom. illeg.]

The plants in conspectus areA locatedCCEPTED in the MANUSCRIPT following sequence: gymnosperms and angiosperms. In angiosperms dicotyledonous is given first, and then monocotyledonous. Families and taxa (genera and species) within the family are arranged alphabetically according to corresponding Latin names. If necessary, main synonyms of the species are given.

Abbreviation: Fam. – Family R. – River Vill. – Village

Conventional signs: – Endemic of Caucasus O – Endemic of Georgia ● – Local Endemic of Tbilisi environs ▲ – Plant included in Red List of Georgia ☻ _ Plant included in Red List of the endemic Plants of the Caucasus ■ – Naturalized plants.

MANUSCRIPT

ACCEPTED

GYMNOSPERNAE ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Fam.Cupressaceae ▲ Juniperus foetidissima Willd. On dry slopes and in dry ravines with skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, also on stony and rocky ecotopes; one of the main edificator-dominant of arid forests (juniper stands), also in the the secondary shrubberies of shibliak type; Sxaltba, Armazi and Teleti ranges (in many cases on the foothills). Juniperus hemisphaerica C. Presl [Juniperus communis L. subsp. Hemisphaerica (J.Presl & C. Presl) Nyman; Juniperus depressa Stevels; Juniperus communis L.] On dry slopes with skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in arid forests (juniper stands) and shrubberies of shibliak type; Sxaltba range. Juniperus oblonga M.Bieb. [Juniperus communis L. subsp. oblonga (M.Bieb.) Galushko; Juniperus communis var. saxatilis Pall.] On slopes and plane places, in ravines; on cinnamonic and grey-cinnamonic soils, also on stony and rocky ecotopes; in oak forests, forest edges, xeromesophilous shrubberies and rarely in arid forests (juniper stands) and plant communities of rocky and scree; eastern endings of Trialeti range, Sxaltba and Saguramo-Ialno ranges, rarely on west endings of Iori upland. Juniperus oxycedrus L. [Juniperus rufescens Link] On dry slopes and plane places, in dry ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamoc soils, also on stony and rocky ecotopes; in arid forests (juniper stands), and hemixerophilous shrubberies of shibliak type, forest edges; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland, in foothills and lower mountain belt. ▲ Juniperus polycarpos K.Koch [Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. subsp. polycarpos (K.Koch) Takht.] On dry slopes and in dry ravines with skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamoc soils, also on stony and rocky ecotopes; one of the main edificator-dominant of arid forests (juniper stands), also in the the secondary hemixerophilous shrubberies of shibliak type; Sxaltba and Armazi ranges (in many cases on the foothills). MANUSCRIPT ■ Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franko [Thuja orientalis L.; Biota orientalis (L.) Endl.] On dry slopes with skeletal grey-cinnamonic soils and rocky ecotopes; gorge of riv. Leghvtachevi – Tabori and Narikala low ranges; rarely.

Fam. Ephedraceae Ephedra procera C.A.Mey. [Ephedra major subsp. procera (C.A.Mey.) Bornm.] On dry slopes withskeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamoc soils and rocky ecotopes; in hemixerophilous shrubberies, arid forests (juniper forest) and different xerophilous plant communities; rarely forms smal plant communities; in foothills and lower mountain belt, almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland.

Fam. Pinaceae ☻ Picea orientalis (L.) Peterm. On slopes with brown forest soils; in forests (in beech and spure forests – Fageto-piceetum, Piceeto-fagetum);ACCEPTED environs of vill. Bevreti; rarely. ☻ ■ Pinus eldarica Medw. [ Pinus brutia var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba] On slopes and plane places with grey-cinnamonic soils; in the form of artificial stands on Iori upland, Teleti, Tabori, Narikala, Mamadaviti,Mskhaldid-Lisi ranges, etc.; in naturalized form is rare – on Teleti range, etc. ■ Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold On slopes and plane places with cinnamonic and brown forest soils; on glades of forest edges; in the form of artificial stands almost on the whole territory; in naturalized form on Tabori, Teleti, Mamadaviti, Kojori, Mskhaldid-Lisi,etc. ranges.

■ Pinus kochiana KlotzschACCEPTED [Pinus sylvestris MANUSCRIPT var. hamata Steven; P. sosnowskyi Nakai; P. sylvestris subsp. kochiana (Klotzsch) Eliçin] On slopes and ravins with cinnamonic and brown forest soil; Sakaraulo and Armazi ranges (“In gorges of Kiketi, Samadlo, Betania and Armazi” [10]).

Fam. Taxaceae ▲ Taxus baccata L. On slopes and in ravines with brown forest soil; in forests (in many cases in beech and hornbeam forests); Saguramo-Ialno range.

ANGIOSPERMAE DYCOTYLEDONEAE Fam. Aceraceae Acer campestre L. On slopes with cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in deciduous forests, forest edges and xeromesophilous shrubberies; Sxaltba and Saguramo-Ialno ranges, eastern endings of Trialeti range. Acer hyrcanum Fisch.& C.A.Mey. On slopes with cinnamonic soil; in deciduous forests, forest edges and xeromesophilous shrubberies; Teleti, Kojori and Armazi ranges. ☻▲ Acer ibericum M.Bieb. [Acer monspessulanum subsp. ibericum (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Yalt.] On dry slopes and in watercourse with grey-cinnamonic and cinnamoc soils; in hemixerophilous shrubberies and forest edges; Teleti range; rarely. Acer cappadocicum Gled. [Acer laetum C.A.Mey.] On slopes with brown forest and cinnamonic soils; in forests and xeromesophilous shrubberies; eastern endings of Trialeti range. ■ Acer negundo L. MANUSCRIPT On banks of rivers, irrigation channels and road-sides, in artificial planting of greenery; on different soils. Acer platanoides L. On slopes with brown forset and cinnamoc soils; in forests and forest edges; eastern endings of Trialeti range (Mamadaviti, Kojori, Sakaraulo, Satskepela, etc. ranges). Acer trautvetteri Medw. [Acer heldreichii subsp. Trautvetteri (Medw.) A.E.Murray] In the upper forest belt; on slopes with brown forest soil; in forests and forest edges; environs of vill. Bevreti; rarely.

Fam. Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Scop. On dry slopes and plane places with skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, also on rocky ecotopes; in hemixerophilous shrubberies, arid foprests (juniper forest) and rarely in different xerophilous plant communities; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-AraxACCEPTED lowland. ▲ Pistacia mutica Fisch & C.A.Mey. [Pistacia atlantica var. mutica Rech. f.; Pistacia atlantica Desf.] On dry slope with grey-cinnamonic soil; in arid forest and forest edges; Sxaltba low range; rarely. In the past its natural area in the Tbilisi environs was wider [24]. Rhus coriaria L. On dry slopes and in dry ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamoc soils, rocky ecotopes; in arid forests, forest edges and shrubberies of different types; rarely forms smal plant

7 communities; TeleTi, Sxaltba,ACCEPTED Tabori and MANUSCRIPT Saguramo ranges (in many cases on the foothills), slopes of Nutsubidze Street, etc.

Fam. Aquifoliaceae Ilex colchica Pojark. On slopes and in ravines with brown forest soil; in forests (in beech and hornbeam forests); Saguramo-Ialno range.

Fam. Araliaceae Hedera helix L. On banks of rivers, slopes and in ravines, on moist ecotopes; on cinnamonic, brown forest and alluvial soils, rarely on rocks; in forests and shrubberies; almost on the whole territory with exception of western part of Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland, in foothills and lower mountain belt. ☻Hedera pastuchovii Woronow On moist slopes and in ravines with brown forest soil; in forests (in beech and hornbeam forests); Saguramo-Ialno range.

Fam. Asclepiadaceae Periploca graeca L. On banks of rivers and rills, in watercourse; on moist ecotopes; in floodplain forests, his derivatives and shrubberies; almost on the whole territory with exception of western part of Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland.

Fam. Berberidaceae ☻Berberis iberica Stev. & Fisch. ex DC. “Tbilisi enviros (Overin, Frik) [25]; “May be discover in Tbilisi environs” [10]. Berberis vulgaris L. MANUSCRIPT On slopes and in dry ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest edges, shrubberies of different types and rarely in arid forests (juniper forest); almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland.

Fam. Betulaceae ☻Alnus barbata C.A.Mey. [Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata (C.A.Mey.) Yalt.] On riverine terraces and in moist ravines; on alluvial soils and moist ecotopes; in forests and forests edges; in many cases on terraces of riv. Mtkvari, also in environs of Kojori; relatively rarely. Betula pendula Roth [ Betula verrucosa Ehrh.] On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests and forest edges; being burnt and forested places; Mamadaviti and Kojori ranges (environs of Tskhneti and Kojori); relatively rarely [26]. Betula litwinowii Doluch. On slopes andACCEPTED in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests and forest edges; being burnt and forested places; environs of Kojori; rarely.

Fam. Buxaceae ▲ Buxus colchica Pojark. On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest soils; in forests; Saguramo ranges; rarely.

Fam. Caprifoliaceae Lonicera caprifolium L.

On slopes and in ravines; A onCCEPTED cinnamonic MANUSCRIPT and brown forest soils; in forests forest edges and xeromesophilous shrubberies; Sxaltba and Saguramo-Ialno ranges,eastern endings of Trialeti range. Lonicera caucasica Pall. On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges, shrubberies of different types and rarely in arid forests (juniper stands); Sxaltba and Saguramo- Ialno ranges,eastern endings of Trialeti range. ■ Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & J. Paxton On dry slopes; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic soils, also on rocky ecotopes; gorge of riv. Leghvtachevi (Dabakhana) – Tabori and Narikala low ranges. Lonicera iberica M.Bieb. On dry slopes and in ravines; on grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in arid forests (juniper stands), shrubberies and forests edges; Teleti, Mamadaviti, Tabori, Mskhaldid-Lisi, Sxaltba, Armazi, Saguramo-Ialno ranges. Sambucus nigra L. On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest, sometimes on cinnamonic soils, sometimes on moist ecotopes; in forests, forest edges mesophilous shrubberies; eastern endings of Trialeti range. Viburnum lantana L. On slopes with cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest edges and shrubberies; Teleti, Armazi and Sagfuramo-Ialno ranges. Viburnum opulus L. On slopes with brown forest soils; in forests and forest edges; Sagfuramo-Ialno range. Viburnum orientale Pall. On slopes with brown forest soils; in forests (beech and hornbeam forests) and forest edges; Sagfuramo-Ialno and Kojori ranges.

Fam. Celastraceae Euonymus latifolius (L.)Mill. MANUSCRIPT On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest soils; in forests and forest edges; Saguramo-Ialno, Kojori, Armazi, Satskepela ranges. ☻ Euonymus leiophloeus Steven On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest and cinnamonic soils; in forests, forest edges and xeromesophilous shrubberies; almost on the whole territory with exception of western part of Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland. ☻Euonymus leiofloeus var. armasicus (Gatsch.) Gagnidze On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest and cinnamonic soils; in forests, forest edges; Armazi, Mskhaldidi and Saguramo ranges. Euonymus verrucosus Scop. On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic, brown forest and rarely grey-cinnamonic soils; in forests, forest edges, shrubberies of different types and rarely in arid forests (juniper stands); almost on the whole territory with exception western part of Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland. ACCEPTED Fam. Cornaceae Cornus mas L. On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges and xeromesophilous shrubberies; Saguramo-Ialno rangeand eastern endings of Trialeti range. ☻● Swida armazica (Sanadze) Gviniaschvili On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges and xeromesophilous shrubberies; foothill of Armazi range (gorges of Armaziskhevi and Martaziskhevi); rarely.

Swida australis (C.A. Mey.)ACCEPTED Pojark. ex MANUSCRIPT Grossh. [ Cornus australis C.A. Mey.; Thelycrania australis (C.A.Mey.) Sanadze; Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Jáv.] On slopes and plan places, in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges and xeromesophilous shrubberies; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland and western part of Iori upland. ☻Swida iberica (Woronow) Pojark. ex Grossh. [ Cornus iberica Woronow] On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges, arid forests (juniper stands) and xeromesophilous shrubberies; Teleti, Sxaltba and Armazi (environs of Mtskheta) and ranges.

Fam. Corylaceae Carpinus caucasica Grossh. [Carpinus betulus L.] On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest soils; in forests; one of the edificator-dominant of forest vegetation; Teleti, Kojori, Mamadaviti, Sakaraulo, Satskepela, Armazi, Mskhaldidi ranges; in lower and middle mountain belts. Carpinus orientalis Mill. On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges and shrubberies of different types and, rarely, in arid forests (juniper forest); one of the main edificator-dominant of xeromesophilous shrubberies; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland and western part of Iori upland. Corylus avellana L. On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges and xeromesophilous shrubberies; Saguramo-Ialno range and eastern endings of Trialeti range. ☻Corylus iberica Wittm. ex Kem.-Nath. On slopes with brown forest soil; in forests; Kojori (vicinities of Kojori) and Mamadaviti (vicinities of Tskhneti) ranges; rarely.

Fam. Elaeagnaceae MANUSCRIPT Elaeagnus angustifolia L. On riverine terraces and banks of watercourse, banks of irrigation channels, also on dry slopes; on alluvial, grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in floodplain forests and their derivatives, mesophilous shrubberies; rarely forms small plant communities; foothills of Teleti, Tabori, Skhaltba and Saguramo-Ialno ranges, Mtkvari-Arax lowland, etc.. Hippophae rhamnoides L. [Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson] On riverine terraces, bank of ravines; on alluvial and cinnamonic soils, cobble-stone; in floodplain forests and their derivatives, forest edges, mesophilous shrubberies; foothills of Ialno range (vicinities of vill. Martkopi), Teleti range (vicinities of vill. Tabakhmela), etc.

Fam. Ericaceae Rhododendron luteum Sweet On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest soils; in forests (in beech and hornbeam forests); Saguramo-Ialno range. Vaccinium arctostaphylosACCEPTED L. On slopes with brown forest soil; in forest; Saguramo-Ialno range; rarely.

Fam. Fabaceae ■ Amorpha fruticosa L. On riverine terraces; on alluvial soils; in floodplain forests and shrubberies, also their derivatives; banks of riv. Mtkvari. ☻Astracantha caucasica (Pall.) Podlech [Astragalus caucasicus Pall.] On dry slopes and hills; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, on stony and rocky ecotopes; one of the edificator-dominant of traganthic formation; in steppe, different xerophilous 10 shrubberies and xerophilousA plantCCEPTED communities; MANUSCRIPT Teleti, Tabori, Armazi, Mskhaldid-Lisi ranges, foothills of Ialno ranges (vicinities of vill. Martkopi), western and extreme north-western part of Iori upland; rarely. Astracantha microcephala (Willd.) Podlech [Astragalus microcephalus Willd.] On dry slopes and hills; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, on stony and rocky ecotopes; one of the main edificator-dominant of traganthic formation; in steppe, different xerophilous shrubberies, arid forests (juniper forest), in different xerophilous plant communities; Teleti, Tabori, Kojori, Sakaraulo, Armazi, Mskhaldid-Lisi, Saguramo-Ialno, Skhaltba ranges, western and extreme north-western part of Iori upland, etc. ☻▲ Astragalus tanae Sosn. On dry slopes with skeletal cinnamonic soil; in different hemixerophilous plant communities; Mskhaldidi range (vicinities of vill. Mskhaldidi and vill. Tsodoreti), Armazi range (vicinities of vill. Didgori and vill. Telovani); rarely. Caragana grandiflora (M.Bieb.) DC. On dry slopes, hills and plane places; on grey-cinnamonic soils; in xerophilous plant communities, arid forests (juniper forest); Teleti, Mamadaviti and Skhaltba ranges, western endings of Iori upland (Vaziani). ■ Cercis siliquastrum L. On dry slopes; in many cases on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinamonic soils, on stony and rocky ecotopes; Teleti, Tabori, Narikala, Mamadaviti ranges, etc. Colutea orientalis Mill. On slopes and plane places, in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, stony and rarely on rocky ecotopes; in many cases in shibliak formations, rarely in arid forest (Juniper forest), also in different xerophilous plant communities; Teleti, Tabori, Mamadaviti, Narikala, Mskhladid-Lisi, Skhaltba, Armazi, Saguramo-Ialno ranges. ☻Cytisus caucasicus Grossh. [ Chamaecytisus caucasicus (Grossh.) Holub; Cytisus ruthenicus Wol.] On slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonMANUSCRIPTic and cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of different types and forest edges, rarely in arid forests (juniper forest); Teleti, Mamadaviti, Mskhladid-Lisi, Armazi, Saguramo-Ialno ranges, etc. ■ Gleditsia triacanthos L. On road-sides and banks of irrigation channels, in artificial planting stands; on different soils. ■ Laburnum anagyroides Medik. On slopes and road-sides, in artificial planting stands; on different soils. ■ Robinia pseudoacacia L. On riverine terraces, road-sides and banks of irrigation channels, in artificial planting stands; on different soils. ■ Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott [Sophora japonica L.] On road-sides and banks of irrigation channels, riverine terraces, in artificial planting stands; on different soils. ■ Spartium junceum L. On slopes, plane places and in ravines, on road-sides; on grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; foothills of Teleti,ACCEPTED Tabori, Narikala, Mamadaviti, Skhaltba, Saguramo-Ialno ranges, etc.

Fam. Fagaceae Fagus orientalis Lipsky On slopes and in ravines with brown forest soil; in forest; one of the edificator-dominant of forest vegetation; Mamadaviti, Teleti, Kojori, Sakaraulo, Armazi, Satskepela, Mskhaldidi and Saguramo-Ialno ranges. Quercus iberica Steven ex M.Bieb. [Quercus petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M.Bieb.) Krassiln.]

On slopes and in ravines; onACCEPTED brown forest MANUSCRIPT and cinnamonic soils; in forests and the secondary xeromesophilous shrubberies; one of the main edificator-dominant of forest vegetation; Saguramo-Ialno and Skhaltba ranges, eastern endings of Trialeti range. ■ Quercus ilex L. On dry slopes; on grey-cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; gorge of riv. Leghvtakhevi – Narikala and Tabori low ranges. ▲ Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex Hohen. On slopes with brown forest soil; in forests; Kojori range (vicinities of Kojori), Mskhaldidi range (environs of vill. Bevreti); rarely. ▲ Quercus pedunculiflora K.Koch [ Quercus robur subsp. pedunculiflora (K.Koch) Menitsky] On riverine terraces; on alluvial soils; in floodplain forests and shrubberies; gorges of riv. Mtkvari, Lochini, etc.

Fam. Grossulariaceae Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. [Ribes reclinatum L., Ribes uva-crispa L.] On slopes with brown forest soil; in forests and shrubberies; Mamadaviti range – environs of vill. Tsavkisi [10, 27]; rarely. Ribes alpinum L. “Growing in the woods, in many case on rocks” [10]; “is possible to see on Mtskheta-Kojori side” [10]; rarely.

Fam. Hydrangeaceae ☻Philadelphus caucasicus Koehne On slopes and in ravines, sometimes on road-sides; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest edges and shrubberies; Mamadaviti range (environs of Tskhneti), gorge of riv. Vere, etc.; rarely.

Fam. Juglandaceae MANUSCRIPT ▲ ■ Juglans regia L. On slopes, plane places and riverine terraces; on cinnamonic and alluvial soils; rarely; in the naturalized form in different areas of territory.

Fam. Lythraceae (Punicaceae) ■ Punica granatum L. On slopes and plane places; on grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; on foothills in different area of territory; rarely.

Fam. Moraceae Ficus carica L. On slopes; on stony and rocky ecotopes; gorge of riv. Leghvtakhevi (Dabakhana). ■ Morus alba L. On slopes and plane places, riverine terraces, road-sides and banks of irrigation channels; grey- cinnamonic, cinnamonicACCEPTED and alluvial soils; in the naturalized form in different area of territory. ■ Morus nigra L. On slopes and plane places, riverine terraces, road-sides and banks of irrigation channels; grey- cinnamonic, cinnamonic and alluvial soils; in the naturalized form in different area of territory.

Fam. Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior L. On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, on glades of forest edges; one of the edificator-dominant of forest vegetation; eastern endings of Trialeti range, Saguramo-Ialno and Skhaltba ranges. 12

Fraxinus oxycarpa Willd.A [CCEPTEDFraxinus angustifolia MANUSCRIPT subsp. oxycarpa (Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso] On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests; rarely forms stands; Teleti and Armazi (gorge of Armaziskhevi) ranges; rarely. Jasminum fruticans L. On slopes, hills and plane places, also in ravines; on grey-cinnamonic, cinnamonic and, rarely, on brown forest soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in different shrubberies, forest edges and arid forests (juniper forest); in foothills and lower mountain belt, almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland. ■ Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. On slopes and in ravines; on grey-cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; gorge of riv. Leghvtakhevi (Dabaxana) – Narikala and Tabori low ranges. Ligustrum vulgare L. On slopes and plane places, in ravines, on riverine terraces; on cinnamonic, brown forest, alluvial and, rarely, on grey-cinnamonic soils; in forests, forest edges, in shrubberies of different types and arid forests (juniper forest); almost on the whole territory with exception of western part of Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland.

Fam. Platanaceae ■ Platanus orientalis L. In river gorge; on alluvial soil and denuded parent rock of sandstone; gorge of riv. Leghvtakhevi (Dabakhana).

Fam. Plumbaginaceae ☻Acantholimon lepturoides (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss. On dry, erosive slopes; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in different xerophilous plant communities; Teleti, Tabori and Skhaltba ranges, slopes of Nutsubidze Street, etc. MANUSCRIPT

Fam. Polygonaceae Atraphaxis caucasica (Hoffm.) Pavlov On dry erosive slopes, hills and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in different xerophilous plant communities, in relatively xerophilous plant communities of shibliak type, arid forest (juniper forest); Teleti, Mamadaviti, Tabori, Narikala, Mskhaldid-Lisi, Skhaltba, etc. ranges. Atraphaxis spinosa L. On dry slopes and hills with grey-cinnamonic soils; in hemixerophilous plant communities; Teleti range, western part of Iori upland; rarely.

Fam. Ranunculaceae Clematis vitalba L. On riverine terraces, in moist ravines and on slopes; on alluvial soil and moist ecotopes with different soils;ACCEPTED almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowlandand western part of Iori upland.

Fam. Rhamnaceae Frangula alnus Mill. On slopes and in ravines with brown forest and cinnamonic soils; in forests, forest edges and the secondary xeromesophilous shrubberies; Kojori, Satskepela, Saguramo-Ialno, etc. ranges. Paliurus spina-christi Mill. On slopes and plane places, in ravines, on riverine terraces; on grey-cinnamonic, cinnamonic and rarely on brown forest soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of different types, arid 13 forest (juniper forest), forestA edgesCCEPTED and different MANUSCRIPT xerophilous plant communities; one of the main edificator-dominant of shrubberies of shibliak types; almost on the whole territory up to 1000 m amsl. Rhamnus cathartica L. On slopes and plane places, in ravines, on riverine terraces; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges, mesophilous and xeromesophilous shrubberies, rarely in arid forest (juniper forest); Skhaltba and Saguramo-Ialno ranges and eastern endings of Trialeti range. ☻Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & C.A.Mey. On dry erosive slopes, hills and plane places, in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamomnic and cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of shibliak types, arid forest (juniper forest) and in different xerophilous plant communities; on foothills and in low mountain belt of Teleti, Mamadviti, Tabori, Narikala, Mskhaldid-Lisi, Armazi, Skhaltba, Saguramo-Ialno ranges, on Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland. ☻Rhamnus spathulifolia Fisch. & C.A.Mey. On dry slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, sometimes on stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of shibliak types, forest edges and rarely in forest; on foothills and in low mountain belt of Teleti, Mamadaviti, Tabori, Narikala, Mskhaldid-Lisi, Armazi, Skhaltba, Saguramo, etc. ranges.

Fam. Rosaceae Amelanchier ovalis Medic. On dry slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in forest edges, mesoxerophilous and xeromesophilous shrubberies; Teleti, Armazi, Tabori, Saguramo and etc. ranges, gorge of riv. Leghvtakhevi (Dabakhana). ■ Amygdalus bucharica Korsh. On dry slopes with skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in different hemixerophilous plant communities; ■ Amygdalus communis L. MANUSCRIPT On dry slopes, road-sides, in artificial planting stands; on different soils. ☻ O ▲ Amygdalus georgica Desf. On dry slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in shrubberies of shibliak types; Teleti and Tabori ranges [10, 28]; ■ Amygdalus spinosissima Bunge [ Prunus spinosissima (Bunge) Franch.] On dry stony, rocky and scree slopes; in shrubberies of shibliak types; vicinities of Vashlijvari [29]. Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik. On slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in shrubberies of different types and forest edges; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland. Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex A.Blytt On slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, stony ecotopes; in hemixerophilous shrubberies of different types; Teleti range; rarely [10]. Cotoneaster meyeriACCEPTED Pojarc. On slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in shrubberies of different types forest edges and in arid forest (juniper forest); almost on the whole territory with exception of western part of Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland. ☻Cotoneaster morulus Pojarke. On dry slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, stony and rarely rocky ecotopes; in many cases in shrubberies of shibliak types, arid forests (juniper forest) and different xerophilous plant communities; Teleti, Mamadviti, Mskhaldid-Lisi, etc. ranges. Cotoneaster racemiflorus (Desf.) K.Koch

On dry slopes and in ravines;A CCEPTEDon skeletal grey-cinn MANUSCRIPTamonic and cinnamonic soils, stony and rarely rocky ecotopes; in many cases in shrubberies of shibliak types, arid forests (juniper forest) and different xerophilous plant communities; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland. ☻ Cotoneaster saxatilis Pojark. On dry slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, stony and rarely rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of shibliak types and different xerophilous plant communities; Teleti and Mskhaldid-Lisi ranges, slopes of Nutsubidze Street, etc. Cotoneaster suavis Pojark. On dry slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic soils; in hemixerophilous shrubberies and plant communities; Teleti range; rarely [30]. ☻Crataegus caucasica K.Koch On slopes, plane places and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest edges, derivatives of forests and mesoxerophilous polydominand shrubberies; eastern endings of Trialeti range. Crataegus kyrtostyla Fingerh. On slopes, plane places and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest edges, derivatives of forests and mesoxerophilous polydominand shrubberies; eastern endings of Trialeti range, rarely on western endings of Iori upland. Crataegus meyeri Pojark. On slopes, plane places and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest edges, derivatives of forests and mesoxerophilous polidominat shrubberies; eastern endings of Trialeti range. Crataegus microphylla K.Koch On slopes with cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests and forest edges; eastern endings of Trialeti range. Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex M.Bieb. On dry slopes; on skeletal cinnamonic soils;MANUSCRIPT in edges of shrubberies and forests; Teleti, Mamadaviti, Sakaraulo, Mskhaldidi and Tabori ranges. Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. On slopes and plane places, in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest edges, derivatives of forests and mesoxerophilous polidominat shrubberies; eastern endings of Trialeti range. ▲ Crataegus pontica K.Koch [ Crataegus azarolus var. pontica (K.Koch) K.I.Chr.] On slopes with cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, forest edges and shrubberies; Teleti and Sakaraulo ranges (between Kojori and vill. Asureti, between Kojori and vill. Ertisi, etc.). Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark. On slopes with cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in shrubberies, forest edges and forests; Teleti, Mamadaviti, Sakaraulo, etc. ranges. ■ Cydonia oblonga Mill. On slopes and riverine terraces; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest edges and shrubberies; in the naturalized form in different area of territory (gorge of riv. Gldanula, environs of vill.ACCEPTED Tsavkisi, Saguramo range, etc.); rarely. Laurocerasus officinalis M.Roem. On slopes with brown forest soil; Saguramo-Ialno range; rarely. Malus orientalis Uglitzk. On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forests, derivatives of forests, forest edges and mesoxerophilous polidominat shrubberies; Saguramo-Ialno range and eastern endings of Trialeti range. Mespilus germanica L.

On slopes and in ravines; onA cinnamonicCCEPTED and MANUSCRIPT brown forest soils; in forests, derivatives of forests, forest edges and different mesophilous and xerophilous shrubberies; Saguramo-Ialno range and eastern endings of Trialeti range. ■ Prunus armeniaca L. [Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.] On banks of irrigation channels road-sides and slopes, in artificial planting of greenery; on different soils. Prunus avium (L.)L. [ Cerasus avium (L.) Moench; Cerasus silvestris (Kirsch.) Gars.; Cerasus avium (L.) Moench v. silvestris Kirsch.] On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest soils; in forests andforest edges; Saguramo-Ialno range and eastern endings of Trialeti range; rarely. Prunus divaricata Ledeb. On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in shrubberies of different types, forests (oak, ash, elm forests) and forest edges; Saguramo-Ialno range and eastern endings of Trialeti range. Prunus incana (Pall.) Batsch [Cerasus incana (Pall.) Spach] On dry slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in many cases in shrubberies of shibliak types, also in forest edges and different xetrophilous plant communities; almost on the whole territory with exception Mtkvari-Arax lowland. Prunus mahaleb L. [ Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill.; Padellus mahaleb (L.) Vassilcz.] On slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of different types and forest edges; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland and western part of Iori upland. Prunus spinosa L. On slopes and in ravines; on grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in shrubberies of different types and forest edges, sometimes forms small plant communities; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland. Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem. MANUSCRIPT On slopes and plane places, in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils; in shrubberies of different types and forest edges; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland. Pyrus caucasica Fed. On slopes and plane places, in ravines; on cinnamonic and brown forest soils; in forest and its derivatives, forest edges, also on glades of forest edges; in many cases in form of unit individuals; Saguramo-Ialno range and eastern endings of Trialeti range. ☻ ▲ Pyrus demetrii Kuth. On slopes with cinnamonic soil; foothills of Saguramo range [31]; rarely (recorded 64 individs); On the Saguramo range spread of P. demetrii also points V. Gomelauri [32]. Until recently P. demetrii was considered endemic of Georgia [33, 34]. By recent studies it is spreaded in Armenia too [35, 13]. ☻ Pyrus fedorovii Kuth. On slopes with cinnamonic soil; in shrubberies; on foothills of Saguramo range (environs of vill. Gldani and vill.ACCEPTED Martkopi); rarely [10, 33]; Until recently P. fedorovii was considered endemic of Georgia [33, 34]. By recent studies it is spreaded in Armenia too [35, 13]. ☻ Pyrus georgica Kuth. On dry slopes and hills; on cinnamonic soils; in different hemixerophilous vegetation, rarely in forest edges and shrubberies; in form of unit individuals and not numerous populations;Teleti, Mamadaviti, Kojori, Mskhaldidi, Saguramo-Ialno ranges. By recent studies P. georgica is spreaded in Turkey too [36]. ☻▲ Pyrus ketzkhovelii Kuth.

On slopes with cinnamonic Asoils;CCEPTED foothills MANUSCRIPTof Saguramo ranges [31]; rarely (recorded 4 individs); On the Saguramo range spread of P. ketzkhovelii also points V. Gomelauri [32]. Until recently P. ketzkhovelii was considered endemic of Georgia [33, 34]. By recent studies it is spreaded in Azerbaijan and Armenia too [37, 35, 13]. ☻▲ Pyrus sachokiana Kuth. On slope with cinnamonic soil; foothills of Saguramo range [31]; rarely (recorded one individ). Until recently P. sachokiana was considered endemic of Georgia [33, 34]. By recent data it is spreaded in Russian Federation too [13]. ☻Pyrus salicifolia Pall. On slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, also on stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of different types, sometimes forms smal plant stands; in many cases in form of unit individuals and not numerous populations; Teleti, Mamadaviti, Tabori, Armazi, Mskhaldid-Lisi, Saguramo-Ialno, Skhaltba ranges and western part of Iori upland; mainly on foothills. Rosa canina L. On slopes and plane places, in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, sometimes on stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of different types, forest edges and forest derivatives; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland. Rosa corymbifera Borkh. On slopes and plane places with cinnamonic soils; in shrubberies of different types, forest edges and forest derivatives, the secondary meadow-steppe communities, also on road-sides; almost on the whole territory with exception of western part of Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland. Rosa spinosissima L. [ Rosa pimpinellifolia L.] On slopes and in ravines with cinnamonic and grey-cinnamonic soils; in shrubberies of different types, forest edges and forest derivatives; almost on the whole territory with exception of western part of Iori upland and Mtkvari-Arax lowland. Rubus anatolicus Focke On riverine terraces, in ravines, also on dry slopeMANUSCRIPTs; in forest edges and shrubberies; vicinities of Ortachala and Mtskheta [10]. Rubus caesius L. “Grows in the shrubberies, on road-sides, in fences and ravines” [10]. ☻Rubus caucasicus Focke On slopes with brown forest and cinnamonic soil; in forest (beech and hornbeam forests) and forest edges; environs of vill. Bevreti, Saguramo-Ialno range; rarely. ☻ Rubus dolichocarpus Juz. On slopes with brown forest soil; in forest; Saguramo-Ialno range; rarely. Rubus hirius Waldst. et Kit. On slopes with brown forest soil; in forest and forest edges; Kojori, Sakaraulo and Saguramo- Ialno ranges. ☻ Rubus ibericus Juz. On banks of rivers and rills, road-sides; in shrubberies; Teleti range, Mamadaviti range (vill. Tsavkisi), Kojori range (Kojori), gorge of riv. Tsavkisistskali (Dabakhana) [38]. Rubus idaeus ACCEPTED L. On slopes with brown forest and cinnamonic soils; in forest edges; environs of vill. Bevreti, Saguramo range; rarely. ☻Sorbus caucasigena Kom. ex Gatsch. On slopes with brown forest soil; in forests and forest edges; Mskhaldidi (environs of vill. Bevreti) and Ialno ranges, above of 1000 m. amsl; rarely. Sorbus graeca (Spach) Lodd. ex S.Schauer On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies and forest edges; Teleti, Armazi, Mamadaviti, etc. ranges. Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz 17

On slopes and in ravines; AonCCEPTED cinnamonic MANUSCRIPT soils, stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies and forest edges; Saguramo-Ialno ranges and eastern endings of Trialeti range. Spiraea hypericifolia L. On slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils, stony and sometimes rocky ecotopes; in many cases in shrubberies of shibliak types, arid forests (juniper forest), forest edges and rarely in forests (oak, ash, elm forests) and diferrent xeromesophilous plant communities; one of the main edificator-dominant of shrubberies of shibliak types; almost on the whole territory with exception of Mtkvari-Arax lowland.

Fam. Salicaceae Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm. On riverine terraces, in moist ravines and on their banks, along of irrigation channels; in many cases in floodplain forests; one of the main edificator-dominant of floodplain forests; almost on the whole territory, mainly up to middle mountain belt. Populus nigra L. On riverine terraces, in moist ravines and on their banks; in many cases in floodplain forests; one of the main edificator-dominant of floodplain forests; mainly on terraces of riv. Mtkvari. Populus tremula L. On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest soils, being burnt places; in forest edges, forest derivatives and rarely in forests; Teleti, Mamadaviti, Kojori, Saguramo-Ialno ranges. Salix alba L. On riverine terraces, bank of ravines and irrigation channels; on alluvial and moist soil of different types; almost on the whole territory. Salix excelsa S.G.Gmel. On riverine terraces, bank of ravines and irrigation channels; on alluvial and moist soil of different types; almost on the whole territory. Salix caprea L. On moist slopes and plane places, banks of riversMANUSCRIPT and ravines; on brown forest and alluvial soils; in forests, forest edges and mesophilous shrubberie s; Teleti, Sakaraulo, Saguramo-Ialno ranges, etc. Salix elbursensis Boiss. On moist banks of rivers and ravines; gorges of Armaziskhevi and Martaziskhevi[39]. ☻ Salix kusnetzowii Laksch. ex Goerz “In mountain forests, in moist places”, mountain Sakenchao” [10] ☻Salix micans Andersson [ Salix alba subsp. micans (Andersson) Rech.fil] On banks of river and moist ravines; from Mtskheta to vill. Dzegvi. Salix pseudomedemii E.L.Wolf In moist ravines; in forest edges and shrubberies; Teleti range (from vill. Shindisi to Kojori), Mamadaviti range (environs of vill.Tskneti) [10]. Salix triandra L. On riverine terraces, banks of ravines and irrigation channels; on alluvial soils; in floodplain forests, their derivatives and shrubberies; betven Tbilisi and Rustavi, from Mtskheta to vill. Dzegvi, gorgeACCEPTED of riv. Tsavkisistskali, etc. Salix wilhelmsiana M.Bieb. On banks of river and moist ravines; gorge of riv. Tsavkisistskali, environs of Vaziani, etc.

Fam. Sapindaceae ■ Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. On slopes, road-sides, in artificial planting of greenery; on cinnamonic and grey-cinnamonic soils; in various parts of territory.

Fam. Simaroubaceae 18

■ Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)A SwingleCCEPTED MANUSCRIPT On slopes and plane places, riverine terraces, road-sides; on soil of different types, stony and rocky ecotpoes, screes; in form of unit individuals and groups; in various parts of territory.

Fam. Solanaceae ■ Lycium barbarum L. On slopes and plane places , road-sides; on soil of different types, stony and rocky ecotpoes, with dwelling houses and fences; in form of unit individuals and groups; in various parts of territory.

Fam. Staphyleaceae Staphylea pinnata L. On slopes and in ravines; on brown forest soils; in forests and forest edges; Mskhaldidi (vicinities of vill. Bevreti) and Saguramo-Ialno ranges; rarely.

Fam. Tamaricaceae Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. On riverine terraces and planes, banks of irrigation channels, rarely on slopes; on alluvial and grey-cinnamonic soils, moist ecotopes; in floodplain forests, their derivatives and shrubberies; in form of unit individuals and groups. in many cases on terraces of riv. Mtkvari. Tamarix smyrnensis Bunge [ Tamarix hohenackeri Bunge] On riverine terraces and ravines, on alluvial soils and moist ecotopes; in floodplain forests, their derivatives and shrubberies; in form of unit individuals and groups; Avchala, Mtskheta, gorge of Armaziskhevi [40], is possible to see in different parts of riv. Mtkvari terraces too.

Fam. Thymelaceae ☻ ▲ Daphne axilliflora (Keissl.) Pobed. On banks of river [10, 41], is possible to see on slopes, too; Saguramo ranges and Avchala [10, 41]. MANUSCRIPT Daphne pontica L. On slopes witn brown forest soil; in forests; Saguramo range [10, 41]. Daphne transcaucasica Pobed [Daphne oleoides subsp. transcaucasica (Pobed.) Halda] In forests on stony and rocky ecotopes; environs of Mtskheta, gorge of Armaziskhevi [10, 41]; rarely.

Fam. Tiliaceae ☻Tilia begoniifolia Steven On slopes and in ravines with brown forest soil; in forests; Kojori, Sakaraulo, Satskepela, Armazi, Saguramo-Ialno ranges.

Fam. Ulmaceae Celtis caucasica Willd. [Celtis australis subsp. caucasica (Willd.) C.C.Towns.] On slopes and plane places, in ravines and rivers gorges; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic ACCEPTED soils, rocky ecotopes; in forest edges, shrubberies of different types and florocomplex of rocky; Teleti, Tabori, Narikala, Mamadaviti, Saguramo-Ialno ranges. ▲Celtis planchoniana K.I.Chr. [Celtis glabrata Steven ex Planch., nom. illeg.] On slopes and in ravines; on skeletal grey-cinnamonic soils, also on rocky ecotopes; with not numerous populations; gorge of riv. Leghvtakhevi (Tabori range), Sakaraulo (with fortress Azeula) and Mskhaldidi (near Nakhshirgora) ranges, slopes of Nutsubidze Street. Ulmus elliptica K.Koch On slopes with brown forest soil; in forests; Kojori and Saguramo-Ialno ranges. ▲ Ulmus minor Mill. [ Ulmus suberosa Moench; Ulmus foliacea Gilib.]

On slopes and plane places,ACCEPTED riverine terraces, MANUSCRIPT in ravines, on road-sides, along of irrigation channels, etc.; on grey-cinnamonic, cinnamonic and alluvial solis, also on stony and rocky ecotopes; in shrubberies of different types, forests and forest edges; not infrequently forms stands and xeromesophilous shrubberies; almost on the whole territory in form of unit individuals and groups.

Fam. Vitaceae Vitis sylvestris C.C.Gmel. [Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris Hegi] On riverine terraces and in moist ravines; on alluvial and moist brown forest soils; Vitis vinifera (V. sylvestris ) by herbarium material (TBI) was distributed on terraces of Mtkvari, Aragvi, Leghvtakhevi, Vere and etc. rivers, also in moist ravines of Saguramo range. At present its area is very reduced and it's very rare.

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Fam. Ruscaceae Ruscus aculeatus subsp. ponticus (Woronow) Gagnidze [ Ruscus ponticus Woronow] On slopes and in ravines; on cinnamonic and, rarely, on grey-cinnamonic soils; in forests and xerophilous shrubberies, also in arid forests (juniper forest); Saguramo-Ialno, Skhaltba, Armazi, Teleti ranges.

Fam. Smilacaceae Smilax excelsa L. On riverine terraces and in moist ravines; in floodplain forests, forest edges and mesophilous shrubberies; Mamadaviti range (vicinities of vill. Okrokana), terraces of riv. Mtkvari, etc..

Conclusion On the one hand, variety of physical-geographical conditions and ecosystem of Tbilisi, and on the other hand, its location conditioned either MANUSCRIPTfloristic or bioecological variety of the trees and the shrubs. 177 species of trees and shrubs, belonging to 89 genera and 44 families, were recorded in the Tbilisi environs. Most of species are deciduous plants (160 species) and conifers are represented only by 11 species. number of evergreen trees and shrubs is poor – only 17 species. Diversity of physical-geographic conditions determined the distribution of trees and shrubs of various ecology. On the one hand mesophilous and on the other hand xerophilous and hemixerophilous trees and shrubs are represented here. Many plants are transient between them, too (xeromesophilous and mesoxerophilous plants). Trees and shrubs typical for moist ecotopes are spread too. 35 species are endemics of Caucasus and included in “Red List of the Endemic Plants of the Caucasus”. Among the endemics 2 species are endemics of Georgia, one of them is local endemic of Tbilisi environs. 18 species are plants of Red List of Georgia. Floristic composition is enriched with naturalized plants (28 species). Relict trees and shrubs of the Tertiary period are spread in Tbilisi environs too. ACCEPTED

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ACCEPTED