Metodická Příručka K Určování Domácích Druhů Jeřábů

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Metodická Příručka K Určování Domácích Druhů Jeřábů METODICKÁ PŘÍRUČKA K URČOVÁNÍ DOMÁCÍCH DRUHŮ JEŘÁBŮ RNDr. VÁCLAV BURIÁNEK Bc. Ing. et Ing. PETR NOVOTNÝ, Ph.D. ik ova n é ti f r DIKY e TO C E M LESNICKÝ PRŮVODCE LESNICKÝ 7/2019 Metodická příručka k určování domácích druhů jeřábů Certifikovaná metodika RNDr. Václav Buriánek Bc. Ing. et Ing. Petr Novotný, Ph.D. Strnady 2019 1 Lesnický průvodce 7/2019 Výzkumný ústav lesního hospodářství a myslivosti, v. v. i. Strnady 136, 252 02 Jíloviště www.vulhm.cz Publikace vydané v řadě Lesnický průvodce jsou dostupné v elektronické verzi na: http://www.vulhm.cz/lesnicky_pruvodce Vedoucí redaktor: Ing. Jan Řezáč; e-mail: [email protected] Výkonná redaktorka: Miroslava Valentová; e-mail: [email protected] Grafická úprava a zlom: Klára Šimerová; e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-80-7417-197-0 ISSN 0862-7657 METHODOLOGICAL MANUAL FOR NATIVE ROWAN SPECIES DETERMINATION Abstract The methodology deals with a system for the practical determination of native rowan species. The description of all Czech species including the most common introduced and cultivated species and hybrids is presented including their distribution, ecology and habitat requirements. The principal attention has been paid not only to the main easier identifiable species but all the minor, rare and endemic species, which are difficult to identify are also attached for people with deeper interest. The determination of species is based especially on traits on the leaves. Also other complementary traits e.g. on fruits, flowers and bark, if necessary, are mentioned as well. For winter time determination of the basic species the traits on the buds are added. The guidelines are intended for practical use by foresters and the general public. In conclusion, the economic aspects are also described. The manual is supplemented by many photographs of leaves, and mostly also fruits and flowers of all native and a few other species. This publication has importance in European scale because besides widely distributed main rowan species it comprises unique Czech endemic species, which are not presented in foreign sources. Key words: rowan; Sorbus; determination; species description; morphological identifying traits; leaves; fruits; buds Recenzenti: Ing. Martin Veselý; Ministerstvo zemědělství ČR Ing. Miloš Pařízek; Lesy České republiky, s. p. 3 Foto na obálce: Jeřáb ptačí (Sorbus aucuparia) – Michlova Huť, Šumava (V. Petrů, srpen 2019) Fotografie v příloze: V. Buriánek Adresa autorů: RNDr. Václav Buriánek Bc. Ing. et Ing. Petr Novotný, Ph.D. Výzkumný ústav lesního hospodářství a myslivosti, v. v. i. Strnady 136 156 00 Praha 5-Zbraslav e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Obsah: 1 ÚVOD A CÍL METODIKY ......................................................... 7 1.1 Taxonomická problematika jeřábů ....................................... 9 1.2 Rozšíření a ekologická charakteristika jednotlivých druhů .......................................................... 12 1.2.1 Domácí druhy ....................................................... 12 1.2.2 Pěstované nepůvodní druhy a kříženci ...................... 19 2 VLASTNÍ POPIS METODIKY ................................................. 21 2.1 Rozlišování základních druhů ............................................ 22 2.2 Rozlišování jeřábu ptačího a jeřábu oskeruše ...................... 22 2.3 Rozlišování jeřábu břeku .................................................. 24 2.4 Rozlišování jeřábu sudetského ........................................... 24 2.5 Přehledný zjednodušený klíč k rozlišování základních druhů jeřábů a jeřábu sudetského ..................... 25 2.6 Rozlišování druhů z okruhu jeřábu muku (Sorbus aria agg.) .......................................................... 26 2.6.1 Rozlišování hlavních druhů z okruhu jeřábu muku (Sorbus aria agg.) ............................... 27 2.6.2 Rozlišování endemických druhů z okruhu jeřábu muku (Sorbus aria agg.) ............................... 29 2.7 Rozlišování nejčastěji pěstovaných a zplaňujících nepůvodních druhů ......................................................... 37 2.8 Postup při zařizování jeřábových porostů při obnově LHP a LHO ..................................................... 38 3 SROVNÁNÍ NOVOSTI POSTUPŮ ........................................... 39 4 POPIS UPLATNĚNÍ METODIKY ............................................ 40 5 EKONOMICKÉ ASPEKTY ....................................................... 40 6 DEDIKACE ............................................................................ 43 7 LITERATURA ........................................................................ 43 7.1 Seznam použité související literatury ................................. 43 7.2 Seznam publikací, které předcházely metodice .................... 49 SUMMARY ................................................................................. 51 FOTOGRAFICKÁ PŘÍLOHA ......................................................... 52 Skeny listů ............................................................... 52–55 Jeřáb ptačí .................................................................... 56 Jeřáb ptačí olysalý .......................................................... 57 Jeřáb oskeruše .......................................................... 58–59 Jeřáb břek ................................................................ 59–61 Jeřáb chlumní ........................................................... 62–63 Jeřáb muk ................................................................ 64–65 Jeřáb dunajský .......................................................... 66–67 Jeřáb český .............................................................. 68–70 Jeřáb milský ............................................................. 71–73 Jeřáb labský ............................................................. 74–76 Jeřáb soutěskový ....................................................... 77–78 Jeřáb opominutý ............................................................. 79 Jeřáb krasový ........................................................... 80–81 Jeřáb barrandienský ................................................... 81–82 Jeřáb džbánský ......................................................... 83–85 Jeřáb manětínský ........................................................... 86 Jeřáb bezdězský ........................................................ 87–88 Jeřáb olšolistý ........................................................... 88–90 Jeřáb čertův .................................................................. 90 Jeřáb moravský .............................................................. 91 Jeřáb kornoutolistý .................................................... 92–93 Jeřáb podyjský ............................................................... 94 Jeřáb sudetský ............................................................... 95 Jeřáb prostřední ........................................................ 96–97 Jeřáb Mougeotův ............................................................ 98 Jeřáb tenkoplstnatý ........................................................ 99 Skeny pupenů ................................................................ 99 Sbírková výsadba jeřábů ................................................ 100 1 ÚVOD A CÍL METODIKY Metodika byla stejně jako již dříve vydané návody na určování domácích druhů dubů (Buriánek et al. 2013), bříz (Buriánek et al. 2014), olší (Buriánek et al. 2015), topolů (Buriánek, Novotný 2016), jilmů (Buriánek, Novotný 2017) a lip (Buriánek, Novotný 2018) vypracována na základě podnětu odborných pracov- níků Lesů České republiky, s. p. Jejím cílem je poskytnout praktickým lesníkům a dalším uživatelům pokud možno srozumitelnou a názornou příručku k určování domácích druhů jeřábů na přírodních stanovištích v terénu. Byla zpracována tak, aby bylo možné určovat základní druhy jeřábů pomocí znaků nevyžadujících hlubší botanické znalosti v oblasti taxonomie či rostlinné morfologie. Obsahuje přehled- ný zjednodušený klíč k rozlišování základních druhů, který je založen především na morfologických znacích na listech (zejména na tvaru a velikosti listové čepele). Pro určování v zimním období jsou uvedeny znaky na pupenech (hlavně jejich tvar a plstnatost), popř. charakter borky. V další části textu a v přílohách jsou pak pro vážnější zájemce k dispozici podklady a podrobnější informace potřebné k rozli- šení a determinaci obtížně určitelných druhů z okruhu jeřábu muku, kde jsou dů- ležitými a často i jedinými možnými určovacími znaky tvar listového okraje, jeho zubatost a hloubka zářezů mezi hlavními žilkami a laloky. Jako doplňující pomocné znaky slouží také tvar a barva plodů. Jeřáby patří v Česku i jinde v Evropě k okrajovým a ekonomicky méně významným dřevinám, takže jim je v lesnické praxi i výzkumu věnována jen malá pozornost. V lesních hospodářských plánech jsou vykazovány jen jeřáb ptačí a jeřáb břek, zatímco ostatní druhy nejsou pro své nepatrné zastoupení uváděny. Aktuální po- díl v druhové skladbě lesů k 31. 12. 2018 (e-Agri 2019) dosahuje u jeřábu ptačího 0,28 % (7298,01 ha), u jeřábu břeku pak pouze 0,004 % (108,61 ha). Zdaleka nejroz- šířenější jeřáb ptačí je spolu s břízami a topolem osikou pokládán za běžnou pionýr- skou dřevinu nevyžadující zvláštní péči, která navíc dobře plní i funkci přípravné dřeviny při zalesňování velkoplošných kalamitních holin. Ostatní druhy jeřábů jsou cennou složkou některých společenstev, zejména na specifických stanovištích, kde patří mezi významné meliorační a zpevňující dřeviny. Tyto druhy jsou nejčastěji rozšířeny
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