Proposed Development of Waterbeach Mod Site and Neighbouring Land

HERITAGE APPRAISAL

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT OF WATERBEACH MOD SITE AND NEIGHBOURING LAND

April 2016 © Beacon Planning Ltd 2015 Project Ref: 15-1128 This document has been prepared in accordance with the scope of Beacon Planning Limited’s appointment with its client and is subject to the terms of that appointment. It is addressed to and for the sole and confidential use and reliance of Beacon Planning Limited’s client. Beacon Planning Limited Date: 1 April 2016 accepts no liability for any use of this document other than by its client and only for the purposes for which it was prepared and provided. No person other than the client may copy (in whole or in part) use or rely on the contents of this document, without the prior written permission of the Company Secretary of Beacon Planning Limited. Any advice, opinions, or recommendations within this document should be read and relied upon only in the Prepared: J Burton context of the document as a whole. Senior Consultant

Beacon Planning Ltd Checked: Dr J Burgess 7 Quy Court, Director Colliers Lane Stow-cum-Quy CAMBRIDGE CB25 9AU

T 01223 810990 F 01223 810991 www.beaconplanning.co.uk CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2. STATUTORY CONSTRAINTS 3. HISTORY OF THE SITE AND SURROUNDINGS 4. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1: LIST DESCRIPTIONS

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 1 Application Site Boundary

Track Drain Draft Policy SS/5

Drain Opencast Track Workings (disused) Wider Area

4.0m

Drain

A 10

Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights Bannold Lodge

FB WB

ROMAN ROAD El Sub Sta

4.0m

Drain

2m RH

1.2

Drain A 10 Track N

Drain

Upper Mill Drain 0m Drain 400m Settlement (site of)

Track

Drain Water

Track

1.22m RH Top Moor

WB n

Denny Abbey Farm Drai

Denny Abbey Drain Cottages

1.22m FF 4

ard Bdy FF 1 4.6m 1.22m FF

(Drain) CD

Co Const, ED & W Cattle Grid Dra in

4.6m 4.9m

Beach Ditch Denny Croft Cattle Grid

Drain 1.22m RH 4.3m Cattle Grid

Drain

Remains of Abbey

ELY ROAD Drain (Franciscan Nuns founded 1342) Remains of Abbey

ROMANROAD (Franciscan Nuns founded 1342) Drain

Pond 5.8m Pond 5.2m

Pond 4.0m Lake Tank p Drain e

Mast (Telecommunication)

3.4m Landing Stage Track

Lay-by Drain Drain

Depot El Sub Sta

Tanks

Drain

Def

Track Hayacre Farm

Drain 3.0m

Depot

4.0m Depot Tank

7200

Drain Garage Glenmore 7100 Business Park

VE El Sub Sta Garage

16 El Sub

11 Sta

Drain

1 3

SD 3.0m

Drain

Lake

9000 Airfield

Drain

Lake Drain (disused) A 10

BEACH DRIVE Lake Cambridge Research Park Track Drain Sh elter LB Banno ld Drove (Track)

Soldiers' Hill 2000

2.2m 2.2m

1000 Drain

New Farm

2.7m CROSS DROVE

Track

2.2m

Bannold Box Cottages 4

Drain 1

2 1 Drain HGV Driving Test Centre

Drain 2.4m LEV

Lake

Drain

Track

ROMANROAD

Landbeach Lakes 3.7m Lake 4.3m

Well

Club House

The Lodge

Track

MP.75

Pond Golf Course 4.6m 2.0m (private) New Buildings 2.7m Drain

HIGH FEN DRIFT

Water Tank B SD Lake a nnold Drove (Tra

Drain

(Track) 2.5m

ELY ROAD ck) Lake

Drain

3.7m Airfield

FB (disused) Drain

Pond

Drain

4.6m

2.5m

Drain

Tank Pond

Pond Drain D Track

Drain

Pond

Tanks

Golf Course (private) MP.5 Pond in ra D

Pond

Pond Drain

2.7m

FLINT LANE Slipway

Midload

Track 3 2 Lake 2 1 4 Pond 1 rain D Flint Level Crossing Cottages DROVE Def Sunrise Business LONG

Park Commissioners'

A 10 WaterbeachJoist Fen

Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Drain Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights Pond

4.6m Golf Course (private) Drain

Lake Lake

Pond

Sluice 2.9m

Pond FB

Lake The Willows

Drain MP.25

2.7m 4.9m

SD Tennis Court

Signal Square Playing Field 3.1m 4.9m

Emmaus Waterbeach Drain Airfield Barracks (disused)

Drain

LB TCBs old Drove (Track) Bannolds rs' Drain Bann Midload 2.9m Sewage Works SL Car Dyke Witton's Fields ELY Commissione Water Waterbeach ROAD Tanks Joist Fen

FS LONG DROVE Church

15 5.2m 1

ROMAN 1 to 3 to 1 CANAL

MP 20 14

24 8 MP 62

21 7

Abbey Court ABBEY PLACE 12

25 33

28 35

15 13 ESS

85 32

9 2

Drain

4 Track

2 4 75 40

61 3.1m

ORCHARD VIEW 5 48

Def 39

37 Childrens Nursery

13 Play LB Area 18 Drain FS 27

5 2 33 Waterbeach Barracks Drain 15 43 2.9m 45

37 Cemetery 7 17 31 39 47 Community

Centre El Sub Sta 2 1 55

22 65 2.5m

CAPPER ROAD 75

24 12

D 0 1 2

6 1

Playground 8 8

1 79 8

1 4

1 2

1 6

7 10

68 CODY ROA

11 8

19 7 5

Walk 26 3

91 93

70 9 80 62 56 52 16 11

18 6 10 14 El Templar 64 E

DRIVE 30 1 U 2 Sub 8a 9 1 RD 1 Cammel Walk N

48 7

A 1 2

67 Sta 45

61 9a 36 50 Drain

3 39 ORCH

R AVE 1 1

35 1

34 11

6 09 0

43 El 7 1 25 44 29 9 Sub 15

12 Sta

21 53

40 2 FLETCHE

8 17

43 1 113 21

Path (um) 115

1 in 1 3

1 9

59 33 17 a 44

38 24 12

40 1

1 2 1 31 14

59 2

61 29 Drain 5 Stirling Waterbeach OVIDENCE WAY 13

P 12

35 Park 2

4.9m KIRBY 63

House 10 ROAD

4 Playground LB

7 7

47 11 6

2 65 28 1 6

19 KIRBY TERRACE 3 32

SD Drain 45 9 8 5 48 Pond 37 El

Sub 15

147

145 14

Pond 2 Sta 6 3

26 9

27 60 1

6 24 ACF 30 2 1

P HERON WALK

26a Training ath (um) 1 Centre 24

3.2m

15 22 2

13 SHIPP'S FIELD 5 6 12 2 16 Pond 6 1 0 9 50 48 18 51

Denny End 52 50a a 48 2 Path

LEVITT L MP.75

1 A

Pump 1 NE

44 1

2 Pond LB 1 DENNY END ROA

TCB D 10 8

A 10 8

3 6.1m

7 4 5

43 7 PRITCHARD WALK y 39

3 Le 2 Barton

5 7 35 63

9 5

1 2 2 o

13 5

Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 1 Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights 33

29 1 2.6m 3 2

4 5 5.5m WALK

Long View Farm CHEASON

4 Waterbeach 1 2 75

6 Drain Joist Fen

BANNOLD COURT 19

4.9m 14 El Sub Sta

Shelter 2 Drain 4 PH DENNY END ROAD 14a 1

Drain 2 3

Def

13 13 1 3 Drain

CONVENT 28 15 19 11

16 Bannolds

Depot 14b 14d 4 15a ain

14a Dr 15 ast 21 M LEVITT LANE 21 m)

DRIVE

cation) 2 5.8m 33 23 4.9m (Telecommuni 1a n Denny End 14 Path (u

Depot 34 11 ai 7 r 7 21 Midload Waterbeach Joist Fen D 4 House 5 BANNOLD DROVE Drain Rosalind NOTE Franklin

6 29 2 Drain Drain 29 BAN 95 16 NOLD 38 RO Midload Farm

38 AD El Sub Sta 36 JUBILEE CLOSE 5.8m LONG DROVE 24

10 Surgery This drawing is for information purposes only and not for use in construction.

45 2 5.8m 31 1 5.2m

43 33

30 13 1 TCB 1 34

40 a

35 41 Commissioners' Drain Do NOT scale fromDrain this drawing. b St

7 u 39 10

37 S

4 l 3

Depot El E

El Sub Sta 35 Drai 133

10 42

0 LB n

Sub Sta 6 Posts

22 50 70 All dimensions are to be checked on site and any discrepancies should be

PEMBROKE AVENUE

1 68 3.4m Ppg 14 72

JOSIAH CLARE 27

1 76

30d 8 Sta 30e 7 ain

24 30c r 4 6 3.0m D 47 51 30b 30a 5

30 immediately reported to the originator of the drawing.

4 Merton Park 84 50

CLOSE 33 CO

18 10 URT

Mast (Telecommuni 28a 86 5

1 104

90 14 34 2.9m El 28 BANNOLD ROA 1

40 El All information is copyright protected and may not be used or reproduced

12 D

Sub Sta 27a 20 17

29a 1 13 Sub Sta 1 35 1

4 89b 9

13 94

52 29

3 64 17

Mas 92 Ferry House Industrial Estate ROAD

5 34 54 31 to without prior permission.

52 62 ts PE 2

63 1 Level Crossing Drain

(Telecommunication) cati 56

1 30 27

Car Dyke MBROKE AVENUE 1 Lock Farm l6 2 1

on) 58 FENLEIGH C

to 9 89a 89

54 1 60 9 2.5m

WINFOLD LOSE Toll

to 8 Robson 5 Depot Club Drain Court 29 House

The Missons 8 Pump to

4 27 1 38

40 El 66 3 Pump House Sub Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of HMSO. 22 69

Sta 84a Library

30 53 k

1 5 7 © Crown copyright and database right 2010

Trac 79 14 1

ROOKERY CLOSE 25

Waterbeach 43 El Sub Sta 5

PARK CRESCENT ockeeper's m

Community 68 The Cottage Drain L a 2 9 10

13 El Sub Sta ren's 5 4.3 hild 26 Fenland

20 C Gardens House e Primary School SPURGEONS AVENUE ound ottish s

Centr r B Lock P 51 g Ordnance Survey Licence number 100022533 M 5.5m 68 19 y 20 Pla ) FB ROMAN 2 um 2 r

WADDELOW 10 ( 19 Bank CANAL 23 th 1 Wei a 2 Title Cabin P 5 1

2a Day Nursery 91 95

Drain 18 12 Pool 1 76

Swimming 3 Drain MoPs

2 9 1 51a ROAD HIGH STREET

um) 16 (

Drain 16 e 13

s 59 WILES MP.5 u Path

57 11

1 58

21 Former Waterbeach 7 1

Down Ho 14a CL 1 1 55 9 11 10 11 17 CreweThe House Coach House a 15 24 2 9 5

3 1 19d

2 2 Whittons Farm 49

Drain 5 4 19 26 5 1

7 14 Water 13 WAY LANE

12 21 23 Lay-by

Top End 9a a 1 4

2 2

1 CLOSE 1

10 12a 23 27 Barracks & Airfield:

6 17 20

c 22 22a

17a 1 1 P 1 1

RIMROSE 3 1

7b 2 1

2 Drain LANE 25 5

17 R 4 7 h (um) 9 t

Primrose L HA Drain Roseyard Cott 43 Pa

ane 15 15 48 12 SD DENSON CLOSE Freshfields 19 6.4m 3 33 23

22 25 20 CATTELL' 1

3 Blenheim Cott 27 31 33 41 9 S 26

LANE 1 Site Plan 14

10 Denny House 46a 2 46

a 1 13

Drain 77 Ashtree Sorting 9

House Mulberry 2

Office 3 44 10

House Pieces

ELY ROAD PO 30 7 5

63 SABERTON CLOSE Court

39 2

41 PIEC 1

ES 3 14

5 5 LANE 1

CLOSE 1 6 BARKER El Su El Sub 2 b 1 Sta 7

65 Sta 1 Drain

9 49 Scale 1 6 22 5 3 CLOS 5 Date Plantation E E 2a 6a

VICARAG 2

House CLOSE Drain River Cam

3 3

2 6

2 5

1 2 Path 18 1

55 1a

3 5

7 5 1:5000@A1 - 1:10,000@A3 3 07-10-15 Drain

Water 1 CAMPS 1 1 4

Plantation Cottage 1 27

32 4.6m Stables Yard 1 14 6 St Teresas 31 3 Bdy

Jasmine House 1 1 12

BURGESS'S DROVE 3 14 Drawn Designed Approved Drawing Number

Ash Haugh 1

CR 12 E 3

31 S

Charnwood

30 7a 25 INGTON CLO ED & Ward LL

16 17 E 18 13 W 3 Drain Rothwell b

Car Dyke 21

Path 28 7

ROMAN 3 4 CANAL 35

3 ADW HJ DB UAC021 - 035 -- PIECES TERRACE 20

6 2 2 SP 7 8 4

GREEN SIDE Drain Birch 2 Beechenhurst

House 18a 16 Sycamore Path (um)

18 1 25 11a Bluebell Woods House 19 0 Water Caravan Park 17 14 1 1 11 Water 6 GREEN SIDE The Green 11 3 12 Drain 1a 9 36 1 WAY 9 TCB Waterbeach 13 White 3 35 Pleasant View Lodge 21 Horse CKER

E Allotment Gardens 10 Pp 8 (PH) 35

Path (um) 2

Track GIBSON c

7 4 5 5 6

6b 7

WOODP

Shelter a 6

2 CLOSE 6b

MILL ROAD 4 31

11 1

8 33

4 BURGESS ROAD

10 19

6.7m 1 15 8a

3 2 GP

1 4

14 25 27 6a

1 L STR

CHAPE EET

1 8

5 4b

3 8 76 BURGE 11 22 SS POORSFIELD ROAD ROAD 1 41 The Shieling 4

1 LB 5 49

11 El Sub Sta

10 1 4 6 2 The 2

0 12 6

1a 1 3

D 14 4 1 Sun

6 Hall Crest Farm 1 OA 4 Craigwell 12 (PH)

SAXON 3 73

WAY MP.25 1 E R 9

11 E

6 8

0 S 35 2

7 1 3

EB 5

L 6 I T Garage Waterbeach L 74a

100 G IL 4 74 Drain

CLO 0

6.4m 4 HARDING 1

Centre 8

Baptist Church 9 4 LB 10

Lyndhurst 1 13 Level Crossing

2 1 31

3 3

DREW'S H ROS 3

9 Jennifer Lodge GP N 2 R

4 EM OSE

0 12

5 M

7 ARY A 6

6 ST A R

a Y R

1 ROAD

5 D

5 Dra

4 in 30

Stewart House El 3 1b 16

52 32 5 1

18 Sub

98 54 Queen's Way 2 Sta El Sub Sta

96 20 to 26 1a

1 6 60 2 1 Osborne House 3

Almshouses

108 28 22

1 5 a 1

CH 2 1

1 APEL

26 6 6 6.1m 28

Newfield Def 1 19

02 0 8

6 3 CL 2 6

108 a

9 1 OSE 2 Telephone 1

Exchange 2

Sandal Wood Hall 23 6

9 1 0 Tennis 7 6 21 Court a

SE 13

22 Playground

CLO 2 2 1 6 1 3 Bowling

Foot Bridge 28 20

31 Green Drain

Pond 4 7 10 1

130 ONATION 18 5

Pond 4.6m R 8

1 3 DAVID LOCK ASSOCIATES LIMITED

Drain 1

8 3 9 84 CO 40 MS CT th PA A Pavilion Pa YTON Y SL

Club WA AD

3 5 2 50 NORTH THIRTEENTH STREET, CENTRAL MILTON KEYNES, MK9 3BP

82 44 The Hall 4 121 PC

Drain 1 5

5.8m 22 1

1 Waterbeach 1 1 TEL: 01908 666276 FAX : 01908 605747 EMAIL: [email protected]

Manor House 83 48 Recreation Ground

Drain

LB re 24 1 137 ac

85 33 74 all STA 2

1 1

Sm T 1 6

8 St ION

9 John R

7 's Chur OAD 27a

77 1 www.davidlock.com

119 9 1b

5 52 7 c Silver Wood Lodge h 7 UE Fig. 1. Development site Fig. 2. Proposed site allocation, Local Plan 2011-2031: Proposed Submission Policies Map (July 2013). South Cambridgeshire District Council.

2 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.4. The heritage implications of the proposed of the site, building upon earlier reports prepared by development have already been the subject of initial Headland Archaeology. This includes an appraisal of discussions with South Cambridgeshire District Council the setting of Denny Abbey and significance of the MOD 1.1. This Heritage Appraisal has been prepared on and Historic England, led by the consultant team structures in brief. This report will build upon OAE’s work; behalf of Urban&Civic to assess the heritage significance assembled by RLW Estates. These discussions have been it is intended that the two assessments are read in tandem. of the Waterebach MOD site and neighbouring land to supported by a landscape and heritage appraisal and the east together with surrounding heritage assets in the setting study prepared by LDA Design (2013) (consulted context of proposed development. In particular, it will in the preparation of this report). Beacon Planning have assess the contribution that the setting of Denny Abbey since been instructed by Urban&Civic to provide heritage makes to its significance, and the intrinsic significance of consultancy services to their design team and we have the former RAF and Army structures on the Waterbeach undertaken our own heritage appraisal to ensure a sound Barracks MOD site. and shared understanding of the heritage significance of the site. 1.2. The development site is outlined in Figure 1. Defence Infrastructure Organisation (DIO) is the landowner 1.5. This document has been prepared at the outset of the former Waterbeach MOD site that makes up the to inform initial master plan and forthcoming discussions western portion of the development area (shaded in red) to be held with statutory and other stakeholders. It and Urban&Civic is a strategic development company is anticipated that this document will be added to as appointed by DIO as the development manager for the necessary in order to ensure that the heritage sensitivities site. The eastern portion is under different ownership of the site are addressed in a comprehensive and robust comprising a consortium of private landowners, controlled way to support its future development. A Development by RLW Estates and the Waterbeach Trust. Framework Document (DFD) is being prepared by the landowners/promoters for the whole site in advance of 1.3. The site is proposed for allocation in the draft planning applications. This report is also intended to Local Plan as site SS/5 (Fig. 2). The timetable for adoption be supporting evidence for the DFD and a subsequent of the plan is uncertain but has been put back following the planning application on behalf of Urban&Civic. commencement of the Examination in Public in early 2015. Denny Abbey is located to the north of the development 1.6. This report will concentrate upon built structures site and has been included in the draft Area Action Plan and will not consider archaeology aside from the area to ensure provision for measures to protect and contribution it makes to the setting of adjacent heritage where possible enhance its heritage significance. assets. Oxford Archaeology East (OAE) have prepared a desk-based assessment of the archaeological potential

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 3 2.0 STATUTORY 2.5. At the entrance to the Abbey are a set of gate the significance and location of these assets, they are not piers that are Grade II listed. considered in further detail in this report. CONSTRAINTS 2.6. Denny Abbey is open to the public and managed 2.11. To the north of Denny Abbey and therefore some by the Farmland Museum. It is an English Heritage distance from the site is Causeway Farmhouse which is Designated heritage assets guardianship site. Grade II listed.

2.1. The abbey structures and area immediately 2.7. English Heritage (as was) assessed the heritage surrounding Denny Abbey, including the surviving historic interest of the former MOD site in 2012. A number of Non-designated heritage assets earthworks, are protected as a scheduled monument. conclusions regarding heritage significance were made The designated area is shown in Fig 2. This was first that will be considered in this report. The headline 2.12. South Cambridgeshire District Council does not designated in 1946, and more recently amended in 1992. conclusion of this assessment was that the site of RAF maintain a local list, therefore no structures within the site All above ground buildings, walls and access roads are Waterbeach and its surviving military structures did not have formal status as non-designated heritage assets. excluded from the scheduling. Scheduled monuments merit statutory designation. Nevertheless, such assets can be identified through the are protected via the provisions of the Ancient Monuments planning process, and it has been recognised by Historic and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, although this affords 2.8. To the south of the site is the village of England that the airfield / army structures are of local historic no protection to their settings which is instead protected Waterbeach which has a historic core containing a cluster interest. by local and national planning policy. of listed buildings. This historic core forms the focus of the Waterbeach Conservation Area. Given the village 2.2. Within the scheduled area are three listed setting of these listed buildings they are not considered Archaeology buildings as follows: individually, however the significance of the conservation  Denny Abbey Refectory: Grade I listed area and its setting is discussed to ensure completeness. 2.13. Archaeological features such as Car Dyke that borders the southwestern edge of the site have  Denny Abbey (nunnery building): Grade I listed 2.9. Conservation areas are protected by the been considered in greater detail in OAE’s desk-based  Barn to north of Denny Abbey: Grade II listed provisions of the 1990 Act, however this makes no archaeological assessment. reference to setting which is instead protected via the 2.3. Listed buildings and their settings are protected requirements of local and national policy. by the provisions of sections 16 and 66 of the Planning Legislation and policy (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. 2.10. There are a number of designated assets in the nearby area, including a cluster of listed buildings 2.14. The master planning process should take account 2.4. There are no other designated assets within the within the nearby village of Landbeach, and a series of of historic environment policies set out in local and national site. milestones located along the A10. Due to the nature of planning policy, as well as the statutory heritage tests. As

4 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land the proposals progress towards an outline application, 2.18. Where less than substantial harm will result, this they will need to be tested in full against the relevant harm will need to be weighed against the public benefits of policies and legislation. It is not necessary therefore to the proposal (NPPF paragraph 133). The PPG guides that set them out in detail here, however key policies and tests public benefits can be anything that delivers economic, are summarised below to ensure that they underpin the social or environmental progress, and may include master planning exercise. heritage benefits (paragraph 020).

2.15. Given that there will be no physical impact to the 2.19. The NPPF guides that local planning authorities scheduled monument, listed buildings or conservation should seek opportunities for new development within the area, the only relevant statutory heritage test is s66 of the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their 1990 Act which requires local planning authorities to pay significance (paragraph 137). special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting when determining planning applications.

2.16. The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) is clear that significance can be harmed through development within an asset’s setting. Substantial harm to heritage assets of the highest significance (Grade I and II* listed buildings and scheduled monuments) should be wholly exceptional (paragraph 132).

2.17. Where substantial harm will result, for permission to be granted this harm has to be necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm, or a series of high tests need to be met relating to the use of the site, lack of viable alternative uses, funding or owners, and that the benefit of bringing the site back into use outweighs the harm or loss (NPPF paragraph 134). The Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) is clear that substantial harm is a ‘high test, so it may not arise in many cases’ (paragraph 017).

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 5 3.0 HISTORY OF THE SITE 3.5. The Roman period is dominant within the including private accommodation for the Countess of archaeological record of the area. Car Dyke canal Pembroke who was the Order’s principal benefactor. AND SURROUNDINGS (approximately 1.5km southwest of Denny Abbey) and a Roman road extending northwards from Cambridge 3.9. The site remained in such use until the Dissolution, toward the settlement of modern-day Ely (Akeman Street) which resulted in the demolition of much of the Abbey Introduction are evidence that the area was well settled during the site and the C12 church and refectory repurposed as a Roman period. Evidence of Roman activity also includes farmhouse and barn respectively. 3.1. The history of the site is well known and has been earthworks, droveway and deposits, including a find of set out comprehensively by OAE in the archaeological high status goods including hypocaust tiles and coins 3.10. The emphasis on agricultural activity in the area desk-based assessment. This chapter offers a brief along with human remains. promoted the drainage of low-lying land, and the HER summary that is chiefly intended to provide an overview refers to monuments relating to this task, with further of the landscape around Denny Abbey and how it has 3.6. Aside from the Abbey itself, few medieval records documentary evidence of a wind-pump at Waterbeach, developed over time. are listed in the HER, suggesting a post-Roman decrease and archaeological remains documented of land drains in activity. The Abbey buildings themselves document the dating from the C18 and C19. period along with a number of medieval middens. Evidence Brief history of the development site and increases in the nearby settlements of Waterbeach and 3.11. To the north of Denny Abbey is the Grade II surroundings Landbeach. Nearby Bannold Lodge has the remains of listed Causeway Farmhouse, which dates to c.1620 with medieval settlement and a causeway. additions dating from the late C18 and C19. This property 3.2. Limited find spots provide evidence for the stands approximately 1.5km north of the Abbey and was earliest prehistoric occupation of the landscape around 3.7. Historic documents record that the site was leased to Edward Elrington, along with the main Abbey, in Denny Abbey and include flint axes and tools from the established c.1159 as a dependent priory of Ely cathedral. 1548 after the Dissolution. Mesolithic, Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. The Benedictines started to constructed a small church of cruciform plan, but not long after in 1170 the site became 3.12. The early-C17 ‘Map of the Road from Cambridge 3.3. Bronze Age deposits are limited to two barrows, the property of the Knights Templar who altered the church to Northampton’ by Ogilby (Fig. 3) refers to Denny as with a further double ring ditch in the wider area. It has and constructed further buildings on the site which became having an ‘abbey’, despite the documented use of the been suggested that the area was possibly part of a a home for elderly and infirm members of the Order. site as a farm post-Dissolution. Clearly the site was a Bronze Age funerary landscape. significant landmark on the route joining Cambridge to Ely, 3.8. King Edward II gave the Priory to the Hospitallers and its ecclesiastical history had not been forgotten. The 3.4. The archaeological record from the Iron Age is in 1308, but it was passed to the ownership of Mary de St abbey is depicted to the west of the main road, which is formed of findspots and archaeological investigations. Pol by Edward III, and it was used to house the Poor Clares, also as it is shown on Ellis’s later ‘Map of Cambridgeshire’, Cropmarks have been identified to the west of the site, a Franciscan order of nuns from c.1339. The Franciscans prepared in 1766. Listed milestones along the route are although these are possibly Roman in origin. constructed the refectory and domestic buildings, dated to c.1763 which raises questions as to the accuracy

6 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land of either the map or, perhaps more likley, the dating of the milestones.

3.13. By 1809 however the main road joining Ely and Cambridge had moved to the west of Denny Abbey as we see it today as documented on Gooch’s ‘Map of the Soils of Cambridgeshire’. The Enclosure Award and Map of 1818 would suggest that access remained to be via the historic trackway to the south in the early C19, with no driveway to the main road depicted. The gatepiers are dated c.1814, which does not tally entirely with the enclosure award. The gate piers use a C14 moulded pier of the Franciscan church, surmounted by Grecian urns. These are now separately Grade II listed.

3.14. Sale particulars from 1855 (Fig. 4) show that the Abbey continued to be accessed via the trackway leading past Winfold Farm to the south of the monument, but also shows for the first time the connection between the Abbey and the main route joining Cambridge with Ely. Fig. 3. Ogilby’s Map of the Road from Cambridge to Northampton’. Cambridgeshire Record Office, R/50/24/4A Fig. 4. Enclosure Map, 1818. Cambridgeshire Record Office, Q/RDC/31

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 7 Fig. 5 Extracts from 1888 1:2,500 OS plan

3.15. The 1888 OS plan (Fig. 5) shows a similar to the southwest corner of the platform from what is now the west. Winfold Farm was located to the south, with the arrangement in more detail as per the earlier sales particulars. the A10. The area within the platform is shown as open main access via a straight trackway from what is now the Denny Abbey is located within an agricultural landscape with earthworks, including the causeway which fed the A10, and is again formally lined with trees. characterised by field boundaries. The earthworks forming trackway to Winfold Farm. A more formal garden area is the platform on which the abbey site sits are clearly shown to the south of the house which may have been an 3.17. The River Cam is shown some distance to the demarcated, and the edge is well treed. This would have ornamental or productive garden. east, with the railway track located in between. given the platform a sense of enclosure as well as limited views into and out from the site from the surrounding 3.16. As noted, the causeway to Soldiers Hill is lined 3.18. From 1939-1945, the airfield known as RAF landscape. The boundary tree planting takes a formal to either side with trees. The earthwork is located within Waterbeach was established. This obliterated the majority arrangement, most obviously along the two causeways an enclosure which is similarly bordered with trees, most of the existing field boundaries along with Winfold Farm. which are lined with trees. Many of the field boundaries particularly on its southern and northern limits. A series of Construction started soon after the outbreak of World War are also shown as tree lined, along with a second access further earthworks labelled ‘Intrenchments’ are shown to II. This airbase was active during the war, and contained

8 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land Fig. 6. 1890-1892 1:10,560 OS plan

© Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Limited 2015 all rights reserved. This map may not be reproduced without permission. 902327493 OS County Series: CAMBRIDGESHIRE & ISLE OF ELY 1:10,560 1890-1892 hangars, stores, and other buildings associated with aerial 3.20. In July 1966, the airfield was transferred to the warfare. It was under the control of Royal Air Force Bomber ownership of the Royal Engineers (RE), although the Command and used by a number of units, including 99 base continued to be used as relief landing ground for Squadron, 1651 Conversion Unit and 514 Squadron. Oakington, with the runways continuing to be used until During the war the airfield was used for training as well 1974, when the airfield at Oakington no longer needed as an operational base from which attacks on occupied the facilities as Waterbeach. In 1984, Air Commodore NC mainland Europe were launched. Hyde CBE RAF (Ret’d) opened an extensive museum dedicated to the RAF and RE use of Waterbeach airfield. 3.19. The airfield remained in use after the war, seeing In March 2013, the site closed, with 39 Engineer Regiment active service in the Cold War during which time it was relocated to Kinloss Barracks. used as a base for jet fighters and by visiting foreign air forces.

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 9 4. STATEMENT OF archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance At this point this wider assessment considers only derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, Waterbeach Conservation Area. Other assets in the area SIGNIFICANCE but also from its setting. are not considered likely to be affected such that these impacts should feed into the master planning process. 4.1.4. Setting is defined in Annex 2 of the NPPF as 4.1. Introduction follows: 4.2.2. The assessment below therefore sets out an overview of the key significances of Denny Abbey, before 4.1.1. The National Planning Policy Framework The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. proceeding to appraise elements within its setting to (NPPF) makes clear that local planning authorities Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its understand how this contributes further to its heritage require applicants to demonstrate an understanding surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a significance. This is undertaken with close reference to of the significance of any ‘heritage asset’ affected by positive or negative contribution to the significance of an assessment step 2 as set out in the planning advice note: a development proposal. It also makes clear that the asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance ‘The Setting of Heritage Assets’ (Historic England 2015). level of information required should be ‘proportionate to or may be neutral. The attributes listed in this assessment step have been the assets’ importance, and no more than is sufficient to grouped together where appropriate to avoid repetition. understand the potential impact of the proposal on their 4.1.5. The Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) (2014) significance’ (paragraph 128). states: 4.2.3. The airfield structures are also appraised in brief. The heritage significance of the former MOD site as an 4.1.2. Heritage assets are defined in Annex 2 of the Being able to properly assess the nature, extent and airbase and later army barracks has been assessed by NPPF as: importance of the significance of a heritage asset…is English Heritage (Cocroft, 2012). The conclusions of this very important to understanding the potential impact and report are summarised below. None of the structures on A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape acceptability of development proposals. (Paragraph 18a- the site were considered to warrant statutory designation, identified as having a degree of significance meriting 009) and are not therefore of national heritage interest. No consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage information is known to have come to light since this interest. Heritage asset includes designated heritage 4.2. Methodology assessment was undertaken that would require the report assets and assets identified by the local planning authority to be revisited. (including local listing). 4.2.1. The purpose of this exercise is to establish an understanding of those elements that contribute positively 4.1.3. Significance is also defined in Annex 2 of the to the significance of Denny Abbey, along with the heritage NPPF: significance of any built structures within the development site itself to inform the master planning process. It also The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations considers other assets close to the development site that because of its heritage interest. That interest may be may be affected by the proposed new town development.

10 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land 4.3. Denny Abbey as the architectural fashions and building techniques of the respective periods. 4.3.1. Denny Abbey comprises a complex of medieval monastic buildings, earthworks and below ground 4.3.4. Below ground are the remains of ancillary archaeology that together form a heritage asset subject buildings now lost constructed over the years by the to multiple statutory designations at the highest tier. various religious orders. Excavations at the west end of the The Grade I listed buildings and scheduled monument Templar church revealed the remains of a C13 garderobe, constitute heritage assets of the highest significance, and and others within the refectory have revealed the internal the Grade II listed structure is of lower but still national arrangements of the nuns’ dining hall. importance. In general terms therefore, the site as a whole must be considered to be of very high heritage 4.3.5. The earthworks surrounding the abbey are significance. similarly of archaeological value, providing evidence of the occupation of the site prior to its ecclesiastical use 4.3.2. In the assessment below, ‘Denny Abbey’ is taken as well as during its occupation by the three religious Denny Abbey, former nunnery, south elevation to include the scheduled monument and listed buildings. orders. Evidence suggests that the site was occupied in the late Iron Age/Roman period. Other earthworks Heritage interests of Denny Abbey provide evidence for its medieval occupation. A causeway leads southwards to the historic trackway past Soldiers 4.3.3. Archaeological interest: The archaeological Hill, and a holloway extends northwards demonstrating interest of Denny Abbey must be considered to be very how the Abbey connected to nearby settlements. Other high as evidenced by its status as a scheduled monument. earthworks represent stock and field stock enclosures to It is a monastic complex that dates from the C12, having the south and west, and fishponds in the field to the west been occupied by three successive religious orders. The of the current driveway. surviving structures give evidence of these changes over time, from the initial construction of the small church by 4.3.6. The barn at the rear is C17 and therefore, although the Benedictines c.1159 through to the modifications of some age, it post-dates the Dissolution and documents made by the Templars later in the C12, the establishment the early years of its re-use as a substantial farmstead. of a nunnery on the site c.1339 by the Franciscans, and its later use as a farm post-Dissolution. The fabric 4.3.7. Architectural and artistic interest: The nunnery itself is evidence for these changes, yielding information and refectory are of very high architectural interest. The as to how the original church has been extended and remains of the Franciscan nunnery are thought to be contracted over time to suit the successive uses, as well unique, with no other surviving examples. Denny Abbey, former nunnery first floor

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 11 4.3.8. The nunnery was converted from the earliest beyond stretching back to the Roman period. The survival Benedictine church of c.1159, with later additions by the of fabric and earthworks above and below ground illustrate Knights Templar in the later C12 and C13. These multiple a period of history that is generally not well documented in phases are documented in the architecture, with fine the archives, whilst at the same time complementing the carving on some of the doorways and columns providing limited documentary record that does survive. The built evidence of evolving aesthetic tastes and fashions over the structures form a clear link between today’s generation and medieval period. Much of this interest has more recently those of our forebears, helping to illustrate the medieval been revealed through works undertaken by the Ministry of religious communities responsible for their construction, Works to reveal the multiple layers of architectural interest their relationship to the ecclesiastical and secular and evidential value. The appearance of the nunnery today communities in the wider area, and also later farming is much changed from its medieval form. Originally three communities which have contributed to the character and storeys, it is now only two, with each elevation showing appearance of the wider landscape around the abbey site blocked openings alluding to its former ecclesiastical today. uses. This is particularly evident on the east façade which Denny Abbey, former nunnery shows the blocked chancel arch and ambulatory arches of Contribution made by setting to the significance of the original church. The C18 and C19 sash windows relate Denny Abbey to its more recent use as a substantial farmhouse, giving the building an eclectic character reflecting its long and  Topography varied history.

4.3.11. The topography of the surrounding area is flat, as 4.3.9. The refectory is a substantial building in Barnack characteristic of the former fenland landscape. Manmade and other limestone ashlar constructed c.1340. It has raised landforms in the area include most notably a five, two-trefoiled-light windows with quatrefoils in the modern bunding following the route of the A10 to the south north wall. It has undergone significant alteration, with the of the site and landfill site to the northwest, however these south wall rebuilt in the C16/C17, and west wall in the C17/ are relatively modest and the overriding character of the C18. It was converted to an eight bay barn with thatched land is flat. roof when the building became a working farm post- Dissolution.

4.3.10. Historic interest: The abbey site is of very high historic interest, providing evidence for multiple phases of occupation for the best part of a millennium, and even Denny Abbey, former refectory

12 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land  Other heritage assets 4.3.15. There are no other listed buildings in the immediate vicinity that make a particular contribution to 4.3.12. The immediate setting of the Denny Abbey the significance of the abbey site. Whilst there are listed buildings comprises the platform on which they are buildings in the area that form part of the wider historic located. The earthworks and individually listed abbey environment, none of these share a close relationship with and farm buildings make an integral contribution to the the abbey site such that they contribute to its significance. The earthworks and individually listed abbey and farm buildings make an integral contribution to the significance 4.3.16. The scheduled site to the north forms part of of the whole and each other. the Romano-British phase of occupation which is also demonstrated on the site with features such as Soldiers 4.3.13. The listed gate piers clearly share a close Hill, earthworks across the Denny Abbey site and Car functional, historic and spatial relationship with the abbey, Dyke. These form part of a wider landscape of Roman constructed from material taken from the abbey buildings. occupation in the area and share some relationship, The abbey makes an important contribution to their although this is not readily legible on the ground given the View southwards across earthworks from platform significance, being the raison d’etre for their construction. intervening distance. The gate piers similarly make an important contribution to the significance of the abbey site, signalling the importance 4.3.17. The airfield site is not a designated heritage asset, and status of the site even in its post-Dissolution years however when assessed for designation it was noted as from the main road. having group value with Denny Abbey. This is considered limited given that the sites share no architectural or historic 4.3.14. In terms of the wider setting, to the north is relationship, with any relationship derived solely from their Causeway Farmhouse, a Grade II listed C17 farmhouse close geographical proximity. constructed on a former fen island that was previously connected to the Abbey via a causeway or Roman road. 4.3.18. To the south of the Abbey is a C19 wellhead Following the Dissolution, the site was leased to Edward positioned on the historic trackway. It is now opposite Elkington who was also the lessee of the Abbey. The the former MOD bombstore. It is not a designated building itself post-dates the Dissolution and therefore heritage asset, having been assessed for listing as part of does not share a relationship with the primary significance Cocroft’s 2012 review. It may have been associated with of the buildings as an ecclesiastical centre, however Winfold Farm, although this was located some distance clearly it is a site that has shared a close relationship with to the south on the site of the airfield. It shares no known the abbey site over more recent centuries. associated with Denny Abbey. View southwards across earthworks from platform

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 13 4.3.19. Soldiers Hill lies c.500m to the south of the Abbey; 4.3.21. The area immediately around Denny Abbey is like the wellhead it is not a designated asset but has some more treed in character which is a remnant of the historic archaeological interest. It is a series of earthworks that landscaping evident on the C19 OS maps. The southern was extensively damaged during the construction of the and eastern boundaries of the scheduled monument are airfield, during which time it revealed Roman material. It lined with a treed hedgerow, and the causeway southwards forms part of a series of earthworks around the Abbey site to Soldiers Hill has retained an avenue. The northern field and in the wider area that form part of the evidence base for boundaries on the development site are lined with an Roman activity within the area. It does not share a close established hedgerow which broadly marks the edge of historic relationship with the medieval Abbey, however it the former RAF site. relates to the earlier occupation of the area including the Abbey site, and as indicated by the late-C19 OS maps, has 4.3.22. To the south is the remnants of the airfield. This clearly been a historic feature within the landscape of some is predominantly open in character, although with notable prominence located on the causeway to the Abbey site for stands of mature trees which prevent longer views. some time. View north from track towards Denny Abbey with well head 4.3.23. The wider landscape is populated with historic settlements that have evolved over time, with Waterbeach  Definition, scale and ‘grain’ of surrounding to the immediate south, Landbeach to the southwest, and streetscape, landscape and areas; formal design; Chittering to the north. The scale and grain of development land use; green space, trees and vegetation; open- on the Cambridge Research Park to the southwest is ness, enclosure and boundaries; surrounding land- particularly at odds with the settlement pattern of the scape or townscape character. surrounding area and somewhat intrusive.

4.3.20. Denny Abbey sits within an area of open agricultural landscape to the north, east and south. This  Functional relationships and communications is agricultural in character, with the land divided into an arrangement of geometric fields. This is particularly the 4.3.24. Denny Abbey was located on a finger of raised dry case in views out to the east. This open character is a land on the fen edge where it met the watery landscapes remnant of its former fen edge location, which would of the Cam and Ouse to the east. The fenland waterways historically have been characterised by open, fertile land were likely important strategic factors in the location of the exploited for its many resources including arable farming Abbey, being an important communication link facilitating in later years. travel, trade and movement of materials. It is likely for

View towards Denny Abbey from airfield perimeter road example that the Barnack stone – a high status material

14 used at Ely Cathedral – was transported by river at the time  History and degree of change over time of development that otherwise characterises the setting of of the site’s construction. Denny Abbey, and as such constitute negative elements. 4.3.28. In broad terms, the immediate setting of Denny 4.3.25. Although surrounded by fenland to the east, Abbey (the fields immediately surrounding the scheduled  Hydrology the site is also close to the main routeway between Ely area) has changed very little from the C19 maps which and Cambridge. Founded as a dependent priory of Ely show Denny Abbey set within an open, agricultural 4.3.31. The fenland character of the setting around Cathedral, access to the ecclesiastical centre at Ely would landscape. Although more intensively farmed, this is not Denny Abbey has reverted to one of more general rural have been important, yet its isolated fen edge location a huge change from its historic setting which would have farmland following the draining of the fens from the C17 permitted detachment from the wider community typical of been characterised by its fen edge location, and many of onwards. This has left its mark in the organisation of such monastic enterprises. the historic field boundaries survive. the landscape, with linear cuts and drains. Draining the land has clearly changed the nature and character of 4.3.26. Ogilby’s map of the early C17 shows a route 4.3.29. Further afield however, the extent of change is the natural environment, as well as eroded our ability to from Cambridge to Ely travelling through Waterbeach and more apparent. Although the area to the south constituting understand the Abbey’s strategic location in relation to the heading northwards to the west of Denny Abbey. The exact the development site has remained relatively undeveloped, wet fenland and riverine environment. Notwithstanding location of the route is difficult to establish owing to the its farmland, fen edge character has been eroded through this, the overall rural character of the landscape has been pictorial nature of the map. Ellis’s map of 1766 however the imposition of the airfield and its associated RAF and retained, particularly to the north and east. confirms that the main approach at this time did run to the later army structures. This applies to the area of land to east of the Abbey. Earthworks may be evidence of former the south of the perimeter road which circumnavigates paths linking to this more established route, however there the former runway. This erosion is the result of loss of  Views from, towards, though, across and including is little surviving evidence for this route on the ground. former historic landscape features and buildings (such the asset; visual dominance, prominence or role as as Winfold Farm and trackway), along with the later C20 focal point; intentional intervisibility with other historic 4.3.27. The access changed in the early C19 when built environment and landscaping associated with its and natural features the main road between Cambridge and Ely moved to former military use. The extent of tree planting for example the west of the Abbey as recorded on Gooch’s map of has significantly altered the character of the landscape, 4.3.32. Views to the Abbey can be glimpsed from the 1809, although interestingly the Enclosure Award of 1818 both restricting the feeling of openness as well as A10 although these are filtered by the mature hedgerow does not show a connection to the road but rather an creating unnatural planting blocks that point to manmade which, together with its position set back from the road, access from the south. This is the trackway that led from intervention and contrast starkly with the more organic fen reduces its prominence. They are not formal intended Waterbeach village past Winfold Farm and entered the site character of views north-eastwards. views, with the main approach to the Abbey at the time of via the earthwork causeway evident on the ground today. its construction being from the west or south. What remains of this causeway is an important feature 4.3.30. It is also important to note the development within the setting of the Abbey, helping to make legible its along the A10, which itself is a major intrusion within the 4.3.33. This is with the exception of views along the C19 relationship to nearby settlements. setting. These structures are alien to the scale and form driveway. A break in the trees surrounding the platform

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 15 on which the buildings stand allows a clear view to the trees lining the northern section of the track closes these active character, including the landing and taking off of western aspect of the site and particularly the nunnery, views down, such that despite the closer proximity, these fighter jets during the Cold War. with the roof of the refectory also visible. In the view views are limited and one’s awareness of the Abbey site eastwards from the entrance, Denny Abbey sits within a is reduced. On reaching the boundary of the monument, 4.3.40. The A10 to the west skirts around the development rural landscape with little intrusion from built development. these views open out once more and the full vista of Abbey site and Denny Abbey and is a particularly busy routeway The landscape is however broadly agricultural in character, buildings set within earthwork remains is revealed. with a lot of heavy traffic. It therefore adds visual activity with worked fields to the north of the driveway and views with wider views to and from the Abbey that reduces the across farmland to the south. 4.3.37. Views northeast from Soldiers Hill look across to sense of remoteness and seclusion, and is a constant the fen edge landscape, and the panorama with Denny reminder of C21 life that detracts from the historic monastic 4.3.34. The treed character of the boundary to the Abbey Abbey on the periphery looking across to the fen is character of the site. site (scheduled area) lends it a sense of enclosure that perhaps the least changed of all views. restricts long views southwards to open land, however the trees on the airfield site and others in the middle distance 4.3.38. It is important to note that whilst the views to are seen beyond this hedge line which maintains the rural and from the asset are predominantly rural, that is not to impression and character of these views. There is little say that modern features or development are absent in sense of development in these views, although that is to these views. Views northwest to the asset and southwest forget the busy A10 to one’s back. from the asset look across to the upper floors and roofs of the largescale structures on the Waterbeach Waste 4.3.35. The trees along the monument’s boundary, and Management Park and Cambridge Research Park, which particularly the avenue along the causeway, restrict views have introduced large scale development of an industrial northwards back to the Abbey, such that it appears within nature and character in the late C20/early C21. a well treed clump and the buildings themselves have little visual prominence with only the upper floor of the nunnery  Noise, vibration and other pollutants or nuisances; building visible. The refectory historically would have been tranquillity, remoteness, ‘wildness’; dynamism and more prominent before the demolition of the third storey. activity

4.3.36. The causeway plays an important role in these 4.3.39. Within the scheduled area, the surrounding views, being one of the main historic access points. The farmland lends the setting a character of tranquillity. open section to the north of the bomb store to Soldiers However it is important to remember that this has not Hill permits the view described above, with the upper floor always been the case. When the airfield was in use, the and roof of the nunnery rising above what appears to be setting to the south would have had a more dynamic and a wooded clump. As one travels closer, the avenue of

16 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land 4.4. RAF Waterbeach/Waterbeach Barracks

Brief description of key structures

4.4.1. The former MOD site presents an interesting layering of the RAF World War II and later Cold War airfield, before its transferral to the Army in 1966 when it was taken over by the 39 Engineer Regiment.

4.4.2. The site of the airfield was previously enclosed agricultural land. The laying out of the airfield caused the destruction of nearly all the pre-existing field boundaries, and indeed the total removal of Winfold Farm which sat on the site of the main runway. One of the few rare surviving landscape features is a section of the old trackway that extended from Winfold Farm northwards to Denny Abbey, passing both the surviving C19 well head and earlier Soldiers Hill (see Fig. 6). The southern section of this

trackway connecting Denny Abbey to Waterbeach has Fig. 7. 1980-1981 OS plan 1:10,000 Fig. 8. Layout of RAF Waterbeach in 1945 by Aldon P Ferguson. Extract from Hamlin, © Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Limited 2015 all rights reserved. This map may not be reproduced without permission. 902327493 OS Plan 1:10,000 1980-1981 © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100053298. J. and Merrington, O. (2011). ‘At the ‘Beach: The story of Royal Air Force Waterbeach been lost. and Waterbeach Barracks’.

4.4.3. The airfield was located to the north of the main 4.4.4. During wartime, the airfield was controlled via the Readiness Platforms to either end of the runway and area or service buildings. It took a standard wartime watch office or control tower and defended against ground concrete revetments to protect aircraft stationed on the A-shaped plan, with a main runway originally nearly 1500m attack by the underground Battle Command headquarters ground from blasts. Although the runway survives, it was in length (later extended to 1850m) aligned approximately to the north of the watch office. Just one pillbox is known damaged during the period of use by the Army who used south-west to north-east. A perimeter track gave access on the site (although now demolished), however it is highly it for training. to a number of dispersal sites, including 24 ‘frying pan’ likely that this formed part of a series of fixed defences that dispersal sites located to the north and east, and a further would also have been deployed in the case of a ground 4.4.6. At the south-eastern corner of the airfield were 12 and pair of ‘spectacle’-shaped dispersal points to the attack. located the principal service buildings, including: a south and west (Fig. 8). The bomb stores were located at 5845/39 type air traffic control tower; two J-Type, three the northern end of the airfield, accessed via the historic 4.4.5. Following the war, the airfield was used as a T2-Type, and a single B1-type hangar; eight H-shaped trackway mentioned above. fighter station which saw the construction of Operational barrack blocks; officers’ mess; station headquarters’; and

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 17 other ancillary structures. These are organised around a basic road network of two overlapping rectangles. The parade ground was located at the heart of the site, set within the space created where the two main spurs of the road network intersect.

4.4.7. The 2012 English Heritage assessment with respect to the buildings on the site is summarised below.

Technical area and hangars

4.4.8. Clustered at the western end of the site are a series of technical buildings and hangars, including the heating and power plant, garages, parachute store, turret Nissen huts Air Logistics Command – note replacement roofs trainer building and Nissen huts. Located within this cluster is also a church – a single storey utilitarian structure with the exception of stained glass set within the porch. The heating and power plant is a particularly distinctive building with its tall red brick chimney that now competes with a series of metal flues attached to the front elevation.

4.4.9. There are six hangars on the site, including three T2-Type, two J-Type and one B1-Type. The J-Type hangars have a curved steel lattice girder roof; a total of 48 were constructed across 35 sites (two of which are at Waterbeach). The T2 hangar was a more economical form of construction with regards to both materials and labour as it used more prefabricated parts, and three were constructed at Waterbeach. These have pitched as opposed to curved roofs. The B1 hangar is located at the north-western corner of the site. T2-Type hangars Heating and power plant

18 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land 4.4.10. As typical of military architecture, the technical comprehensively altered with the insertion of replacement 4.4.14. The entrance to the site has a formal layout, buildings are utilitarian structures with little in the way uPVC windows and addition of a mono-pitched roof. with the domestic areas arranged around a formal of ornamentation or decoration. The buildings are entrance from Waterbeach village, with the Regimental constructed in a dark-red brick with concrete lintels; Domestic areas Headquarters ceremonially located at the head of the drive many of the windows have been extensively replaced with which is flanked by the guardhouse. This formal layout is uPVC. As built, the wartime structures generally had flat 4.4.12. The domestic areas have been expanded in reinforced by the tree planting. roofs, many of which have since been converted to take a more recent years with the construction of additional pitched form. married quarters, new barracks, and leisure facilities such as the golf course and swimming pool. The later army The watch office or control tower structures are of no historic or architectural interest beyond documenting the continued evolution of the site. Some of 4.4.11. The watch office is highlighted by Cocroft as these structures have eroded other features of the site, for ‘one of the most characteristic and evocative airfield example modern barrack blocks have been constructed buildings’. It was built to pattern 5845/39 which has more over parts of the original parade ground. recently become known as the ‘Villa’, following an Art Deco Moderne style, with a distinctive first floor control room with 4.4.13. The original accommodation structures were large Crittal-type windows and curved corners. This had limited to the barrack buildings, communal sites and an outer balcony that wrapped around the front and side officers’ and sergeants’ messes. These buildings have Entrance driveway elevations. A stair turret on the rear elevation was the main mostly been significantly altered with the addition of the point of access, complete with port-hole style windows. pitched roofs and uPVC windows. Unfortunately the distinctive front elevation has been

Watch office Watch office, no date (post-World War II). Reproduced from Hamlin, J. and Merrington, O. Modern army barracks (2011). ‘At the ‘Beach: The story of Royal Air Force Waterbeach and Waterbeach Barracks’.

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 19 Heritage interests of the standardised technical and domestic buildings in the 2012 designation report. The hangars were also 4.4.15. Following on from the appraisal above, the inspected at the time of English Heritage’s designation heritage interests of the former airfield site are considered assessment and were found to have undergone varying below. degrees of modification, with the J-type hangars being the most altered. 4.4.16. Archaeological interest: The period that these structures relate to as well as the structures themselves 4.4.18. The late C20 buildings on the site are of no are well documented in the material and archival record. architectural or historic interest. The structures themselves, although evocative, tell us little that cannot be understood from other sources such that 4.4.19. Ultimately none of the buildings on the site were they tell us little new information about the society that considered to be of sufficient merit to warrant statutory made them. The structures are therefore considered to designation with reference to their architectural interest. be of limited archaeological value. There is potential for below ground archaeology to enhance our understanding 4.4.20. Historic interest: The site is of considerable historic of how the site worked through revealing lost structures, interest as an operational base of Bomber Command however this would only enhance the local interest of the which is acknowledged in the designation assessment. It site. formed part of a network of hastily constructed airfield sites built to standardised designs to support the Allied forces, 4.4.17. Architectural and artistic interest: The architectural and was the launch of now infamous bombing missions and artistic interest of the site is of a particular type derived such as the raids on Cologne. Its later take over by the from its military style. The hangars are monumental in Army and later the Royal Engineers add further layers of their size, and some of the other buildings have a certain heritage interest as the site has evolved and developed architectural quality, most notably the watch office. Many over time as its use has changed. of the buildings are however particularly ordinary having been built to fulfil a military function with little attention 4.4.21. The historic interest of the site was not considered to architectural or artistic pretensions. They have also to be sufficient to outweigh the loss of historic fabric, been subject to considerable change over the years, with fixtures and fittings with reference to statutory designation. the watch office being a notable casualty. Many of the buildings have been altered with the addition of pitched roofs and uPVC windows. The extent of alteration was considered to have diminished the architectural interest

20 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land 4.5 Waterbeach Conservation Area

4.5.1. The conservation area is centred within the existing settlement at Waterbeach. Whilst there is no conservation area appraisal in place, its special architectural and historic character is considered to derive chiefly from its historic development as a rural village situated on the fen edge and focussed around a village green. There are a number of historic C17, C18 and C19 structures throughout the conservation area which contribute to its special character and appearance, with a handful considered to be of sufficient national importance to warrant statutory protection. The church is a particular landmark feature located in the southeast corner with the earliest features dating to C13.

4.5.2. The setting of the historic core has changed over the C20 with the development of Waterbeach into a substantial settlement with a number of local services. It is now subsumed within later development to its north, east and west, maintaining an open outlook only along with southern edge. The MOD site is located within the wider setting, but is separated from the boundary by further residential development.

Fig. 9. 1890-1892 OS plan 1:10,560, Waterbeach village © Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Limited 2015 all rights reserved. This map may not be reproduced without permission. 902327493 OS County Series: CAMBRIDGESHIRE & ISLE OF ELY 1:10,560 1890-1892

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 21 5. RECOMMENDATIONS documents its connectivity to nearby settlements. Soldiers landscape features in closest proximity to the assets. Hill itself stands as an important archaeological feature Historic field boundaries provide a useful reference and FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT along this causeway, with potential links to the earlier those running east-west to form the southern boundaries occupation of the Abbey site prior to its development as of the fields to the immediate south of the monument an ecclesiastical centre. Other historic landscape features provide a sensible starting point. It is advised that this 5.1. Introduction include the surviving field boundaries which relate to the line is brought southwards around Soldiers Hill so that the post-Dissolution use of the site as a farmhouse. earthwork is encompassed within this buffer zone. The 5.1.1. Clearly the proposed redevelopment of the retention of this buffer zone will retain views northwards to former airfield site is likely to have significant potential 5.2.2. It will be of greatest importance to ensure the the abbey buildings and northeast to the fen edge which is to impact on the setting of Denny Abbey. It is important retention of the causeway. This offers exciting potential an important link to the historic fenland landscape. that the constraints as well as the opportunities are for integration into the northern edge of the development, understood in full to ensure that the emerging masterplan linking the Abbey into the new community. Subject to the 5.2.5. Whilst the field boundaries provide a useful delivers a scheme that both minimises harm to the historic operational requirements and aspirations of the Denny starting point, it is not appropriate to treat them as a finite environment whilst maximising positive opportunities for Farmland Museum and English Heritage, opportunities to development limit; clearly the appropriateness of this limit public benefit. A series of principles are set out below re-open the causeway as a point of access would reveal will be established in part on the nature of development to guide design development. It should be recognised lost heritage significance as well as increase access to the proposed along this northern edge. Careful consideration however that it may not be possible for all of these to be historic site for the local community. The Abbey presents a will need to be given to the transition between the realised, in which case the ‘planning balance’ will be key valuable opportunity to provide a focus and identity to the development edge and setting buffer, with reference to in the determination of any future planning applications as new development, and efforts should be taken to ensure land use, scale, design, and other such considerations. directed by paragraph 134 of the National Planning Policy that the history of the site is embedded within this new The nature and scale of development along this northern Framework. community. At the least, the causeway from Soldiers Hill edge will in part dictate where the development limit might onwards should be built into the masterplan to ensure its most appropriately lie. This should be tested through the 5.2. Denny Abbey continued survival. design development process to understand further what is likely to be appropriate. 5.2.1. The setting of Denny Abbey has a reasonably well 5.2.3. The retention of this section of the causeway will defined immediate setting constituting the surrounding also maintain the physical link between Soldiers Hill and 5.2.6. As a general principle, the development along the agricultural fields that extend southwards and skirt around the monument. northern edge should seek to limit its visual impact. Height the perimeter of the airfield. There are important features and building densities will be important considerations, within this setting that contribute to the significance of 5.2.4. The northern development boundary will clearly however land use will also be important with thought the Abbey. Most notable is the causeway which extends need careful thought. The immediate fields around given to preserving the quiet, tranquil character of the southwards past Soldiers Hill and provides evidence the monument should be retained as an open buffer to monument’s setting. for previous historic routes to and from the Abbey and preserve the open character of the landscape and historic

22 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land Fig. 9. This plan shows potential heritage constraints and opportunities. Historic KEY field boundaries and notable former tree planting in the area around the Abbey

Track Drain have been plotted approximately from the 1855 Sales Particulars and 1888 OS plan to identify opportunities to reinstate lost historic landscape features that might

Opencast Track Application Site Boundary Workings (disused) usefully feed into mitigation measures. 4.0m

Drain

A 10 Draft Policy SS/5 Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Ordnance Survey, (c) Crown Copyright 2014. All rights Bannold Lodge WB A setting buffer zone has been plotted, along with a suggested extended buffer or

Wider Area FB WB

ROMAN ROAD El Sub Sta transition zone. This is intended to indicate an area of extended sensitivity. The

4.0m

Drain

1.22m RH Scheduled monument graphics are indicative; the exact development limit will need to be established Drain A 10 Track through a process of design testing. n

ai Suggested buffer zone Dr

Upper Mill Drain SuggestedDrain extended buffer

Track Drain /transition zone FB

1.22m RH Historic field boundaries

Denny Abbey Farm Drain Historic boundary tree planting

Denny Abbey Drain Cottages

1.22m FF 4

FF 1 4.6m 1.22m FF CD Historic trackway Co Const, ED & Ward Bdy Cattle Grid Drain

4.6m 4.9m

ch Ditch

Denny Croft Cattle Grid

1.22m RH 4.3m

Cattle Grid i

Remains of Abbey

ELY ROAD Drain (Franciscan Nuns founded 1342) Remains of Abbey ROMANROAD (Franciscan Nuns founded 1342) Drain N Pond 5.8m Pond 5.2m

Pond 4.0m Lake Tank Drain 0m 400m

3.4m Landing Stage Track

Lay-by Drain Drain

El Sub Sta

Drain

Def

Track Hayacre Farm

Drain 3.0m

Depot

4.0m Depot

Drain Garage Glenmore Business Park

El Sub Sta Garage

16 El Sub

11 Sta

Drain

1 3

SD 3.0m

Drain

9000 Airfield

Drain (disused) a

n A 10

Lake Cambridge Research Park Track Shelter

LB Bannold Drove (Track)

Soldiers' Hill

2.2m 2.2m

1000 Drain

New Farm

2.7m CROSS DROVE

Track

2.2m

Bannold Box Cottages 4

Drain 1

2 1 Drain HGV Driving Test Centre

Drain 2.4m LEV

Drain

Track

ROMANROAD

3.7m

4.3m

Well

Track

MP.75

Pond Golf Course 4.6m 2.0m (private) New Buildings 2.7m Drain

Water Tank Bannold Drove (Track) SD

Drain 2.5m

Drain

Airfield

(disused) Drain

Pond

Drain

n 2.5m

Tank Pond

Pond Drain D Track

Drain

Pond

Tanks

Golf Course (private) MP.5 Pond

Drain

Pond

Pond Drain

2.7m

Slipway

Midload

Track

Lake

Pond n Level Crossing s' Drai © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Ordnance Survey Licence number LONG DROVE

Commissioner WaterbeachJoist Fen 100053298.

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 23 5.2.7. Careful consideration will also need to be given 5.2.10. The approach road from the A10 is currently of the scheme might be preserved or referenced in the to how the impacts of the development on the site can the main visitor access. Although it is acknowledged master plan. For example, whether it is possible to retain be mitigated. Whilst not necessarily a natural landscape, that setting does not take account of public accessibility, the distinctive ‘A’ shape of the runways within the layout of it has been noted that the development site is largely currently – and as far back as the early C19 – this approach the new town and its infrastructure, or characteristic formal open in character which is a positive element within the gives visitors their first experience of the site. The view west entrance approach with driveway opening out onto the setting of the Abbey. Clearly the development of the along the approach road is therefore important, and this former regimental headquarters. former MOD site will initiate a major change and reduce view takes in the development site to the south as part of the sense of rural openness to the south of the monument. the wider panorama. Consideration will need to be given 5.3.3. It is unlikely to be feasible to retain the majority Views southwards from the Abbey will need to be carefully to retaining the rural character of this view, with particular (if any) of the structures as many do not readily lend considered to mitigate the impacts of this change. Planting care given to the northwest corner of the development site themselves to conversion and/or reuse. The retention of along the development edge and within the buffer zone will and how the impacts can be mitigated. any structures would be a benefit, however it is considered help to filter views and reduce the sense of development. that it is likely that their demolition could be justified by There is clear precedent for treed boundaries, with the 5.2.11. The proposed development of the former MOD adequate mitigation measures such as further research C19 maps showing a formal planting arrangement on the site presents an opportunity for further archaeological and/or recording. monument itself and around Soldiers Hill. This element of investigation to be undertaken across the development the historic landscape could be strengthened by planting site that may help to yield further evidence that will help 5.4. Waterbeach Conservation Area along the boundaries to reinstate this characteristic as part reveal the story of the medieval occupation of Denny of the mitigation measures. Abbey and earlier communities who lived and exploited 5.4.1. The setting of the conservation area has already this rich fenland environment. This is an important substantially changed, including through the development 5.2.8. It is important however not to cut Denny Abbey off research opportunity that will enhance our understanding of the airfield and later army barracks. The development of from the surrounding landscape by enclosing it within tree of the monument and its relationship to the wider area the former MOD site to the north will elicit another change belts. The planting should work to provide screening where as the settlement grows again, and the legibility of the needed whilst also focusing views to positive elements 5.3. Airfield conservation area as a former rural, modest village will be within the wider setting such as the view northeast to reduced. It will not however directly affect the conservation the fen edge, thereby maintaining the link between the 5.3.1. The structures on the airfield site are not of national area being located some distance from its boundary. monument and the landscape in which it sits. heritage significance and carry no statutory designation, Given the scale of change already, the impact of this on therefore the tests with regards to the appropriateness of the character and appearance of the conservation area is 5.2.9. Consideration should also be given to what other development on the site with respect to these structures considered to be minor. Care will need to be had to ensure planting can be provided to screen the abbey from the are considerably lower. that wider impacts such as traffic are managed so as to intrusive effects of the A10 and large scale buildings to its maintain the village character of the conservation area. west. 5.3.2. Given that the site is of some local historic interest, thought might be given to how key elements

24 Proposed development of Waterbeach MOD site and neighbouring land REFERENCES Ellis. Map of Cambridgeshire, 1766.

Gooch, Map of the Soils of Cambridgeshire, 1809. Secondary sources

Waterbeach Enclosure Award and Map, 1818. Cocroft, W. (2012). ‘Waterbeach Barracks / RAF Waterbeach’. Sale Particulars Denny Abbey, 1855.

Hamlin, J. and Merrington, O. (2011). ‘At the ‘Beach: The story of Royal Air Force Waterbeach and Waterbeach Barracks’.

LDA Design (2013). ‘Landscape and Heritage Appraisal of Denny Abbey and its Setting’.

National Heritage List entries. Accessed 24 November 2015.

Oxford Archaeology East (2015). ‘Waterbeach New Settlement: The Former Barracks and Airfield, Waterbeach’.

Map sources

1888 OS plan 1:2,500 1890-1892 OS plan 1:10,560 1980-1981 OS plan 1:10,000

Map sources consulted

OS plans for Cambridgeshire and the Isle of Ely

Ogilby, J. Road from Cambridge to Northampton, early C17.

Heritage Appraisal V. Issued 1 April 2016 25

APPENDIX 1 LIST DESCRIPTIONS

d . n e a a m a i

e . t s d t s

i y t

s e t o i y y n r t s

r M

o t s , a h r t n t e m a a r e u u

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e a

n o a c s h

f e t

n a t m

e c a r o n d t r n o r f e e

A o

m d d

m . e f e p t n y t 2 o r h r

e a 9 t t m a r y

i 9 n r

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e e a a t d n

e n d s . D n n g s i u

o y n u L J a o i r n

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9 i 9 h n b e

t 1 a a h d e 7

b t e : 6

t n e 9 y t h

l 4 s e o m t f i 1 n b t

9 v

u e y

r L e o t r 1 t

n a e

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b a 7 t h a r h e n

n D h s c t 7 w c

g - i o e I

o s e o e l 2 u

a s t c s 0 r d t e m

i i i 1 p m

i A g e e 2

l r e

s r h 0

l r a p l t b : e i

m b s n

y y 1 t c m a t s a b d A

i i t i e :

h a e e t n a r a m e l r S b n g h u c l t n t t b i c e p o a t e m R i a s a

d u

c b e l i S s i g S f C : N b t

e A c u

i d r

e A p i f D : o

y n r r b

h e b m

m m : y p k o y r g t e o s . t h o r e n

S u e r a t u y e r t

n s u m t

c a t m y t r p n t l N s n o n a o e s 9 o

P a

y y u G e y

o i e o n o S 1 C t y n o

h l t

m T

a n S r t W c s :

: 2 N t D e

p t a

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t t o : E y : 3 : i y ,

m n

n a a a

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f o

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t o e n s r r h s

c : g i

s e e a d i e i t t d c p

t m t t t u s e e c r g a D s s s e

o i s r h e a a I n r a a i i o o h h a i

e A

T L U D L G D D P N

T C D L L c a N

T A S D L , . a e

s s e k s s e g e e r n i d o . u g s i n h t t o a n t a s i i n

n u l i

s l s

s i v i f i a c 7 n w , h a c i o g

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m m o t , t A n e G o s o t t y e h o e m

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a k h a v t i e e - r o h f r h

f A t t b e t r r

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t i

c o i y n s c m s o i e m . , h

s i o e e y i f s t

a a a l t a p t d y g ∀ข s o y z f s i l r r l L s i m a n t s

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w e a r

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t e h d r r n r a

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c t r n r

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B d n d c

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b l

s r r n t o o r h s h n b n r n f b t m t s m n

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y y

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s a

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s w r e e s i e s o u o e

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t t i d d d r

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n l m

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s i m i e i l n c t e m m m t g d t h d e e e

s l o s o f e i o i e u u i f t f r a h h o c r s l r e o o o w h h e n t S T o o w e a o i e b M h o t c d m c F t r c L R

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t r a t a r n o l

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m t h a l

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a o s t . r n r B

s o k e l s n s f

v o m s n i v

s d r i d a d a l p e g h a h a f e n

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y h a a u e e e

c t e t

n l t v r r o h n i h c o t m h c s

i e o h h t u i a c n o l n e r t m r o

m c x r t T a r i t

i n w d c d

a p o e e o l h n e e r

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g i f I r

I o r c y t s c i m , h

f u a c i a . t e e i l e . l n u n n t r s s s s o e i i t e s g

o h n d s e w i u h E

e a y a

r , o e r f e

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c d r s d f

t f i o

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h l i p r r e y i s t f m a u u n o n a s

h e i o y c h

r i t o h m

a w u l u t o e a

r s e n s e w

e s l s

s n l t

a t c

t y e i T e G c l o l t v t u d a u h u

e u r r c i u s n l e

s d a d m t l - t a n

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l t a a

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c c p f f a t a d

l f a a b b h s

e e 4 c s r

n g e o e u t

o o

e e n m a v v o h i

b b g 1 n

r g

a r

o r e i i d

s f n

i s R o e y o s l s s g

r n i

A A n s s c g i n a e e n s i l r

d i u i a o o h i

a y

l t n n e a i

t s s h n y y t r

i i d f n o d v v o i e e c h e e . w i c e e p a i h m i i a s n n o a a e d t r l

t u c a v n h h c c e h

a c e l t

g v v t l i m n n n i t t s i e p t c r r c g c s o e n e e

m l m u c i e h i a e e o m e u r r f h r x e u u u u u h i h r e e e o o r n b a H d t t t w r r i T r D D s H L s p o t t f t D s s e r p m . d 9 e o 9 , t e o t 3 i 3 e t 7 s c

n 5 ' s e y 3 g i

3 h a r

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